Geography
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Item The inversion of geoelectrical data for hydrogeological applications in crystalline basement areas of Nigeria(ELSEVIER, 1997) Olayinka, A.I.; Weller, A.A methodology is presented for the inversion of two-dimensional (2-D) geoelectrical data for solving hydrogeological problems in crystalline basement areas. The initial step entails compiling an earth model using all available geological, borehole and geophysical information. This model then served as the input to a 2-D inversion algorithm based on the Simultaneous Iterative Reconstruction Technique (SIRT). The algorithm tries to find a model that is as close as possible to the starting model. To demonstrate the usefulness of this procedure, two field examples from Nigeria, conducted as part of a borehole siting programme, are described. In the first example, borehole information regarding the thickness of the weathered zone overlying a gneissic bedrock was used to constrain the 1-D inversion of sounding data and the model thus compiled was used as the starting model for 2-D inversion. In the second example, only sounding information was used to determine the starting model. If the starting model has incorporated all the available information as constraints, it is generally possible to compute a model that not only fits the measured data but is also a good approximation of the subsurface geology, more so when several 2-D models can fit the same set of field measurements on account of the limitations posed by equivalenceItem SPATIAL VARIATIONS IN ACCESSIBILITY TO SECONDARY SCHOOL FACILITIES IN OYO STATE(1988-07) ADEYEMO, A. M.The developing countries of the world have come to realise that issues involving human resource development and basic values may need to receive attention before regional problems can be successfully attacked either directly or indirectly, through sustained national economic growth. Need arises to tackle fundamental structural problems before growth and development can proceed to a point where it positively affects remaining structural problems. In the three preceding decades, Nigerian governments (civilian and military) have made various attempts to drastically raise the income level as well as the standard and quality of life of the people at both urban and regional scales. Since independence, elaborate social welfare programmes (health and education in particular) have always been an important feature of development planning in the old Western Region (now Oyo, Ogun, Ondo, Lagos and Bendel States). Education facilities are among the public services that profoundly affect human well-being the availability of which has far reaching implications for a people's income and quality of life and increases the attractiveness of an area. More recently, Oyo State government acknowledged the need to enhance the quality of life of the people and increase their level of participation in decision-making and access to social opportunity. Between October 1, 1979 and December, 1983, Oyo State government attempted to ensure equality of access to secondary schools in social and physical term by the introduction of 'free education at all levels’ and/or proliferation of secondary schools designed to remove any barriers to the consumption of secondary school education. The policy objectives in this regard have been to improve access to educational resources by distributing them among Local government areas equitably according to need, and to correct territorial injustices and maintain efficiency in the allocation of secondary school education resources among areas. But how far have these objectives been realized? The main thrust of this study is to describe and explain the geographical variations in accessibility to secondary schools among a set of settlements and across Local government areas of the study area. The objectives therefore are to: examine the implications of State government policy (1979-1983) on accessibility of the people to secondary schools; determine the level of provision of secondary schools among Local government areas in relation to needs; examine the extent to which state citizens are better or worse off as a result of government policy on education; examine the extent to which proliferation of secondary school facilities in the State has improved distributional efficiency; and find out the major factors that determine the distribution of secondary schools in a typical region of a Third World country. In doing this work both population and secondary school data were used and they were collected from secondary sources; while data on physical distance from facility location point to user settlement) was generated from the base map. The methods of analysis employed include access opportunity model as put forward by Schneider and Symons (1971), Gini-coefficient, Lorenz curves and ratio of advantage or disadvantage, planning standards as laid down by Ministry of Education and multiple regression model. This study has revealed some facts about the distribution of secondary schools before and after 1979-1983 education programme in the State. The study shows that mass provision of secondary school facilities has increased accessibility of the population in the State to secondary school education. Enrolments in secondary schools increased from about 11% in 1978 to 36.3% in 1983. In 1978 50% of secondary schools was controlled by 39 % of the population of the State but this increased to 45% in 1983. This implies that state government policy on secondary school education has increased people's access to a larger share of the facilities by 6%. Average access opportunity to secondary schools