Geography

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Agglomeration and clustering of firms in relation to innovation and economic performance
(2012-06) Ajayi, D. D.; Fagbohunka, A.
Agglomeration economies has traditionally been viewed as central to cluster development, in which geographical proximity has facilitated crucial externalities, particularly those relating to generation and diffusion of tacit knowledge through the creation of an innovative environment surrounding the industry. The paper underscores the role of agglomeration and clustering of firms in relation to innovation and economic performance. The paper found out that agglomeration and clustering have tremendous positive effects on regional development. These are economic booster that leads to amazing technological and innovation creation which are driving forces or catalyst for total transformation of social and economic performance of a region. The paper recommends that agglomeration and clustering of firms should be encouraged by government intervention through the provision of infrastructural facilities, credit facilities and implementation of tax holiday.
An analysis of Nigeria's environmental vision 2010
(Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, 2005) Ajayi, D. D.; Ikporukpo, C. O.
"The Vision 2010 Committee was inaugurated in 1996, with a mandate to develop a blueprint of measures to ensure the realization of Nigeria's potential as an independent country by the year 2010. The Committee submitted its report in 1997. This paper analyses the basic policy objectives-to seek a safe and healthy environment that secures the economic and social well-being of present and future generations—and the strategies used for their achievement. Despite this policy thrust, an in-depth assessment based on facts and figures show that environmental protection/conservation is very low on the nation's agenda. Indeed, the depletion of the forest has continued unabated, such that there is a high rate of deforestation and forest resource loss without a corresponding afforestation programme. The problem of erosion has received little or no attention, given inadequate funding and poor management practices. Very little effort is being made to combat the twin problems of desertification and drought. Pollution from mining and industrial activities is on the increase. Pollution from petroleum (oil spills), particularly from sabotage and blockage, is also on the increase. However, the incidence of gas flaring may be eliminated by the year 2005, given the current trend. Apart front these, Nigeria has developed only about 40 per cent of its water resources. Municipal solid waste is a common feature in most urban centres without corresponding management practices, while environmental planning, and especially Environmental Impact Assessments (EMA), have received little or no attention. Thus, most of the policy objectives are unlikely to be achieved within the stipulated time given the current trends and the general lack of public enlightenment/awareness on the issues of environmental problems and the mitigating measures. A more pragmatic approach is necessary if the policy objective is to be achieved."
Analysis of urban agricultural characteristics along land use gradient in Lagos State, Nigeria
(2016) Taiwo, O. J.
The paper argued that land use diversity influenced urban agriculture and that understanding the characteristics of each land use type within which urban agriculture is situated will help to identify prospects and challenges confronting urban agriculture. Three hundred questionnaire coupled with personal interviews were used in collecting relevant information and data pertaining to socio-economic and demographic characteristics of urban farmers. Existing land use map of the LGA was updated with the 2010 high-resolution satellite (Quickbird) image of the LGA. Frequencies, cross-tabulation and analysis of variance were used in analysing variations in socio-economic factors across different land use types. The rapid disappearance of urban agricultural sites within the built-up areas is situated within the concept of the survival of the fittest.The results showed that the land use characteristics within which urban agriculture is located moderate its size, rental cost, profit, accessibility to roads network, while it exacts little or no influence on it with regard to distance from markets and water sources. The findings provide new insights into theoretical debates on the role of land use pattern in influencing pertinent factors of urban agriculture in and around cities. It brings to the fore the need to consider the spatial pattern of urban land use in the allocation of space for urban agriculture while emphasising the role of geographical distance in determining urban agricultural outcomes.
Analytical hierarchical process of soil erosion risk assessment in Ondo State, Nigeria
(2010) Taiwo, O. J.
