FACULTY OF SCIENCE
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Item Hydrochemical investigation of groundwater quality in selected locations in Uyo, Akwa-Ibom state of Nigeria(2010) Adetoyinbo, A.; Adebo, B.; Alabi, A.Water is a vital component to the development of an area. Human settlement is to a large extent dependent on the availability of reliable sources of water preferably in close proximity to the settled localities. This paper examines the hydrochemical facies of groundwater present in the Uyo. Akwa Ibom of Nigeria. 40 Borehole water samples were carefully collected in ten different locations in Uyo for various physico - chemical analyses. Calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, aluminium, and silver, Nitrate, phosphate, fluoride, chloride, pH, conductivity, total dissolved solid, total suspended solid, hardness, summation of ions as well as the temperature and colour were assessed among the entire samples collected. The results shows that: temperature ranges from 26.3 - 28.3, pH range is 3.19 - 5.18 . This means the borehole water samples fall within the highly acidic range. Conductivity ranges between 10.85 and 181.60 ps/cm. TDS range is 4.7 - 86.8mg/l, TSS is between 1.0 and 12.0 mg/1, Total hardness (2.61 - 31.29 mg/1) and Chloride concentration (5.0 - 9.36mg/l). Results show that some of the water samples considered in this work do compare favourably with WHO (1984) water standard for drinking and domestic usages while some other samples of boreholes water fall short of this standard.Item Assessment of groundwater quality in unconsolidated sedimentary coastal aquifer in Lagos State, Nigeria(Academic Journals, 2009-04) Adebo, B. A; Adetoyinbo, A. A.This study assesses the quality of ground water from nine different borehole locations in Lagos State, Nigeria. Borehole water samples were carefully collected for physico - chemical analyses. Calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, aluminium, and silver, Nitrate, phosphate, fluoride, chloride, pH, conductivity, total dissolved solid, total suspended solid, hardness, summation of ions as well as the temperature and colour were assessed among the entire samples collected. The results show that: temperature ranges from 26.6 - 27.8°C, pH (7.27), average conductivity (462.2 ps/cm), TDS (204.73 mg/l), Total hardness (18.48 - 297.70 mg/l) and Chloride concentration (343.3 mg/l). However, a high value of chloride, 343.3 mg/l, was recorded in one of the water sample collected but, this is higher and above the limit of WHO guidelines of portable water (250 mg/i). This may be due to the proximity of the area where the sample was collected to the sea. Five samples of the water are is soft, that is, hardness was within a range of 0 - 75 mg/l recommended for safe drinking water, one is moderately hard while three samples are hard. Also, the presence of metals such as zinc, manganese, sodium, copper and magnesium were also observed. Results show that not all the water samples are safe for drinking purposes.Item PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS, PLANKTON, MACROZOOBENTHOS AND FISH FAUNA OF IBUYA RIVER, SEPETERI, SOUTH-WESTERN NIGERIA(2016-09) AKPONINE, J.AIbuya River runs across the Old Oyo National Park, a wildlife and recreational park. There is paucity of information on the limnology of the river which will provide information on the ecological status relevant for sustainable management. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the physico-chemical parameters, diversity and abundance of plankton, macrozoobenthos and fish fauna of Ibuya River. Surface water (72), plankton (72) and macrozoobenthic (72) samples were collected monthly from September 2012 to February 2014 at randomly selected stations (i-iv) along the river. Water temperature, pH and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) were measured in situ, while hardness, turbidity, phosphate (PO₄3˗), sulphate (SO₄2-), heavy metals including cadmium (Cd), Iron (Fe) and lead (Pb), were determined in the laboratory