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Item Assessment of Heavy Metal Bioaccumulation in Wild Fish ( Clarias gariepinus ) Consumed in Wukari Area of Taraba State, Nigeria(2017) Tyokumbur,E.T; Umma,B.SA study was carried out on the assessment of heavy metal bioaccumulation in wild fish (Clarias gariepinus) consumed in Wukari area of Taraba State in Nigeria between July and November 2016. Twenty-two (22) market sizes smoke-dried fish (C. gariepinus) were randomly bought from the Wukari markets in Taraba State in July 2016 and burned to ashes with a furnace at a temperature of 400°C for two hours and stored in sample bottles prior to acid digestion. Concentration of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, Mn and Co) in the dried fish samples was analyzed using Buck Scientific Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The results showed that the mean concentration of highly toxic Cd and Pb was below the World Health Organization’s (WHO) guideline limits of 0.05 ppm and 1.0 ppm respectively. The essential Cu concentration in the liver (32 ppm) exceeded the WHO set limit of 30 ppm while the other organs were below it. Fifty percent (50%) of the organs (bones, liver and muscles) exceeded the WHO guideline limit of 0.07 ppm for Ni, while the gills, fins and skin were below it. The mean Mn concentration in all the organs were below the FEPA guideline limit. The results showed that the mean toxic heavy metal Cd and Pb in the organs of the fish C. gariepinus were below the World Health Organization (WHO) limit and therefore safe for human consumption. Essential heavy metals like Cu and Ni were slightly above WHO guideline limit in some organs which means consumption quantity should be in moderation. It is therefore recommended that regular biomonitoring studies on heavy metals should be carried out on fish species widely consumed in the area for public health goodItem Appraisal of Heavy Metals in the Fish Sarotherodon galilaeus and Sarotherodon melanotheron from Alaro Stream in Ibadan, Nigeria(2017) Tyokumbur,E.T; Umma,B.SAn appraisal was carried out on the heavy metals in the fish Sarotherodon melanotheron and Sarotherodon galilaeus from Alaro Stream in Ibadan. The study was carried out because fish is a major source of affordable protein for the ever growing global human population. The concentration of heavy metals in the aquatic ecosystem as a result of human activities at any given time portend a health risk for consumers of fish and its products. A total of fifty fish comprising S. melanotheron (25) and S. galileaus (25) were collected from the study area. Dissected and pulverized fish organ samples were acid- digested in Teflon tubes for analyses using the Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). The mean Ni in the liver, gut and fins of both fish exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) limit guideline (0.07ppm). All the mean Se concentration in the organs of the two fish were all above the WHO limit guideline of 0.04ppm. With the exception of the muscle (0.01ppm) in S. galilaeus, all the other mean V concentration in the organs of the two fish were higher than the limit guideline of 0.02ppm while there is no current value for Mn and Co. The study shows that organs of S. galilaeus and S. melanotheron had V, Ni and Se above the World Health Organization’s limit guidelines thereby making the fish unfit for human consumption as long as the effluents discharged into the stream remain untreated. Continuous biomonitoring of the aquatic ecosystem for heavy metal pollution is recommended.Item Trace metal concentration in freshwater fish organs of Heterotis niloticus from Alaro stream in Ibadan, Nigeria(2014) Tyokumbur,E.T; Umma,B.S; Okorie,T.GTrace metal concentration in freshwater fish organs of Heterotis niloticus from Alaro stream in Ibadan was assessed. Trace metals analyzed were arsenic (As), selenium (Se), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) due to their impacts on human health. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) was used for the analyses of the fish samples while the standard reference material (SRM) for quality assurance was bovine liver from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).Results show that the mean concentration of As, Se and Pb exceeded the World Health Organization guideline limits and other international standards, while only the muscle and gut did not exceed for Cd. The range of the As in the organs was 0.000-0.963ppm, while the mean concentration was 0.028-0.184ppm with the lowest in the bones and the highest in the gut. The range of the Se in the fish organs was 0.06-1.53ppm, while the highest mean concentration was 1.38ppm in the gills and the lowest was 0.11ppm in the fins. The range of Pb in the organs of H.niloticus was 0.00-14.12ppm, while the highest mean concentration was in the liver and the lowest was in the fins. The study shows that consumption of H.niloticus from Alaro stream is a health risk that must be avoided. It is recommended that a biomonitoring programme be established for regularly monitoring Alaro stream that is impacted by untreated industrial effluentsItem Trace metal accumulation in the organs of the fish Sarotherodon galilaeus from Alaro stream in Ibadan, Nigeria(2014) Tyokumbur,E.T; Umma,B.S; Okorie,T.GTrace metal accumulation in the organs of the fish Sarotherodon galilaeus from Alaro stream in Ibadan was assessed. A total of 25 fishes were caught in the sampling of Alaro stream. Dissections were carried out using dissecting set to remove the gills, fins, gut (intestine), liver, bones and muscle. Acid digestion was carried out after drying and pulverization of the fish organs. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) was used for the trace metal analyses while bovine liver standard reference material (SRM) from the National Institute of Standards (NIST) was used for quality assurance of the results. This study shows that mean concentration of the following trace metals As, Cd, Cu and Pb in S.galilaeus from the Alaro stream in Ibadan exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline limits set for most of the organs. This means that Alaro stream is polluted and fish (S.galilaeus) caught from the stream is unfit for human consumption due to the public health consequences posed in consuming such food.Item Trace metal accumulation in the organs of the fish Sarotherodon galilaeus from Alaro stream in Ibadan, Nigeria(2014) Tyokumbur,E.T; Umma,B.S; Okorie,T.GTrace metal accumulation in the organs of the fish Sarotherodon galilaeus from Alaro stream in Ibadan was assessed. A total of 25 fishes were caught in the sampling of Alaro stream. Dissections were carried out using dissecting set to remove the gills, fins, gut (intestine), liver, bones and muscle. Acid digestion was carried out after drying and pulverization of the fish organs. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) was used for the trace metal analyses while bovine liver standard reference material (SRM) from the National Institute of Standards (NIST) was used for quality assurance of the results. This study shows that mean concentration of the following trace metals As, Cd, Cu and Pb in S.galilaeus from the Alaro stream in Ibadan exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline limits set for most of the organs. This means that Alaro stream is polluted and fish (S.galilaeus) caught from the stream is unfit for human consumption due to the public health consequences posed in consuming such food.Item Trace metal accumulation in the organs of the fish Sarotherodon galilaeus from Alaro stream in Ibadan, Nigeria(2014) Tyokumbur,E.T; Umma,B.S; Okorie,T.GTrace metal accumulation in the organs of the fish Sarotherodon galilaeus from Alaro stream in Ibadan was assessed. A total of 25 fishes were caught in the sampling of Alaro stream. Dissections were carried out using dissecting set to remove the gills, fins, gut (intestine), liver, bones and muscle. Acid digestion was carried out after drying and pulverization of the fish organs. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) was used for the trace metal analyses while bovine liver standard reference material (SRM) from the National Institute of Standards (NIST) was used for quality assurance of the results. This study shows that mean concentration of the following trace metals As, Cd, Cu and Pb in S.galilaeus from the Alaro stream in Ibadan exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline limits set for most of the organs. This means that Alaro stream is polluted and fish (S.galilaeus) caught from the stream is unfit for human consumption due to the public health consequences posed in consuming such food.Item Bioaccumulation of arsenic and uranium in two fish species ( clarias lazera and Tilapia zilli ) from alaro stream in Ibadan, Nigeria(2014) Tyokumbu,E.T; Okorie,T.G; Umma,B.SStudies were carried out on the bioaccumulation of arsenic (As) and uranium (U) in the organs of two fish species (Clarias lazera and Tilapia zilli) from Alaro stream in Ibadan, Nigeria. Fish were collected from the entire Alaro stream downstream of the industrial effluent outfall for six months from July to December using cast and gill nets. Dissections were carried out to remove the gills, fins, gut, liver, bones and muscle for acid digestion. Samples were analyzed using the inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) with quality assurance of the results obtained using bovine liver standard reference material (SRM) from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).The results show that As and U levels in the fish organs exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline limit and other international standards. This indicates that fish caught in Alaro stream is unfit for human consumption since it contains the carcinogens: arsenic and uranium. It is recommended that the polluted stream should be monitored, treated and controlled for food security and other human uses of the streamItem Appraisal of heavy and trace metals in the sediments and fish ( Hemisynodontis membraneceous ) from Alaro stream in Ibadan, Nigeria(2014) Tyokumbur,E.T; Okori,T.G; Umma,B.SA study was carried out on the assessment of heavy and trace metals in the sediments and fish (Hemisynodontis membranaceous) from Alaro stream in Ibadan, Nigeria from July to December. Twenty-five fish were collected using cast and gill nets. Fish organs assessed were muscle, liver, bone, gut, gills and fins, while the sediments were collected from five sites that comprised of a control, three effluent receivers and a recovery site. The facility used for the assessment of the heavy and trace metals was the inductively couple plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) for accuracy of the results while quality assurance was ensured using bovine liver and San Joaquin standard reference materials. Heavy and trace metals assessed were Na, Mg, K, Ca, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Mo,Ag, Cd and Pb .Heavy and trace metal levels in the liver of both fishes were significantly higher than the other tissues (P>0.05). The fish muscle that is mainly and highly consumed was found to be relatively higher in the accumulation of the heavy and trace metals thereby making it unfit for consumption. The control site (site 1) and recovery site (site 5) were significantly lower in sediment heavy and trace metals while sites 2, 3 and 4 were higher due to industrial effluents discharged into them. Sediment heavy and trace metals from the effluent sites were found to exceed the limit guidelines given by the Federal Environmental Protection Agency. The study concludes that Alaro stream is polluted with its fisheries products