Scholarly works Veterinary anatomy
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Item Efficacy of concurrent administration of hyper immune egg yolk and virus challenge in Newcastle disease infection(Springer-Verlag London Ltd, 2024) Tounkara, C.; Dakouo, M.; Igado, O. O.Newcastle disease (ND), an infectious illness, affects domestic and wild birds. Poultry production in Mali faces significant obstacles due to this disease. An important cause of loss in Mali’s chicken industry, especially in rural areas, is Newcastle dis ease, with the sole method of prevention being vaccination. Unfortunately, in village poultry farms, this vaccination coverage is very low. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of hyper-immune egg yolk in protecting against Newcastle disease in poultry, as a cheaper and more accessible means of prophylaxis. Forty-five-day-old seronegative chickens (Leghorn strain) were divided into three groups (n = 5) housed separately. Groups I and II were inoculated with the virulent Newcastle strain (Ml029/07) titrating 106 EID50/ml intramuscularly, 100 µl per chicken; thereafter, group I was treated with hyper-immune egg yolk intramuscularly, 2 ml for 3 days. Group III (the control group) received neither virus nor treatment. All groups were placed under clinical observation for 14 days. All chickens in groups I and III remained healthy and recorded no mortality during the entire period, while group II showed signs of ND and had 100% mortality. The hyper-immune egg yolk was able to protect poultry against the ML029/07 strain isolated in Mali. Further studies are recommended, with interventions to make this method of prevention more accessible in areas with poultry populations as a means of protection against ND mortalities.Item Three areas of cranial evolution in the white bellied pangolin (Phataginus tricuspis): An initial report on asymmetry, ontogeny and modularity.(Springer Science+Business Media, LLC,, 2023) Samuel, O. M.; Igado, O. O.; Adekanmbi, A. J.Small African pangolins (genus Phataginus) presently face a general decline in population due to reduced survivability resulting from captive breeding failure and trafficking. We here present a postnatal evaluation of skull developmental signaling in a small African pangolin, emphasizing evolutionary trends in ontogeny. Forty digitally processed skulls and foramina magna from different geographic locations were assessed for asymmetry, foramen magnum shape and modularity using geometric and elliptical Fourier analyses. Multivariate regression of log transformed centroid size and the asymmetric component of shape suggested significant asymmetry through ontogeny where size accounted for 81.34% of asymmetric shape changes. Analysis of variance demonstrated low but directional fluctuating asymmetry in dorsal and ventral views. Allometric trajectories followed rostro-caudal and caudo-lateral directions; intercepts for shape/size predictions were parallel. Mahalanobis distances between centroids were significant. Foramen magnum outline descriptors by incremental harmonics revealed that the first four effective PCs defined 96.98% of shape properties, and 3.02% constituted finer details. The studied samples confirmed directional “handedness” and fluctuating asymmetries. Foramen magnum shape assumed priority over size in ontogeny with profound asymmetry (from the 5th harmonic), suggestive of attenuated ability of paired symmetric bilaterality of cranial integration modules. Our observation postulates a rapid cranial evolution in the small African pangolin due to natural selection constraints occasioned by population inconsistencies.Item An overview of the orexinergic system in different animal species.(Springer Science+Business Media, 2021) Azeez, I. O.; Igado, O. O.; Olopade, J. O.Orexin (hypocretin), is a neuropeptide produced by a subset of neurons in the lateral hypothalamus. From the lateral hypo thalamus, the orexin-containing neurons project their fibres extensively to other brain structures, and the spinal cord con stituting the central orexinergic system. Generally, the term ‘’orexinergic system’’ usually refers to the orexin peptides and their receptors, as well as to the orexin neurons and their projections to different parts of the central nervous system. The extensive networks of orexin axonal fibres and their terminals allow these neuropeptidergic neurons to exert great influence on their target regions. The hypothalamic