according to APHA method. Plankton samples were collected with plankton net (mesh size, 55 µm), identified and counted microscopically. Macrozoobenthos were collected with Van-Veen grab (0.086 m2), identified and counted macroscopically. Fish samples were collected with gill net (mesh size 45 mm), identified and counted. All identifications including pollution indicator species were done using standard identification keys. Species diversity was determined with Shannon-Wiener index HI. Descriptive statistics, student t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were used for analysis of data at α0.05. Water temperature was 24.8±0.2 °C; pH, 7.60±0.04; DO, 4.4±0.2 mg/L; hardness, 39.6±2.1 mg/L CaCO3; turbidity, 19.4±0.9 FTU; Cd, 0.2±0.1 mg/L; Pb, 0.7±0.1 mg/L; Fe, 2.1±0.2 mg/L; PO₄3˗, 24.3±2.8 mg/L; and SO₄2-, 31.8±3.1 mg/L. Turbidity had significant spatial and seasonal variation at p<0.001 while pH and SO₄2- had significant spatial and seasonal variation at p<0.04 and p<0.002, respectively. Cadmium, Pb, and PO₄3˗ exceeded the NESREA permissible limits for surface water (0.003, 0.01 and 3.5 mg/L, respectively). Turbidity correlated significantly with Fe (r=0.6) and SO₄2- (r=0.7). The PCA revealed high positive loading for water temperature (0.7 °C), hardness (0.6 mg/L CaCO3) and turbidity (0.6 FTU). Forty-five species of phytoplankton belonging to four Classes: Bacillariophyceae (25 species), Chlorophyceae (Nine species), Euglenophyceae (Eight species) and Cyanophyceae (Three species) were recorded. Merismopedia punctata (52.1%) dominated the phytoplankton population. Zooplankton from three groups: rotifers (15 species), crustaceans (five species) and insects (one species) were encountered. Mesocyclops leuckarti (11.6%) was the most abundant zooplankton. Diversity index for phytoplankton was highest in station iv; stations ii and iii recorded highest HI for zooplankton. Eight species of macrozoobenthos were recorded with the gastropod, Indoplanorbis exustus (30.9%) dominating and the insect, Chironomus species (11.8%) was the least abundant. Twenty-four fish species were recorded. Family Cichlidae (22.6%) was the most abundant. Pollution indicator species were abundant and included the phytoplankton, Merismopedia punctata (52.1%) and the macrozoobenthos, Melanoides tuberculata (24.7%). This study provided baseline information on the ecological status of Ibuya River. However, the composition and diversity of both plankton and macrozoobenthos could be potentially used as bio-indicators for assessing and monitoring Ibuya River.Item SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIATIONS OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SURFACE WATER AND SEDIMENT OF OSUN RIVER IN SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA(2012-09) ABIDEMI, OLAYIWOLA, OLAJUMOKEOsun River is important for domestic, recreational and other activities. It flows along a channel that may be polluted by inputs from industrial, agricultural and other anthropogenic activities thereby limiting its normal use for drinking, fishing, recreation and other purposes. Available literature on the river quality is limited in scope, frequency of sampling and duration of studies. Therefore, a study of the river and its tributaries was carried out to determine the spatial and temporal variations of physicochemical characteristics of its water and sediment. Surface water and sediments were sampled bimonthly from July 2006 to May 2008 at upstream and downstream points of the main river course and 31 tributaries. Sampling was by compositing at each point of 90 locations for surface water and 63 identified locations for sediment, where possible. Water samples were analysed for alkalinity, hardness, ammonia, anions, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), heavy metals and turbidity. Sediment samples were analysed for organic carbon, particle size and selected heavy metals using APHA methods. Location-based and overall data obtained were fitted into a time series model using a number cruncher statistical system, and