and teachers increased by 140.51 and 108.80 percent respectively in 1983; while total population without secondary schools declined by 54 percent. Total weighted distance declined from 32,009,271 in 1978 to 9,844,663 person kilometres in 1983; while in 1983 mean weighted distance decreased by 49 percent. The mass establishment of secondary schools has also redistributed secondary school facilities in a more egalitarian direction than ever before. The spatial concentration of secondary schools and teachers in urban areas declined by 7 and 3 percent respectively while proportion of the population controlling 50 percent of secondary schools and teacher in the rural areas increased by 13 and 18 percent respectively. Thirdly, the increased number of secondary schools has not improved the distributional optimality with which the facilities were delivered. Inefficiency in the distribution of secondary school teachers and schools was overwhelming during the periods. Proliferation of secondary school facile ties has not altered the inefficiency level of social service delivery system in Nigeria. The level of inefficiency that characterizes the system has remained relatively stable over time. Fourthly, the study has shown that egalitarian approach to the provision of social services has substantially reduced inequalities and inequities in secondary school provision. The result is that disparities between the spatial pattern of need and spatial pattern of secondary school provision got reduced. There was redistribution of services in a more egalitarian direction than before. The study shows that decentralization of schools is less efficient, but it is more equitable in the sense that differences among urban and rural areas, between and within local government areas have been reduced. There was no evidence that State government made any efforts to implement the laid down distributional standards in the provision of secondary schools in the State hence the high level of inefficiency in the distribution of secondary schools among Local government areas of the State. Finally, the relationship between need (population) and provision of secondary school facilities was considerably stronger than any other identified explanatory variables implying that territorial justice exists with regards to the distribution of secondary schools in Oyo State. It shows that social and territorial justices can only be sustained if services are distributed in relation to population (need) rather than on the basis of political considerations. Areas of high population concentration attract social services and other developmental infrastructure than areas of scanty and scattered population. The observed mis-match between enrolments and provision of teachers revealed that the quantitative growth of secondary school resources was not accompanied with development. In the provision of secondary school facilities (1979-1983) there was growth but no development. The structure of this thesis is as follows. Chapter one gives the background to the study; while Chapter two deals with conceptual and theoretical framework and literature review. The extent to which mass provision of secondary schools in the State improved access opportunity to secondary schools in 1983 was examined in Chapter three; while levels of inequity in the distribution of secondary schools among Local government areas, and between urban and rural areas were examined in Chapter four. Although mass provision of secondary school, increases access opportunity of the population to secondary school education, yet it does not improve the optimal distribution of secondary school facilities among Local government areas of the State. Chapter five confirms this postulate; while Chapter six looks at factors that shape the spatial aspects of secondary school facilities in the state. Chapter seven is conclusion.Item AN ASSESSMENT OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT HOUSING POLICIES AND PROGRAMMES IN OYO STATE NIGERIA(1986-09) ADEROGBA, C. A.The urban housing problems in Oyo State have become very diverse and grievous in the recent time. The urban Population growth rate does not match the rate at which the housing units were being produced to accommodate the Population. However, the purpose of the work is to assess the policies and programmes that were meant to alleviate the Problems of housing shortage in particular. Housing policies and programmes of the Federal Government since the colonial period through the first to the current National Development Plan periods were identified and described. The policy of the colonial administration was to provide accommodation for their officials at the Regional Capital. In the first two plan periods, housing was lumped up with Urban and Regional Planning. In the Third and Fourth Plan periods it was recognised as a separate sector. There were policies to plan the physical layout of the buildings, ensuring environmental sanitation, providing shelter for all categories of individuals, encouraging availability of land, building Materials and building technology, financing housing programmes through loans, and providing infrastructural facilities to go along with housing. To implement the policies and programmes, the institutional framework involved were Federal Ministry of Housing and Environment, Federal Housing Authority (FHA) and the Federal Mortgage Bank. Five research questions were examined. Questionnaire was used to collect primary data. A kind of survey was carried out to the housing estates, and literature were contacted. Simple Statistical techniques of tabulation, percentages, correlation and regression analyses were used. Cartographic