Soil erosion risk assessment and landuse planning strategics have become increasingly more data-intensive, sophisticated and highly complex involving myriads of quantitative and qualitative techniques. One of the methods that can help in synchronizing all these diverse data sets within a decision making framework is the analytical hierarchical process (AHP) developed by Satty. AHP provides a better technique for the comparison of factors based on decision matrices. It also provides structured methods for the incorporation of experts’ opinions in the ranking of factors. This study examines the use of the AHP in modelling soil erosion risk using Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). Rainfall data, landuse/landcover, digital elevation data, soil erosivity index, supporting practices and expert opinions were integrated using AHP to identify areas with varying degrees of erosion risk potential. A pairwise comparison of the four factors identified by experts and supported by the USLE model was performed by means of Saaty's square it is a reciprocal matrix with unit rank whose eigenvector solution gives the priority or the relative importance, or dominance, of the elements on a ratio scale. The inputs to the matrix were derived from field survey and expert opinions on the relative dominance of the elements within each pair by using a nine-point scale. The approach retains the quantitative conceptual elements of the USLE methodology while allowing for a qualitative assessment and ranking of pertinent factors of soil erosion at micro level. The study shows that hilly areas with high rainfall particularly in the urban areas have the highest erosion risk potential while the natural forest areas have the least. It therefore shows the utility of AHP in coupling existing models with expert opinions as well as some subjective indicators in decision making. The method was capable of ranking ecosystems in terms of environmental conditions and suggesting cumulative impacts across a large region.
Are wetland threats synonymous with environmental problems? analysis of threats to coastal and inland wetlands environment in Nigeria
(Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of the Social Sciences, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 2014) Taiwo, O. J.
Wetlands are a component of the environment and threats facing wetlands might just be a miniature of the larger environmental problems in their immediate vicinity. This paper posited that there is a strong linkage between the major environmental problems in the immediate vicinity of wetlands and threats faced by wetlands. Two questions addressed are (a) are threats faced by coastal wetland substantially different from those faced by inland wetlands, and (b) are wetlands threats synonymous with environmental problems in their immediate vicinity? Questionnaire focusing on the identification of threats to coastal and inland wetlands as well as the environmental problem in their immediate vicinity were administered to wetland users. Results show that the identified threats in both coastal and inland wetlands aye almost similar, and that there is no difference between the identified threats to wetlands and environmental problems recognised by the people. Hence, threats to wetlands might be an extension of the general environmental problems in their immediate vicinity. The results of this study provide basic information that is requiredfor developing measures toward a sustainable management and conservation of the inland and coastal wetlands, and addressing environmental problems in the immediate vicinity of wetlands mayfurther assist in resolving some of the threatsfaced by wetlands.
Areal differentiation in crime in public transit terminals in Ibadan metropolis
(2013) Ajayi, P. A.; Ajayi, D. D.
The unprecedented rate of urbanization in the twentieth and twenty- first century in most less developed countries (LDC) is coming at a huge cost to cities in these countries chief among which are distorted morphologies, dysfunctional infrastructural system and ever-increasing crime rate. In Ibadan metropolis one of the infrastructure that has been subject of this systemic abuse are the public transit terminals, this study analyses the incidences of crime, the spatial pattern of their occurrences and the nature of crime which are prevalent in and around major road transit terminals, statistical records of crime incidences and data on crime experiences of two hundred and fifty respondents were analyzed statistically and descriptively, the findings revealed that crime rate, the nature and pattern of occurrence varied spatially within the metropolitan parks, recommendations on how best to safeguard the parks are subsequently made.
AN ASSESSMENT OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT HOUSING POLICIES AND PROGRAMMES IN OYO STATE NIGERIA
(1986-09) ADEROGBA, C. A.
