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Item SPATIAL VARIATIONS IN ACCESSIBILITY TO SECONDARY SCHOOL FACILITIES IN OYO STATE(1988-07) ADEYEMO, A. M.The developing countries of the world have come to realise that issues involving human resource development and basic values may need to receive attention before regional problems can be successfully attacked either directly or indirectly, through sustained national economic growth. Need arises to tackle fundamental structural problems before growth and development can proceed to a point where it positively affects remaining structural problems. In the three preceding decades, Nigerian governments (civilian and military) have made various attempts to drastically raise the income level as well as the standard and quality of life of the people at both urban and regional scales. Since independence, elaborate social welfare programmes (health and education in particular) have always been an important feature of development planning in the old Western Region (now Oyo, Ogun, Ondo, Lagos and Bendel States). Education facilities are among the public services that profoundly affect human well-being the availability of which has far reaching implications for a people's income and quality of life and increases the attractiveness of an area. More recently, Oyo State government acknowledged the need to enhance the quality of life of the people and increase their level of participation in decision-making and access to social opportunity. Between October 1, 1979 and December, 1983, Oyo State government attempted to ensure equality of access to secondary schools in social and physical term by the introduction of 'free education at all levels’ and/or proliferation of secondary schools designed to remove any barriers to the consumption of secondary school education. The policy objectives in this regard have been to improve access to educational resources by distributing them among Local government areas equitably according to need, and to correct territorial injustices and maintain efficiency in the allocation of secondary school education resources among areas. But how far have these objectives been realized? The main thrust of this study is to describe and explain the geographical variations in accessibility to secondary schools among a set of settlements and across Local government areas of the study area. The objectives therefore are to: examine the implications of State government policy (1979-1983) on accessibility of the people to secondary schools; determine the level of provision of secondary schools among Local government areas in relation to needs; examine the extent to which state citizens are better or worse off as a result of government policy on education; examine the extent to which proliferation of secondary school facilities in the State has improved distributional efficiency; and find out the major factors that determine the distribution of secondary schools in a typical region of a Third World country. In doing this work both population and secondary school data were used and they were collected from secondary sources; while data on physical distance from facility location point to user settlement) was generated from the base map. The methods of analysis employed include access opportunity model as put forward by Schneider and Symons (1971), Gini-coefficient, Lorenz curves and ratio of advantage or disadvantage, planning standards as laid down by Ministry of Education and multiple regression model. This study has revealed some facts about the distribution of secondary schools before and after 1979-1983 education programme in the State. The study shows that mass provision of secondary school facilities has increased accessibility of the population in the State to secondary school education. Enrolments in secondary schools increased from about 11% in 1978 to 36.3% in 1983. In 1978 50% of secondary schools was controlled by 39 % of the population of the State but this increased to 45% in 1983. This implies that state government policy on secondary school education has increased people's access to a larger share of the facilities by 6%. Average access opportunity to secondary schools and teachers increased by 140.51 and 108.80 percent respectively in 1983; while total population without secondary schools declined by 54 percent. Total weighted distance declined from 32,009,271 in 1978 to 9,844,663 person kilometres in 1983; while in 1983 mean weighted distance decreased by 49 percent. The mass establishment of secondary schools has also redistributed secondary school facilities in a more egalitarian direction than ever before. The spatial concentration of secondary schools and teachers in urban areas declined by 7 and 3 percent respectively while proportion of the population controlling 50 percent of secondary schools and teacher in the rural areas increased by 13 and 18 percent respectively. Thirdly, the increased number of secondary schools has not improved the distributional optimality with which the facilities were delivered. Inefficiency in the distribution of secondary school teachers and schools was overwhelming during the periods. Proliferation of secondary school facile ties has not altered the inefficiency level of social service delivery system in Nigeria. The level of inefficiency that characterizes the system has remained relatively stable over time. Fourthly, the study has shown that egalitarian approach to the provision of social services has substantially reduced inequalities and inequities in secondary school provision. The result is that disparities between the spatial pattern of need and spatial pattern of secondary school provision got reduced. There was redistribution of services in a more egalitarian direction than before. The study shows that decentralization of schools is less efficient, but it is more equitable in the sense that differences among urban and rural areas, between and within local government areas have been reduced. There was no evidence that State government made any efforts to implement the laid down distributional standards in the provision of secondary schools in the State hence the high level of inefficiency in the distribution of secondary schools among Local government areas of the State. Finally, the relationship between need (population) and provision of secondary school facilities was considerably stronger than any other identified explanatory variables implying that territorial