techniques were also used to present some Information. Some remarkable achievements were made. However, the analyses Show that the shortcomings surpassed the achievements. The colonial administration did not plan for any other city or town than the State Capital. Even after independence, the first two plan periods had policies and programmes for the state Capital alone. In the Third and Fourth Plan periods, there were policies for some selected urban centres but still with highest concentration at the State Capital. All institutions involved with the housing loan and housing delivery Systems were also found located at Ibadan. The low-cost housing units were concentrated at Ibadan while the rest were found scattered among the Local Government Head- quarters in the state. The housing units were found to be too costly and sophisticated for the category of people they were meant. The units were not located to replace any of the slums. They were haphazardly located at the outskirt of the cities and towns and thus cut-off from urban facilities and Services. The land use decree was not effective therefore lands for building houses were still very scarce. The Federal Mortgage Bank loan was restrictive and inaccessible. The public found the policies and programmes to be generally unsuitable and ineffective vis-a-vis the purpose. These shortcomings arise because the public were not made to participate at any stage of the policy formulation and implementation. Secondly, there were no data on housing conditions and housing industries. Lastly, the culture and norms of the societies for whom the policies and programmes were meant were never taken into consideration. Thus, the schemes excluded the truly urban majority. In conclusion, the work suggested what should be located where, and warned that the need to identify who- needs-what over space and time would be very crucial. Data Bank and Statistical Systems for House and housing industry were suggested. New questions were raised.Item THE STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF CENTRAL PLACE SYSTEMS: A CASE STUDY OF SOUTH-WEST NIGERIA CENTRAL PLACES(1994-04) ADEBOYEJO, A. T.This study analyses the spatial structure and the underlying processes of central places in South-West Nigeria. It adopts the systemic approach to the problem of spatial structure and spatial dynamics and then utilises concepts of “order by fluctuation and dissipative structure" developed in physics as alternative explanatory paradigm for examining the changing relationships between spatial structure and spatial dynamics. The study operationalised conceptual issues such as, systems analysis and systems of central places human settlement as central places; and, spatial dynamics and spatial structure. It also discussed central place theory [CPT] and Dynamic central place theory [DCPT] as theoretical foundation for the research. The study covered all central places in South-west Nigeria with population figures of 5,000 and above in 1952. However, local government headquarters [1976 local government reforms] that do not meet this criterion were included, being central places to their geo-political units. The spatial structure of the one hundred and thirty six central places so identified between 1900 and 1963 were analysed using population data. Since this variable is discontinuous after 1963, a total of fourty-five central functions were collected for each of the central places for three different periods - 1967, 1976 and 1991. These central functions which covered industrial, commercial and service activities were obtained mainly from secondary sources. The changing distribution pattern of the central places since 1900, is first examined using high order Nearest Neighbour technique, while both qualitative and quantitative changes in the spatial structure are evaluated with certain indices of population growth and concentration. Processes of central place growth are discussed within three dominant historical phases, namely, pre-colonial, colonial and early independence epochs. The study then employed multivariate factor analytical technique to examine and analyse the structural features of the central places in the three time periods - 1967, 1976 and 1991 [important benchmarks in Nigeria's political and economic history] . It further employed the technique of hierarchical cluster analysis to define the functional hierarchy of the central places. Changes in the hierarchical structure of the central places within different classes or orders are analysed using the Markov chain model, which also provides a framework for generalising the spatial processes of the central places. From a detailed analysis of the structure of central places, the study identifies pertinent spatial processes that govern spatial structure of development in the region. These spatial processes are related to the observed spatial structure of the central places by an explanatory/predictive canonical model. Changes in the relationships are also examined while processes that govern the spatial structure are quantified. The results of the higher order nearest neigbour analysis shows no statistically significant changes in the location pattern of the central places. However, there is a marked deviation of the distribution pattern of the central places from theoretical postulation of regularity. Factors of socioeconomic and political culture of the Yoruba race within prevailing physiographic context are noted to be fundamental to the observed distributional pattern of the central places. Furthermore, observed variations in the relative sizes and growth structure of the central places from earliest times to date are understandable within