neurons containing the orexin neuropeptides have been implicated in diverse functions, especially related to the control of a variety of homeostatic functions including feeding behaviour, arousal, wakefulness stability and energy expenditure. The broad range of functions regulated by the orexinergic system has led to its description as ‘’physiological integrator’’. In the last two decades, the orexinergic system has been a topic of great interest to the scientific community with many reports in the public domain. From the documentations, variations exist in the neuroanatomical profile of the orexinergic neuron soma, fibres and their receptors from animal to animal. Hence, this review highlights the distinct variabilities in the morphophysiological aspects of the orexinergic system in the vertebrate animals, mammals and non-mammals, its presence in other brain-related structures, including its involvement in ageing and neurodegenerative dis eases. The presence of the neuropeptide in the cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral tissues, as well as its alteration in different animal models and conditions are also reviewed.Item Isolation of a novel compound (MIMO2) from the methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera leaves: protective effects against vanadium induced cytotoxity(Taylor & Francis Group, 2018) Igado, O. O.; Glaser, J.; Ramos-Tirado, M.; Bankoğlu, E. E.; Atiba, F. A.; Holzgrabe, U.; Stopper, H.; Olopade, J. O.Moringa oleifera is reported to be a miracle plant, with positive effects on practically every system in the animal body. The methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera leaves was fractionated using liquid–liquid fractionation, column chromatography and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Bioassay guided fractionation using Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) was used to determine the fraction with the highest antioxidative power. Chemical structure was elucidated with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. FRAP showed that the pure compound, butyl p hydroxyphenyl-acetate (MIMO2) exhibited an antioxidant activity higher than TEMPOL (positive control). Vanadium is a metal, which as a salt has been shown to be a neurotoxicant; and was therefore used to assess the efficacy of MIMO2 in this experiment. HT22 (immortalized mouse hippocampal) cells were used for cell culture. The Comet assay showed a statistically significant reduction (p< .05) in DNA dam age when 0.25 and 0.5lM MIMO2 as well as 0.1 and 0.2mg of the methanolic extract of Moringa olei fera leaves (MO) were used in combination with 200lM vanadium (sodium metavanadate). Analogously, a reduced formation of superoxide was observed using dihydroethidium (2,7-Diamino-10 ethyl-9-phenyl-9,10-dihydrophenanthridine—DHE) stain after 0.5lM MIMO2 and 0.063mg MO were used in combination with vanadium 100lM. MIMO2 and MO gave a statistically significant (p< .05) protective effect against vanadium toxicity on neuronal cells. Further assays may need to be performed to assess the extent of protection that MIMO2 may offer, and also to better understand its mechanisms of action.Item A study of the craniofacial morphometry of the Nigerian local dog(Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan (UI), Ibadan, Nigeria, 2014) Igado, O. O.A study of the spatial relationship of the structures of the head and face of the Nigerian local dog was carried out using twenty-five clinically healthy dogs (11 males, 14 females). The males recorded a higher body weight and height of right external nares (15.75±6.19 kg and 0.73±0.15 cm respectively), when compared with the females (14.5±4.38 kg, 0.72±0.14 cm) (P>0.05). Values for all other parameters (e.g. rima oris length, pinna length and width, external nares length and width, etc.) measured were found to be higher in the females, although no statistically significant differences (P>0.05) were observed between the genders. There was a positive correlation between the weight of the animal and all other parameters measured. Data obtained from this study will find application in the field of comparative and clinical anatomy, morpho-physiology and possibly evolutionary studies.Item Rostrofacial Indices of the Nigerian Local Dog: Implications in Veterinary Oral and Maxillo-facial Anaesthesiology of the Dolichocephalic Canine Breed(Chilean Society of Anatomy, 2014) Igado, O. O.There has been a recent