justice exists with regards to the distribution of secondary schools in Oyo State. It shows that social and territorial justices can only be sustained if services are distributed in relation to population (need) rather than on the basis of political considerations. Areas of high population concentration attract social services and other developmental infrastructure than areas of scanty and scattered population. The observed mis-match between enrolments and provision of teachers revealed that the quantitative growth of secondary school resources was not accompanied with development. In the provision of secondary school facilities (1979-1983) there was growth but no development. The structure of this thesis is as follows. Chapter one gives the background to the study; while Chapter two deals with conceptual and theoretical framework and literature review. The extent to which mass provision of secondary schools in the State improved access opportunity to secondary schools in 1983 was examined in Chapter three; while levels of inequity in the distribution of secondary schools among Local government areas, and between urban and rural areas were examined in Chapter four. Although mass provision of secondary school, increases access opportunity of the population to secondary school education, yet it does not improve the optimal distribution of secondary school facilities among Local government areas of the State. Chapter five confirms this postulate; while Chapter six looks at factors that shape the spatial aspects of secondary school facilities in the state. Chapter seven is conclusion.Item THE IMPACT OF IMPROVED RURAL WATER SUPPLIES ON THE HAMAR AKD HUNR TRIBES OF SOUTH-WESTERN KORDOFAN - A GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS(1971-12) ADEPETU, A. A.This thesis attempts geographical analysis of the impact of Sudan's deep bore programmes on water-deficient and under-developed South-Western Kordofan; it is based partly on existing published materials and partly but more importantly on extensive field investigation. The main finding is that deep bore programmes have helped to transform South-Western Kordofan socially and economically. Chapter one of the thesis outlines the various mechanisms through which this transformation has been achieved. In the analysis, use is made of Knetsch's approach of comparing conditions in two culturally and physically similar areas, one of which has been provided with a change-inducing factor, and of attributing any observed differences between the two areas to its Operation. Chapter two contains a short account of the resources of South-Western Kordofan, both physical and human. Particular attention is paid to solid geology, on which the occurrence of subsurface water depends, to the natura of the superficial deposits, and to rainfall and Vegetation. Conflicting principles of need and balanced exploitation of resources have characterized the allocation of boreholes in space and time. Chapter three examines the implications of such conflicting principles for the distribution pattern of deep bores in South-Western Kordofan. In this chapter the concept is introduced of 'usable land', which is a function of the availability of water; an attempt is also made to determine hypothetically what should be the appropriate maximum distance between one borehole and another that would make for the Optimum exploitation of agricultural land and grazing of South-Western Kordofan. The Impact of the deep bore programmes on South-Western Kordofan's major economic activities is dealt with in three chapters. Chapter four explains why pastoralists may continue to be migratory even when adequate perennial water supplies are available; it also suggests how the deep bore programmes may create more grazing problems unless accompanied by well organized pasture management. Chapter five shows that the cropped area has increased considerably since the borehole: programmes began, but because attitudes towards cultivation vary widely, it is not possible to determine the precise contribution made by the deep bare programes to the expansion in the area under cultivation. The increase in cropped area has led to a reduction in the area under ’gum-gardens', but this has not been accompanied by a decline in gum production. Chapter six explains why and asks whether the Arabs will continue to invest their efforts in gum tapping if other and more rewarding sources of employment are open to them. The distribution of Services is strongly influenced by the availability of water. Since the population size of a settlement is limited by the amount of water it can provide in the dry season, the question is posed in chapter seven whether every deep bore settlement will possess population large enough for the Optimum use of all essential Services. The thesis ends with a short chapter which review a the role which the deep bore programes can and should play in the future development of South-Western Kordofan.Item TRANSPORT COSTS AND THE LOCATION OF INDUSTRIES IN IBADAN – A STUDY IN INDUSTRIAL GEOGRAHY(1968-08) ADEYANJU, B. A.The significance of transport costs in the location of industries in Ibadan is studied through the application of the comparative cost approach while spatial differential in factor costs is investigated by means of field survey and statistical methods. The theoretical schema which formalizes the comparative cost approach is substitution of production factors. This considers alternative locations in terms of substitution between transport costs and processing costs and identifies the least cost location. Industrial concentration in Ibadan is assessed through the adaptation of the multiple criteria technique. The result shows that the magnitude of manufacturing in Ibadan is 50.60% of the total for Western Nigeria. In Ibadan one universal element of production factors which varies significantly from industry to industry and which is generally subject to persistent spatial variation is transport cost. The role of transport costs in attracting industries into Ibadan is found to be very important in the Fruit Canning and Orange Squash industries but much less so with regards to Soft Drinks and Furritture. These latter have been attracted to Ibadan by the available metropolitan market advantages which form, the basis of the present unique spatial monopoly enjoyed by Ibadan in the location of Industries. Results of cost calculations and perhaps most importantly transport costs are