applied to predict contaminant concentrations up to year 2018. The Pratti model was applied to determine locational pollution classes (Class 1-5) based on gross organic pollutants and ammonia. Statistical evaluation of data involved use of principal component analysis, analysis of variance and Student’s t-test at p = 0.05. The concentrations (mg/L) of alkalinity, hardness, ammonia, nitrate, phosphate and chloride were 93±130, 116±120, 4.2±6.6, 1.8±1.5, 0.15±0.23 and 54±110 respectively. Those of DO, BOD, COD, lead, copper, cadmium and zinc were 7.9±3.0, 6.9±7.5, 135±120, 0.003±0.004, 0.003±0.004, 0.002±0.003, 0.07±0.10 mg/L respectively and turbidity, 34±43 FTU. Values of parameters for upstream locations did not differ significantly from downstream points, indicating randomness of contaminant inputs. Turbidity, sulphate and DO were higher during the wet seasons while phosphate, nitrate and BOD were higher in the dry seasons. Metal levels correlated positively between water and sediment, with coefficients ranging between 0.75 for Cu and 0.99 for Co. Highest concentration factors in sediment were 233 (Pb) and 171 (Zn). Inter-element association in sediment was high only for Pb/Cu (r =+0.72). Two locations fitted into Class 4 (grossly polluted) of the Pratti scale, while thirty-one were Class 3 (slightly polluted) which was UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY iv indicative of pollution derived from mild industrial and agricultural impacts. Fifty-three locations were acceptable (Class 2), and four excellent (Class 1). Time series modelling fitted well for nitrate (R2= 0.79), phosphate (R2= 0.84) and BOD (R2= 0.71) data and gave their 2018 predicted values of 19.2, 18.1 and 21.9 mg/L respectively. Comparison with WHO guidelines indicated that 37.0% of sampling points for surface water were unfit for drinking mostly due to high turbidities, but suitable for irrigation. Metal levels in sediment were within international limits. Osun River and its tributaries have been adversely impacted upon by non-point pollutant inputs. Further deterioration in the near future was predicted, and heavy metal pollution is not yet a significant problem in the river basin. Keywords: Osun River, Gross organic pollution, Modelling, Spatial variation, Water quality. Word count: 500Item PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS, PLANKTON, MACROZOOBENTHOS AND FISH FAUNA OF IBUYA RIVER, SEPETERI, SOUTH-WESTERN NIGERIA(2016-09) AKPONINE, J. A.Ibuya River runs across the Old Oyo National Park, a wildlife and recreational park. There is paucity of information on the limnology of the river which will provide information on the ecological status relevant for sustainable management. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the physico-chemical parameters, diversity and abundance of plankton, macrozoobenthos and fish fauna of Ibuya River. Surface water (72), plankton (72) and macrozoobenthic (72) samples were collected monthly from September 2012 to February 2014 at randomly selected stations (i-iv) along the river. Water temperature, pH and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) were measured in situ, while hardness, turbidity, phosphate (PO₄3˗), sulphate (SO₄2-), heavy metals including cadmium (Cd), Iron (Fe) and lead (Pb), were determined in the laboratory according to APHA method. Plankton samples were collected with plankton net (mesh size, 55 µm), identified and counted microscopically. Macrozoobenthos were collected with Van-Veen grab (0.086 m2), identified and counted macroscopically. Fish samples were collected with gill net (mesh size 45 mm), identified and counted. All identifications including pollution indicator species were done using standard identification keys. Species diversity was determined with Shannon-Wiener index HI. Descriptive statistics, student t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were used for analysis of data at α0.05. Water temperature was 24.8±0.2 °C; pH, 7.60±0.04; DO, 4.4±0.2 mg/L; hardness, 39.6±2.1 mg/L CaCO3; turbidity, 19.4±0.9 