broad geographical cum historical context of regional central places. Essentially, it is the nature and changing role of the centers as historical settlements and traditional centers of trade, administration and cultural activities that are fundamental. Furthermore, the factor analytical technique shows that the regional central places possess three basic structural features which are; Industrial development; Education and commerce; and, Social or basic services. Based on the identified dimensions, the hierarchical cluster analysis reveals that five classes or orders of centers are distinguishable in the three periods. It is observed that changes in the hierarchy of the central places can be described by Markov chain model. The results of the model show that higher order centres are more stable in the hierarchy, and that the probability of lower order centres moving into higher orders decreases with time. However an equilibrium distribution of centres in the hierarchy will be reached by the year 2026 A.D. The results of the canonical correlation model of the relationship between spatial structure and spatial processes show that the observed variations in the spatial structure of the S.W. Nigeria central places are due mainly to changing but differing political functions of the central places and their accessibility seen in the strategic location of a center as either Port city, or along important road or railway network or air accessibility. This study provides useful information on the trend and character of the regional space economy and, the types and relative strength of the underlying spatial processes. It is suggested that research into spatial dynamics of regional economic structure, should begin with an examination of the spatio-temporal structure of the system of interest, rather than invoking constant universal processes to be related to a spatial structure. The significant relationship between spatial structure and processes produced by the canonical correlation in this study shows that relevant spatial processes could emerge from a careful analyses of a spatial structure. The study further shows that while systems analysis provides an adequate framework for conceptualizing the web of interrelationships in a spatio-temporal organisation of cities, the unraveling of these relationships remains a major challenge to the formulation of theories and development of models of temporal and spatial processes.Item THE MICROCLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS WITHIN THE URBAN CANOPY OF IBADAN(1985-01) ADEBAYO, Y. R.This study analyses the spatial, diurnal and seasonal characteristics of some climatic parameters within the urban canopy of Ibadan. These climatic parameters are global radiation, surface albedo, net long wave radiation and latent and sensible fluxes of energy. The analysis is based on data collected on a daily basis (0600 - 1800 hrs. GMT) for one year at twenty stations located all ever the city. Furthermore, twenty-year data (1961-80) on the characteristics of maximum and minimum temperatures, relative humidity and rainfall are analysed with the aim of analysing the effect of urbanization on climate over that period. This study makes a departure from earlier studies which were concerned mainly with the rural/urban dichotomy ir climatic parameters by actually looking into the intra-urban pattern of the climatic parameters. In this regard the city surface was classified into six land use categories on the basis of their components of buildings, water, tarred roads, untarred roads, paved surfaces, bare ground, lawns and trees. The laud-uses identified are 'high density’ built-up areas, 'medium density' built-up areas, 'low density 'built-up areas, 'commercial' areas, 'open spaces’ and ’rural’ areas. These land-uses were used as the basis for setting up the climatic stations and explaining results of the variation in climatic parameters. Results of the investigation show that components of radiation and energy budgets vary considerably from the rural areas to the urban centre. Global radiation values for the different land-uses range between 0,62 and 0.64 ly min-1 in the rural surroundings to between 0,56 and 0.58 ly min-1 in the urban centre. This shows a decrease of about Albedo mean values range between 15% and 18% in the rural area to between 8% and 10% in the city centre. The net radiation at the urban centre is about 15% higher than that at the rural area; the mean values for the different land-use surfaces being between 0.200 and 0.215 ly. Min-1 in the rural area and between 0.225 and 0.245 ly. Min-1 in the urban centre. Net long wave radiation increases from between -0.21 and -0.22 ly. Min-1 in the rural area to between —0.18 and -0.19 ly min-1 in the urban centre, The Increase in the city centre over the rural area is by about Mean values of temperature urban 'heat island' vary between 1.0°C and 1.5°C, and 2.5°C and 3.0°C during the vet and harmattan periods respectively, The extreme value of temperature 'heat island' is as high as 11.7°C. The relative humidity in the urban centre is 6,3% lower than in the rural surroundings during the wet season and 24.3% lower than the harmattan season. From the temporal analysis of climatic data over a 20-year period, it is found that temperature has increased significantly over time. Maximum temperature increased by as much as 0o7°Co Rainfall increase over time has also been related to urban effects. All these confirm that urbanization is changing the climate of Ibadan, Finally, land-use components and climatic parameters are correlated and the relationships between them are found to be statistically significant at 5% level of significance.