The urban housing problems in Oyo State have become very diverse and grievous in the recent time. The urban Population growth rate does not match the rate at which the housing units were being produced to accommodate the Population. However, the purpose of the work is to assess the policies and programmes that were meant to alleviate the Problems of housing shortage in particular. Housing policies and programmes of the Federal Government since the colonial period through the first to the current National Development Plan periods were identified and described. The policy of the colonial administration was to provide accommodation for their officials at the Regional Capital. In the first two plan periods, housing was lumped up with Urban and Regional Planning. In the Third and Fourth Plan periods it was recognised as a separate sector. There were policies to plan the physical layout of the buildings, ensuring environmental sanitation, providing shelter for all categories of individuals, encouraging availability of land, building Materials and building technology, financing housing programmes through loans, and providing infrastructural facilities to go along with housing. To implement the policies and programmes, the institutional framework involved were Federal Ministry of Housing and Environment, Federal Housing Authority (FHA) and the Federal Mortgage Bank. Five research questions were examined. Questionnaire was used to collect primary data. A kind of survey was carried out to the housing estates, and literature were contacted. Simple Statistical techniques of tabulation, percentages, correlation and regression analyses were used. Cartographic techniques were also used to present some Information. Some remarkable achievements were made. However, the analyses Show that the shortcomings surpassed the achievements. The colonial administration did not plan for any other city or town than the State Capital. Even after independence, the first two plan periods had policies and programmes for the state Capital alone. In the Third and Fourth Plan periods, there were policies for some selected urban centres but still with highest concentration at the State Capital. All institutions involved with the housing loan and housing delivery Systems were also found located at Ibadan. The low-cost housing units were concentrated at Ibadan while the rest were found scattered among the Local Government Head- quarters in the state. The housing units were found to be too costly and sophisticated for the category of people they were meant. The units were not located to replace any of the slums. They were haphazardly located at the outskirt of the cities and towns and thus cut-off from urban facilities and Services. The land use decree was not effective therefore lands for building houses were still very scarce. The Federal Mortgage Bank loan was restrictive and inaccessible. The public found the policies and programmes to be generally unsuitable and ineffective vis-a-vis the purpose. These shortcomings arise because the public were not made to participate at any stage of the policy formulation and implementation. Secondly, there were no data on housing conditions and housing industries. Lastly, the culture and norms of the societies for whom the policies and programmes were meant were never taken into consideration. Thus, the schemes excluded the truly urban majority. In conclusion, the work suggested what should be located where, and warned that the need to identify who- needs-what over space and time would be very crucial. Data Bank and Statistical Systems for House and housing industry were suggested. New questions were raised.
The August 2011 flood in Ibadan, Nigeria: anthropogenic causes and consequences
(Springer, 2012) Agbola, B. S.; Ajayi, O.; Taiwo, O. J.; Wahab, B. W.
Determining when and where flood strikes can be a daunting task. Apart from heavy and prolonged rainfalls and river overflows, there are anthropogenic causal factors of flooding. These anthropogenic factors are significantly variable and exacerbate floods, but may be difficult to measure. This study aims to unravel some of the anthropogenic factors, particularly with respect to their contributions to the flood in Ibadan City on 26 August 2011. Data were collected through structured questionnaire and key informant interviews. The August 2011 Ibadan flood was perhaps the worst in the history of this ancient city. Twelve anthropogenic factors are broadly identified as having contributed to the flood and the flood had five major consequences. Some policy implications that can help prevent future flood occurrence are outlined.
The automotive industry in Nigeria: problems and prospects
(The Nigerian Economic Society, 2003-03) Filani, M. O.; Ajayi, D. D.; Gbadamosi, K. T.
Serious national efforts towards the development of the automotive industry in Nigeria took place in the early 1970s, with initial joint venture agreement between Peugeot and Volkswagen companies. By 2001, there were over 20 different enterprises manufacturing different types of vehicles, from boats to trucks, including motorcycles and bicycles and automobiles established in Nigeria. The capacity utilization of the majority of these companies, however, very low, largely due to the high cost of importing the components needed to assemble vehicles. The authors suggest that government policy should promote the development of a wholly made-in- Nigeria automobile, and that this would in turn stimulate the establishment of ancillary companies to supply the necessary components.
Data collection
(Ibadan University Press, 2005) Ogwumike, F. O.; Ajayi, D. D.; Isiugo-Abanihe, U.
Data exploration and description
(Ibadan University Press, 2005) Olopoeni, R. A.; Ajayi, D.D.
Determinant of production subcontracting in Nigeria
(The Nigerian Economic Society, 2000-03) Ajayi, D. D.
This paper analyzes the determinants of the volume of production subcontracting in Nigeria. The basic concepts are integration and industrial linkage, and production subcontracting. Data were collected from the sixty-eight contracting firms among 15 industrial estates/areas in the Lagos region. The volume of production subcontracting calculated in monetary terms was found to increase amongst the industry groups over the years. A one-way analysis of variance carried out for the volume of production subcontracting among the contracting firms was highly significant statistically. A stepwise multiple regression analysis, using the volume of production subcontracting as the dependent variable, and the size and structural characteristics of contracting firms as the independent variables was however, not statistically significant. It is argued that the nationality of the firm owner, whether local or foreign, may be significantly related to the volume of production subcontracting.
Determinants of peri-urban and urban agricultural locational choicebehaviour in Lagos, Nigeria
(Elsevier Ltd., 2014) Taiwo, O. J.
