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Item Guinea worm disease and its persistence in some rural communities in Nigeria(2007) Morenikeji, O. A.; Alade, A. O.; Odaibo, A. B.Studies were carried out in six villages of Ogun State, Nigeria from January to December 2004 to identify the reasons for the persistence of guinea worm disease in spite of eradication measures. Pre-tested structured questionnaires were administered to 250 head of households in the endemic villages to assess their knowledge attitude and practice (KAP) in the management of guinea worm disease. The overall prevalence of infection for the study-period was 1.0%. 96.0% of the respondents depended solely on ponds for drinking water during the dry season. 80.0% of the respondents had been infected before 68.0% think that the disease is caused by spiritual attack, while 4.0% associated the disease to drinking bad water. 77.5% did not know if it is possible to prevent the disease. It was observed that immigrant farm labourers and apathy on the part of eradication officials may play vital roles in the transmission of the disease in the area. This study shows that there is need to ascertain and specifically address reasons for the persistence of the disease in areas still endemic.Item Spatial variation in physical and chemical parameters and benthic macro-invertebrate fauna of River Ogunpa, Ibadan(2005) Atobatele, O. E.; Morenikeji, O. A.; Ugwumba, O. A.A fluviatile ecosystem, River Ogunpa, was studied between the months of May and July 2000, to assess spatial variations in physical and chemical parameters and benthic macro-invertebrate faunal composition. Water and qualitative benthic samples were collected four times from five stations located along the river for laboratory analysis. High mean value of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of 20.15 ± 4.18 mgO2/l, chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 121.95 ± 19.04 mg02/l ammonia of 1.53 ± 0.44mg/l, total suspended solids (TSS) of 152.2+12.85mg/l, lead of 0.126 ± 0.06mg/l, copper of 0.3+0.07mg/l and zinc of 0.49 ± 0.07mg/l were recorded. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant differences (P<0.05) in mean values of pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), COD, turbidity, iron and copper from the five stations. Six benthic macroinvertebrate fauna; Melanoides tuberculata, Physa waterloti, Bulinus globosus, Tubifex spp; Chironomus spp and Brachydeutera spp. were recorded. The result showed that the river is under pollutional stress from oxygen demanding organic wastes. Heavy metals analyzed show that lead, copper and zinc levels may be increasing to dangerous levels in the river. Spatial variations along the river showed some stations to be more polluted than others. All the benthic macro-invertebrate fauna recorded were pollution tolerant species.Item Evaluation of the effectiveness of abate™ used for the treatment of community drinking ponds in the Nigeria guineaworm eradication program(Tapas Institute of Scientific Research and Development, 2005) Morenikeji, O. A.; Ajulo, B. O.; Odaibo, A. B.A study was carried out to ascertain the effectiveness of the Abate™ (0-0-0(1)-0(1)-tetramethyl - 0-0(1)-thiodi-P-phenylene phosphorothiote) an organophosphorous compound used for the treatment of community drinking ponds in the Nigeria Guinea Worm Eradication Programme in South-West Zone of Nigeria. The Abate™ was used in treating 3 large rectangular concrete tanks lined with pond mud, and filled with pond water harbouring cyclops, the crustacean vector of guinea worm disease. A fourth tank containing untreated water served as control. The initial and final cyclops populations of each tank was determined daily for seven days and then weekly up to the 28th day after Abate™ treatment. The standard concentration used in guinea worm eradication program (0.1ml of Abate™ to 50 litres of water) was added. At this concentration, cyclops is known to become paralysed within 72 hours. It was deduced that the population of cyclops, Thermocydops decipiens, was not effectively controlled since it took more than 5, 6 and 14 days to eliminate them from tanks A, B and C respectively. The population of cyclops however, increased in the control tank over the study period. In the control of guinea worm disease vectors, it is necessary to take into cognisance the potency of the chemical used in order to achieve the desired result.Item Cyclopoid copepods in domestic water sources in three villages in Akinyele local government area of Oyo State, Nigeria(2002) Falode, O. A.; Odaibo, A. B.The distribution and infective rates of cyclopoid copepods ( the vectors of guineaworm, Dracunculus medinensis ) in ponds was studied in 3 infected villages in Akinyele Local Government Area of Oyo state, Nigeria during the period of September 1994 to January 1996 (the peak period of guineaworm eradication activities in the country). The density of cyclopoid copepods was highest in the dry season, reaching 149.8 copepods/litre in February 1995. The abate (Temephos) application and amount of rainfall affected the cyclops in ponds. Thermocyclops, Mesocyclops and Halicyclops species of cyclops were recovered from the ponds while none was found to be infected with D.medinensis larvae.Item Management and attitudes of villagers towards boreholes in guineawarm eradication in Akinyele local government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria(2002) Falode, O. A.; Odaibo, A. B.Studies on the management and attitudes of villagers to boreholes as a source of water in guineaworm eradication was carried out in 4 villages, Alagba, Deinlokun, Iware and Idi-omo in Akinyele Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria.The findings showed that the borehole reduced or eradicated the guineawonn disease in villages studied but its reliability and efficiency was threatened by insufficient borehole water (especially in villages with a population exceeding 500) and lack of a maintenance schedule by the local government area. It was concluded that it is necessary to carefully consider the reliability of the borehole and the size and the distribution of the population they will serve before they are constructed, in order that the full benefit of water supply intervention can be achievedItem Attitudes and practices towards abate application in a village in Akinyele local government area of Oyo State, Nigeria(Klobex Academic Publishers, 2001-09) Falode, O. A.; Odaibo, A. B.A study was carried out in Oyeteju Village in Akinyele Local Government Area of Oyo State to determine attitudes of the villagers to treating their drinking pond with Abate (Temephos). The findings showed that all women respondents fetched all their drinking water from the village pond. They all claimed to filter the drinking water, 83.3% claimed to add alum while 25% claimed to boil water. Only 75% knew why Abate was applied to pond despite previous education on Abate. 