FTU; Cd, 0.2±0.1 mg/L; Pb, 0.7±0.1 mg/L; Fe, 2.1±0.2 mg/L; PO₄3˗, 24.3±2.8 mg/L; and SO₄2-, 31.8±3.1 mg/L. Turbidity had significant spatial and seasonal variation at p<0.001 while pH and SO₄2- had significant spatial and seasonal variation at p<0.04 and p<0.002, respectively. Cadmium, Pb, and PO₄3˗ exceeded the NESREA permissible limits for surface water (0.003, 0.01 and 3.5 mg/L, respectively). Turbidity correlated significantly with Fe (r=0.6) and SO₄2- (r=0.7). The PCA revealed high positive loading for water temperature (0.7 °C), hardness (0.6 mg/L CaCO3) and turbidity (0.6 FTU). Forty-five species of phytoplankton belonging to four Classes: Bacillariophyceae (25 species), Chlorophyceae (Nine species), Euglenophyceae (Eight species) and Cyanophyceae (Three species) were recorded. Merismopedia punctata (52.1%) dominated the phytoplankton population. Zooplankton from three groups: rotifers (15 species), crustaceans (five species) and insects (one species) were encountered. Mesocyclops leuckarti (11.6%) was the most abundant zooplankton. Diversity index for phytoplankton was highest in station iv; stations ii and iii recorded highest HI for zooplankton. Eight species of macrozoobenthos were recorded with the gastropod, Indoplanorbis exustus (30.9%) dominating and the insect, Chironomus species (11.8%) was the least abundant. Twenty-four fish species were recorded. Family Cichlidae (22.6%) was the most abundant. Pollution indicator species were abundant and included the phytoplankton, Merismopedia punctata (52.1%) and the macrozoobenthos, Melanoides tuberculata (24.7%). This study provided baseline information on the ecological status of Ibuya River. However, the composition and diversity of both plankton and macrozoobenthos could be potentially used as bio-indicators for assessing and monitoring Ibuya River.Item Hydogeochemical assessment of surface water and ground water quality in Agbowo-Orogun area of Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria(Bachudo Science, 2007) Nton, M. E.; Adejumo, S. A.; Elueze, A. A."The Agbowo-Orogun area of Ibadan, which is within the basement complex of southwestern Nigeria, is underlained by banded gneiss of the migmatites-gneiss complex. A total of thirty-five water sample, made up of thirty-two from groundwater and three from surface water, were analyzed for their physico-chemical characteristics with the aim of assessing their quality and usability. Results of some physico-chemical parameters show average values of 8.61 pH; 749 49ps/cm EC; 218 50 mg/l TDS; 84.40 turbidity; 323.14 pt/co unit colour; 54.94 mg/l Na‘; 49.75mg/l Ca2*; 28.24mg/l Mg , 23 54 mg/l K*. 1 05 mg/l Fe* 229 14 mg/l HCO; 128.23 mg/l Cl'; 14 86mg/l NO3; 7.30mg/l SO<2; 4 60 mg/l PO<3 and 1 31 mg/l F Average values of total hardness (TH) and sodium absorption ratio are 230 68 mg/l and 1 95 respectively. The relative abundance of cations is in the order of Na*>Ca2*>Mg2*>K*>Fe2* while those of anions are; HC03'>Cr>N0j'>S0«2'>P042 --F R-mode factor analysis shows five factor loadings and bi-log plots of TDS versus Na*/ (Na* ♦ Ca2*) all indicate that the bulk of the chemistry of the water is modified by weathering of the associated rocks. Six water groups were identified, based on characterization using the pipor bilinear diagram These include; Ca- (Mg)-Na- HCO3, Ca-(Mg)-Na-CI-(SO<)-HC03, Ca-(Mg)-HC03, Ca-Mg-(S04>-HC03, Ca-(Mg)-SC>4 and Na-(K)-HC03 thus reflecting diverse effects of bedrock lithologies, base exchange processes, precipitation and weathering Both water sources are in general, slightly alkaline with low to medium sodium hazards The pH, Ca2* and SO42' are within tns permissible limits of WHO standard for both water sources. Concentrations of Na*, NO3 Cl', HCO3 conductivity and TDS are higher than maximum permissible limits for the surface water and may be attributed to anthropogenic effects However it can be observed that both the groundwater and surface water sources are suitable for agricultural purposes while the groundwater in particular, is acceptable for domestic uses. "