increase in the use of trained dogs in animal-assisted therapy programmes. This morphological study uses the Nigerian local dog as a prototype dolichocephalic to determine rostrofacial parameters which are of clinical and anesthesiological importance in veterinary oral surgery and intervention. Sixteen Nigerian local dog skulls of both sexes (seven males and nine females) were used. The females were observed to have higher values for most of the parameters measured. Statistically significant difference (P 0.05) was only observed in one parameter, distance between the mandibular foramen and the caudal border of the mandible, with the female value being higher. The length of the mandible from the most rostral point of the dental bone to the most caudal projection of the coronoid process (MDL-1) showed a positive correlation to the parameters depicting height, width and length of the mandible. Results obtained from this study will find application in veterinary comparative anatomy and in clinical application in oral and maxillofacial surgery and anaesthesia, especially in regions where the dental x-ray is not readily available.Item The appendicular skeleton of the Eidolon helvum (African fruit bat): Gross anatomical investigations(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan (Ibadan, Nigeria, 2024) Igado, O. O.; Ade-Julius, R. E.; Obasa, A. A.The bats are the only known flying mammals. The skeleton is an essential aspect of anatomy and the shape and characteristics of each bone is peculiar to each animal species. Despite the widespread distribution of the African fruit bat (Eidolon helvum), there is no documented data on the morphometrics and description of the skeleton, apart from the axial skeleton documented by this team. This study therefore aims at highlighting the gross description of the individual bones of the appendicular skeleton – fore and hind limbs – of the Eidolon helvum captured from the wild. The bats (5 males, 10 females) were captured from the southwestern part of Nigeria used for this study. They were humanely sacrificed, de-fleshed and subjected to cold maceration. The appearance of the individual bones was unique. Of particular interest were the scapula, ossa coxarum and the metacarpal bones. Similar to neotropical bats, the scapula had a strong similarity in shape and appearance to the human counterpart, while differing greatly from other mammals and avians. The ossa coxarum was the only bone that showed a distinct sexual dimorphism. The shape of the obturator foramen was ovoid in males but more triangular in females. Also, there was non-fusion of the pubic symphysis in the females, unlike that observed in males. The metacarpal was not observable in all subjects, as the carpal bones were seen to articulate directly with the digits distally, and the ulna proximally. Linear measurement results obtained showed that the males had generally higher values, with the wingspan (609.96±64.53 mm) showing a statistically significant difference between the genders (P< 0.05), males being 663.45±14.48 mm, and the females 580.14±62.23 mm. Results obtained from this study provide baseline, data which may find application in basic and comparative anatomical studies, forensic, archaeological and anthropological studies, and wildlife clinical procedures.Item Alchornea laxiflora (Benth.) Pax & K. Hoffman extract protects against lead-induced neurodegeneration in cockerel chickens.(Elsevier Inc. on behalf of International Brain Research Organization, 2024) Esan, O. O.; Igado, O. O.; Femi-Akinlosotu, O. M.; Oyagbemi, A. A.; Omobowale, T. O.; Oladele, O. A.; Nwulia, E.Lead (Pb) is a ubiquitous, non-biodegradable heavy metal contaminant with a significant impact on both human and animal health. The adverse effect of lead on health and productivity of avian species has received little attention. Alchornea laxiflora (Benth) belongs to Euphorbiaceae family and grows naturally in the Nigerian rain forest. Decoction of the leaves is usually administered traditionally to treat inflammatory and infectious diseases. The ethanol extract of Alchornea laxiflora (EaAL) leaves was used in this study to ameliorate lead-induced neurodegeneration. Seven groups of 5-week-old cockerels (n=5) were treated for 6 weeks thus: Group A - Control (water only), Group B - (100 mg/kg of EaAL daily), Group C - (200 mg/kg of EaAL daily, p.o.), Group D - (1 % lead acetate in drinking water), Group E - (1 % lead acetate in