generally compatible with similar studies emphasizing the significance of transport costs in the location of specific industries elsewhere. The location of other industries not considered here for lack of data will have to await future Investigation.Item AN ASSESSMENT OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT HOUSING POLICIES AND PROGRAMMES IN OYO STATE NIGERIA(1986-09) ADEROGBA, C. A.The urban housing problems in Oyo State have become very diverse and grievous in the recent time. The urban Population growth rate does not match the rate at which the housing units were being produced to accommodate the Population. However, the purpose of the work is to assess the policies and programmes that were meant to alleviate the Problems of housing shortage in particular. Housing policies and programmes of the Federal Government since the colonial period through the first to the current National Development Plan periods were identified and described. The policy of the colonial administration was to provide accommodation for their officials at the Regional Capital. In the first two plan periods, housing was lumped up with Urban and Regional Planning. In the Third and Fourth Plan periods it was recognised as a separate sector. There were policies to plan the physical layout of the buildings, ensuring environmental sanitation, providing shelter for all categories of individuals, encouraging availability of land, building Materials and building technology, financing housing programmes through loans, and providing infrastructural facilities to go along with housing. To implement the policies and programmes, the institutional framework involved were Federal Ministry of Housing and Environment, Federal Housing Authority (FHA) and the Federal Mortgage Bank. Five research questions were examined. Questionnaire was used to collect primary data. A kind of survey was carried out to the housing estates, and literature were contacted. Simple Statistical techniques of tabulation, percentages, correlation and regression analyses were used. Cartographic techniques were also used to present some Information. Some remarkable achievements were made. However, the analyses Show that the shortcomings surpassed the achievements. The colonial administration did not plan for any other city or town than the State Capital. Even after independence, the first two plan periods had policies and programmes for the state Capital alone. In the Third and Fourth Plan periods, there were policies for some selected urban centres but still with highest concentration at the State Capital. All institutions involved with the housing loan and housing delivery Systems were also found located at Ibadan. The low-cost housing units were concentrated at Ibadan while the rest were found scattered among the Local Government Head- quarters in the state. The housing units were found to be too costly and sophisticated for the category of people they were meant. The units were not located to replace any of the slums. They were haphazardly located at the outskirt of the cities and towns and thus cut-off from urban facilities and Services. The land use decree was not effective therefore lands for building houses were still very scarce. The Federal Mortgage Bank loan was restrictive and inaccessible. The public found the policies and programmes to be generally unsuitable and ineffective vis-a-vis the purpose. These shortcomings arise because the public were not made to participate at any stage of the policy formulation and implementation. Secondly, there were no data on housing conditions and housing industries. Lastly, the culture and norms of the societies for whom the policies and programmes were meant were never taken into consideration. Thus, the schemes excluded the truly urban majority. In conclusion, the work suggested what should be located where, and warned that the need to identify who- needs-what over space and time would be very crucial. Data Bank and Statistical Systems for House and housing industry were suggested. New questions were raised.Item INTRA-URBAN POPULATION MOBILITY IN THE OLD CORE OF IBADAN CITY(1974-09) ADESINA, H. O.The interest of this thesis is in finding out whether or not there is any residential relocation in the old core of Ibadan city within the past five years (1968-1972): and if there is any, to find out the processes generating the movements. Consequently, there are two main parts to the study. The first part sought for the pattern and volume of residential relocation. It looked at the direction and distance of the movements, using an accounting model to represent the aggregate flows that were analysed. The model led to coming to grip the general structure of the movement flows, particularly the varying spatial distribution of the Population-turnover that the main focus of the thesis. The second section delt with the explanation of the variations of the Population-turnover and the reasons for movement were also sought. Firstly, an attempt was made to inductively establish the parameters of ‘strain’. The correlation and regression models were then applied to search for the relationship between these parameters and the movement rates. The procedures all confirmed that there is a singularly most important factor that can be used in the explanation of the variations in the Population-turnover. Since the importance of the perception of the people was brought out by the regression models used to explain the variations in the movement rates, the later part of the section was devoted at looking, into greater details, the ways in which the people perceive their environment. In conclusion the major findings of the study were summarized and the implication of the study for planning was suggested.Item A GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF THE POPULATION AND RURAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN THE MIDDLE BELT OF NIGERIA: A CASE STUDY FROM BIDA AND MINNA DIVISIONS OF NIGER PROVINCE(1972-12) ADENIYI, E. O.The main focus of the thesis is the examination of the factors responsible for rural economic development in a part of the Middle Belt of Nigeria. The discussion is based on the "land surplus" model and the approach is to regard population density and population growth as the independent variables which in their turn are major factors determining rural economic development in the middle Belt of Nigeria. The physical and human environment of the middle Belt and its changing