This article quantitatively assessed factors that shape locational choice behaviour of urban farmers. Three hundred questionnaires were randomly administered to farmers in ten localities with a view to identifying factors that shape their locational choice behaviour. The average number of farmers per locality was designated as the index of attractiveness and was correlated with six broad categories of factors identified by farmers as influential in urban agricultural site selection. These broad factors are proximity to water, proximity to residence, access to land, proximity to market, suitable fertile soils, and availability of labour. These factors were subsequently broken down to sixteen categories. Almost all the variables exhibited negatively significant correlations with the index of attractiveness. Urban farmers prefer sites which were closer to water, free with minimal lease and rental cost, and also sites with fertile soil that is closer to farmer’s residence, where aggregate costs of production is minimal and labour relatively avail-able. The results obtained can be used in mainstreaming urban agriculture into city planning while at the same time provide avenue for increased urban agricultural productivity.
The determinants of undergraduate CGPA among students' of the Faculty of the Social Sciences, University of Ibadan
(Faculty of the Social Sciences, University of Ibadan, 2006-03) Olaniyan, O.; Ajayi, D. D..; Oyekanmi, B. O.; Obemeata, A.; Alarape, A
This paper examines the determinants of students' performance in the University. We used the grade point average (GPA) of students in Faculty of the Social Sciences of University of lbadan as a model of characteristics of the students at the time of their entry into the university. This helps in identifying the factors that are likely to predict the successful outcome of the students in the university. Specifically, the research tests whether SSCE and JAMB scores are reliable predictors of GPA. In doing this, we analysed a sample of 866 students who graduated in three different sessions from five departments in the faculty. The results of our analysis suggest that while the performance in the General Certificate of Education, ordinary level examinations appears to better predict undergraduate performance as measured by CGPA, JAMB scores are not good predictors of students' grades in the faculty.
Determining the vulnerability of states in Nigeria to COVID-19
(2020) Addie, O.; Taiwo, O.; Seun-Addie, K.
The impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been felt globally. However, against the backdrop of the uncertainties surrounding the pandemic, and the pronouncement of the World Health Organization that the virus may never go away, it has become pertinent for nations to identify and protect the most vulnerable of their citizens. This study determined the states with the highest vulnerability to the pandemic in Nigeria. The 2006 population data for each state of the federation was obtained from the National Population Commission (NPC) Nigeria, and was projected to the year 2020. Data on: Nigerians aged 60 years and older, the percentage population in the lowest and second wealth quantiles, percentage population without fixed handwashing and moderate handwashing facilities, and percentage population of male and female without exposure to mass media, were obtained from the 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey report. Prevalence rates of High Blood Pressure, Diabetes Mellitus, Cardiovascular Disease, and Asthma were extracted from literature. These were used to estimate a vulnerability score for each state of the federation and the Federal Capital Territory. Kebbi had the highest score (39.82), followed by Zamfara (39.27) and Sokoto (39.24), respectively. Osun (11.45), Abia (12.53), and Lagos (15.47), have the least scores, respectively. The most vulnerable geo-political zone was the Northwest, while the least vulnerable was the Southwest. Regression analysis was carried out to model the data. Appropriate steps should be taken to reduce likely mortalities due to high vulnerability to COVID-19 in the identified States.
An econometric analysis of capital flight from Nigeria: a portfolio choice approach
(The African Economic Research Consortium, Kenya, 2007-05) Lawanson, A. O.
Effect of land use, time of day and vehicle type on seat belt use in Lagos, Nigeria
(2012-03) Akinyemi, Y. C.; Taiwo, O. J.; Osayomi, T.; Olaniran, H. D.
The seat belt has been proven to be effective in the reduction of traffic injuries and deaths. Despite the efficacy and strict enforcement of legislation, it has been frequently underutilized in many countries including Nigeria.The aim of this study was to investigate the seat belt use rate, and determine the effect of land use types, vehicle types and time of day on observed rates in a local government area of Lagos state, Nigeria. A two-day cross-section observational survey was conducted in three observation points, The use rates by land use type, time of day and vehicle type were observed. A total of 40,753 vehicles were evaluated. In general, 43.1 percent of drivers observed used the seat belt. The highest seat belt compliance rate was observed in the residential sector (55.8%), among private cars (65.1%), and between 1.00pm and 4.00pm (44.8%). The chi-square analysis confirmed significant differences in seat belt use across three land use types (X2=609.72, p = 0.001), vehicle types (X2= 11780.31; p = 0.001) and time of day (X2- 59.86; p= 0.001). More seat belt education and stricter enforcement of the seat belt regulation were suggested to raise the level of seat belt use in concerned areas, vehicle types and at the affected time intervals.