41.7% support Abate application because it will kill the guineaworm 'germs’ in water while 25% Support it because it will bring about good health to villagers. All the respondents claimed not to be affected by the application of Abate to pond water despite the fact that 33.3% said the pond water turned black while 8.3% said it turned reddish. Their strong belief in their pond which is their god and the colour change did not make the villagers go against the application of Abate to their pond. This was so because health education on Abate preceded its application. It was unfortunate however that the Abate application was not sustained in the village. Abate application in this village was accepted as a temporary measure while villagers wait expectantly for their own safe source of water preferably a borehole. The study shows the need for health education to proceed the application of Abate and the need to train villagers on how to apply the Chemical in order to sustain the application for effective control.Item Occurrence and distribution of rhabditis axei (rhabditida; rhabditidae) in African giant snails in southwestern Nigeria(De Gruyter Open Ltd., 2000) Odaibo, A. B.; Dehinbo, A. J.; Olofintoye, L. K.; Falode, O. A.African giant snails (Archachatina marginata ovum Pfeffer, 1858; A. marginata saturalis Philippi, 1849 and Achatina achatina Linne, 1758) were examined for the occurrence of Rhabditis axei Cobbold. 1884.Differences in parasite intensity between size groups of snails were highly significant (P < 0.05) for die 3 species compared. The mean egg and larval output per gram of faeces was higher in larger snails. The mean intensity of the nematode eggs excreted was higher (P < 0.05 ) than the mean of larval output for the 3 species of snails. The distribution of R. axei within the snail hosts revealed site preferences. They are mostly (88 %) located in the rectum of the snails.Item Ultraviolet radiation of schistosoma mansoni. I. influence of pre-hatching radiation of eggs on hatchability of eggs and survival of miracidia(2000) Hassan, A. A.; Oyerinde, J. P. O.The hatchability of Schistosoma mansoni' eggs exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation and the activity of die hatched miracidia were examined. Hatchability decreased with die increasing exposure to irradiation. The difference in hatchability of eggs irradiated for 15 and 30 minutes were highly significant (P < 0.01. dα = 3.07 and 3.24) compared with hatchability of the non-irradiated eggs. The mean motility rates of the hatched m iracidia were found to be radiation dose-dependent. There was a 21.4% reduction in motility compared with die motility rates in the non-irradiated miracidia. The life span of irradiated miracidia was shortened, only 19% of dtose exposed to UV radiation for 30 minutes survived for 3 hours as against 80% survival rate in die non-irradiated miracidia. There was no significant difference found in the ability of hatched miracidia to attach to the snails irrespective of the radiation dose exposure the eggs were initially subjectedItem Effect of ultraviolet radiation on survival, infectivity and maturation of schistosoma mansonicer cariae(Australian Society for Parasitology, 1990) Ariyo, A. A.; Oyerinde, J. P. O.S. mansoni cercariae exposed to ultraviolet radiation for 1,3, 5,10 and 20 s as well as non-irradiated cercariae remained actively motile 30 min post-irradiation. Thereafter the activity decreased with increasing dose level of radiation and age of cercariae. There was no significant difference between the rates of attachment of the batches of cercariae. The recovery rates (0-49% of cercariae to which mice were exposed) of adult worms were, however, significantly different from the number of cercariae calculated to have attached to the mice (93.5-100% of cercariae to which mice were exposed). Maturation and penetration rates were dependent on radiation exposure levels. Numbers of eggs deposited in the liver of mice as well as hatchability rate of eggs varied significantly with the levels of exposure to radiationItem An evaluation of the prevalence and intensity of liver fluke infection in cattle slaughtered in Jos abattoir with comments on the incidence of amphistome infection(1986) Okwuosu, V. N.; Ariyo, S. A.An evaluation of the prevalence of liver fluke disease of cattle revealed an upward trend for an urban abattoir. A total of 3072 animal gall bladders were assayed between December 1980 and January 1982 and 74.06 + 6.46% were positive, the major fluke species were Fasciola gigantic and diocrocoellum hospes with a few case of schistosoma bovis. The max/min. monthly prevalence rates were 85.42% and 60.00% respectively. The mean rates for D. hospes and F. gigantic were 57.95 + 6.58% nd 48.71 + 11.66% respectively. T-test assessments showed these mean to be significantly different. The study further showed that for natural infections of cattle mixed infections were more frequent than singe infections. The mean value were 32.13% as against X single infection rates of 25.5% and 16.45% for D. hospes and F. gigantic. Chi-square analysis confirmed that mixed infection rates were significantly higher than single infections for both species. The flike species were highly prolific, producing mac egg count of 50 x 103 and 60 x 103 c.p.ml for F. gigantic and D. hospes respectively. There was variation in egg count due to seasons with significantly more eggs produced in the dry than in the wet season, for freely infected animals, there wa suppression of egg production in mixed infections which though affecting the species, had more effect on F gigantic, this resulted in significantly more eggs being produces by either species in single than in mixed infections