economy from that of a lagging to a growing zone are discussed. The distribution, demographic and cultural characteristics of the population in different parts of the study area are shown to have influenced the socio-econonic organisation of agricultural land, labour, land use and crops grown. It is shown that the size of the population and density is below the Critical population density which the present System of land use can Support. The agricultural economy and new trends in agricultural production are discussed and it is shown that the production of food crops in the Middle Belt serves as an 'engine of growth’ (as does the production of export crops in other parts of Nigeria) in the Nigerian economy as it is a major source of food supply for the growing population and urbanization in Nigeria. The increasing integration of the Nigerian economy which has led to a greater development of the internal exchange economy in the country is shown to have aided the increasing commercialisation of food crop production in the area. In addition, population movements into the area has led to increased agricultural production. These developments have turned the Middle Belt from a lagging to a ’frontier zone’. In Order to realize the potentialities of the Middle Belt in Nigeria, a number of suggestions are made for the further development of the rural economy of the area.Item THE IMPACT OF MIGRATION ON THE RURAL ECONOMY OF OSHUN DIVISION OF WESTERN NIGERIA(1972-01) ADEGBOLA, O.This study attempts to describe and analyse the impact of migration on the rural economy of Oshun Division of Western Nigeria. The thesis is in three parts. The first is concerned with the growth of migration from about the beginning of the present century to the late 1950’s. It investigates the historical and economic bases of the spatial distributions of both the in- and the out- migrants and analyses the pattern of their flows. The second part is concerned with the impact of migration on the factors of production. It begins with a consideration of the conceptual framework which tries to see the migrant as an agent of change. The rate of migration in different parts of the Division is shown to have been responsible for significant socio-economic changes especially in respect of the demand for, the supply of and the use of land, labour and capital. It also explains the different trends of economic development in the Division. In the third part of the thesis, the role of migrant enterprise and leadership is appraised and found to be reflected in the diffusion of agricultural innovations and the flow of skills from the destination end of the migration to the Division. It is largely against this background that the observed higher production of migrants as well as their larger share in the non-agricultural activities is explained. It is argued that the migrants have been responsible for modifying traditional institutions such as those associated with marketing of products. It is also contended that the role of migrants singly or collectively has been an important factor in the provision of some social amenities and economic projects. Finally, the problems and the future prospects of migration in the Division are examined.Item THE MICROCLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS WITHIN THE URBAN CANOPY OF IBADAN(1985-01) ADEBAYO, Y. R.This study analyses the spatial, diurnal and seasonal characteristics of some climatic parameters within the urban canopy of Ibadan. These climatic parameters are global radiation, surface albedo, net long wave radiation and latent and sensible fluxes of energy. The analysis is based on data collected on a daily basis (0600 - 1800 hrs. GMT) for one year at twenty stations located all ever the city. Furthermore, twenty-year data (1961-80) on the characteristics of maximum and minimum temperatures, relative humidity and rainfall are analysed with the aim of analysing the effect of urbanization on climate over that period. This study makes a departure from earlier studies which were concerned mainly with the rural/urban dichotomy ir climatic parameters by actually looking into the intra-urban pattern of the climatic parameters. In this regard the city surface was classified into six land use categories on the basis of their components of buildings, water, tarred roads, untarred roads, paved surfaces, bare ground, lawns and trees. The laud-uses identified are 'high density’ built-up areas, 'medium density' built-up areas, 'low density 'built-up areas, 'commercial' areas, 'open spaces’ and ’rural’ areas. These land-uses were used as the basis for setting up the climatic stations and explaining results of the variation in climatic parameters. Results of the investigation show that components of radiation and energy budgets vary considerably from the rural areas to the urban centre. Global radiation values for the different land-uses range between 0,62 and 0.64 ly min-1 in the rural surroundings to between 0,56 and 0.58 ly min-1 in the urban centre. This shows a decrease of about Albedo mean values range between 15% and 18% in the rural area to between 8% and 10% in the city centre. The net radiation at the urban centre is about 15% higher than that at the rural area; the mean values for the different land-use surfaces being between 0.200 and 0.215 ly. Min-1 in the rural area and between 0.225 and 0.245 ly. Min-1 in the urban centre. Net long wave radiation increases from between -0.21 and -0.22 ly. Min-1 in the rural area to between —0.18 and -0.19 ly min-1 in the urban centre, The Increase in the city centre over the rural area is by about Mean values of temperature urban 'heat island' vary between 1.0°C and 1.5°C, and 2.5°C and 3.0°C during the vet and harmattan periods respectively, The extreme value of temperature 'heat island' is as high as 11.7°C. The relative humidity in the urban centre is 6,3% lower than in the rural surroundings during the wet season and 24.3% lower than the harmattan season. From the temporal analysis of climatic data over a 20-year period, it is found that temperature has increased significantly over time. Maximum temperature increased by as much as 0o7°Co Rainfall increase over time has also been related to urban effects. All these confirm that urbanization is changing the climate of Ibadan, Finally, land-use components and climatic parameters are correlated and the relationships between them are found to be statistically significant at 5% level of significance.