Effects of political dispensations on the pattern of urban expansion in the Osogbo metropolis, Osun State, Nigeria
(2014-10) Taiwo, O. J.; Abutaleb, K. A.; Ngie, A.; Ahmed, F.
Most studies on urban growth have focused on measuring the extent and rate of urban growth, while some focused on the understanding of factors that initiate and sustain city growth at local and global scales. Only anecdotal studies exist on the effects of different political regimes on urban growth. Both military and democratic governments enacted and implemented various urban and related policies that might have impacted the urban expansion. This is because a regime’s ideology (be it civilian or military) could be a crucial growth-determining factor. This study compares urban growth in Osogbo, Nigeria, during military and civilian regimes, using eight landscape metrics. Landsat images of the Osogbo metropolis for the years 1986, 1991, 1996, 1999, 2003, 2010 and 2014 were selected, based on the progression of political regimes in Nigeria. Where necessary, the images were gap-filed and co-registered to a common datum. Supervised classification was used in identifying built-up areas over-time, while change vector analysis was used in exploring growth pattern between the civilian and the military regimes. Landscape metrics were used to assess the process and impacts of urban expansion, while analysis of variance was used to assess variations in growth between the two dispensations. There has been considerable growth in Osogbo metropolis since its creation in 1991, and significant differences exist in urban growth rates between military and civilian regimes (F=7.920, P<0.05). However, the effect of urban growth on distance to central business district, available open space, urban sprawl, and shape of built-up areas, are not significantly different between the military and the civilian regimes. Urban expansion occurred primarily through expansion of existing urban areas rather than spontaneous and detached development. Therefore, one of the most difficult conclusions from this study is that urban benefits derived through city growth do not necessarily have anything to do with the type of city administrations in place.
Environmental factors and population at risk of malaria in Nkomazi municipality, South Africa
(2016-05) Adeola, A. M.; Botai, O. J.; Olwoch, J. M.; Rautenbach, C. J. de W.; Adisa, O. M.; Taiwo, O. J.; Kalumba, A. M.
Objective: Nkomazi local municipality of South Africa is a high-risk malaria region with an incidence rate of about 500 cases per 100 000. We examined the influence of environmental factors on population (age group) at risk of malaria. Methods: R software was used to statistically analyse data. Using remote sensing technology, a Landsat 8 image of 4th October 2015 was classified using object-based classification and a 5-m resolution. Spot height data were used to generate a digital elevation model of the area. Results: A total of 60 718 malaria cases were notified across 48 health facilities in Nkomazi municipality between January 1997 and August 2015. Malaria incidence was highly associated with irrigated land (P = 0.001), water body (P = 0.011) and altitude ≤400 m (P = 0.001). The multivariate model showed that with 10% increase in the extent of irrigated areas, malaria risk increased by almost 39% in the entire study area and by almost 44% in the 2-km buffer zone of selected villages. Malaria incidence is more pronounced in the economically active population aged 15–64 and in males. Both incidence and case fatality rate drastically declined over the study period. Conclusion: A predictive model based on environmental factors would be useful in the effort towards malaria elimination by fostering appropriate targeting of control measures and allocating of resources.
Establishment of the moth: niphograpta albiguttalis (warner) (lepidoptera: pyralidae), a biological control agent of water hyacinth (eichhornia crassipes) in waterways of Lagos and Ogun states, southwestern Nigeria
(Routledge, 2012-06) Oke, O. A.; Adelaja, B. A.; Emuh, C. N.; Taiwo, O. J.
The moth Niphograpta albiguttalis was found infesting water hyacinth on waterways in Nigeria in 2009 in the areas of Badagry, Ejirin and Epe in Lagos State and Iwopin in Ogun State. This moth has not been released in Nigeria but it was released as a biological control agent for water hyacinth in Ghana in 1996 and in Benin in 1993. It is not reported to have established in those countries, but it would appear that as a result of those releases N. albiguttalis is now present in Nigeria. The larval instars found were damaging only water hyacinth with bulbous petioles. The larval developmental periods ranged between 10 and 15 days (n = 3).