drinking water and 100 mg/kg of EaAL daily), Group F - (1 % lead acetate and 200 mg/kg of EaAL daily), Group G - (1 % lead acetate and 100 mg/kg of Vitamin C). All administrations were per os birds were euthanized on day 43 by quick cervical dislocation. Histological stains (H&E and Nissl) and Black Gold II (BGII) histochemistry were used to assess alterations in the cerebrum and cerebellum. Administration of EaAL at the two concentrations resulted in a drastic reduction in the incidence of neuro pathologies observed (e.g. pyknosis and multilayering of Purkinje cells, neuronal degeneration in hippocampus cerebrum and ependymal cells, distortion of meningeal epithelial cells, etc). BGII histochemistry revealed severe demyelination caused by the administration of lead acetate, while the two doses of EaAL showed significant restoration of myelin in the cerebellum. The amelioration of demyelination observed with the use of vitamin C was considerably lower than that recorded with the use of EaAL. The use of EaAL significantly ameliorated morphological alterations and demyelination caused by the administration of lead acetate, however, caution should be exercised in the administration, as individual species idiosyncrasies may arise and the tendency to pro-oxidation at 200 mg/kg when administered alone was observed in one subject.Item Electrocardiography, Blood Pressure Measurements, Vital Parameters and Anaesthetic Indices in the African Giant Rat (Cricetomys Gambianus Waterhouse) Immobilized with Diazepam or Ketamine.(Sciendo (part of De Gruyter) and the University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice (Slovakia), 2023) Igado, O. O.; Abiola, J. O.; Anifowose, O. R.; Alaba, B. A.; Nottidge, H. O.; Omobowale, T. O.In spite of the increasing use and importance of the African giant rat (Cricetomys Gambianus Waterhouse) in research, and other fields, like location of landmines, there is still not enough information on their physiology. In this study, we assessed the electrocardiogram, blood pressure, vital parameters and anaesthetic indices of the African giant rat (Cricetomys Gambianus Waterhouse), both genders, using diazepam or ketamine as chemical restraints. A total of 24 adult African Giant Rats (AGR), 12 males and 12 females were used in this experiment. The animals were divided into two groups of twelve animals each (6 males and 6 females). One group was assessed for the effect of diazepam, and the other group ketamine. Diazepam (Roche®, Switzerland) was administered intraperitoneally at a dose rate of 7.5 mg/kg, while ketamine was administered intraperitoneally at a dose rate of 45 mg/kg. Parameters measured were recorded from the time desirable sedation was achieved, and every 15 minutes till the animal was awake. Animals administered diazepam took a longer time to sleep or achieve desirable sedative state, a longer time to respond to stimuli before waking up fully and a longer time to be fully awake, relative to ketamine-induced sedation. Ketamine caused a continuous increase in respiratory rate and blood pressure, while diazepam caused a continuous decrease in the respiratory rate. Electrocardiogram showed tachycardia throughout the experiment with the use of both drugs, although this was more pronounced with the use of diazepam, causing a decrease in QRS interval and a decrease in QT interval. Gender differences were observed in most parameters measured. Results obtained gave baseline values for electrocardiogram and blood pressure readings, while also detailing the changes and gender differences observed with sedation. In addition, results indicated ketamine is best used for short procedures and diazepam at a higher dose used for procedures requiring longer time in the African giant rat.Item Neurobehavioural and histological study of the effects of low-dose and high-dose vanadium in brain, liver and kidney of mice.(Physiological Society of Nigeria, 2023) Gilbert, T. T.; Olaolorun, F. A.; Ladagu, A. D.; Olopade, F. E.; Igado, O. O.; Olopade, J. O.Vanadium is a ubiquitous transition metal that has been generating contrasting research interest. Therapeutically, vanadium possess antidiabetic, antitumor, antiparasitic and even neuroprotective activities. On the flip side, vanadium has been reported to cause multisystemic toxicities with a strong predilection for the nervous system. Despite several reports on potential benefits of low-dose vanadium (LDV) and toxic effects of high-dose vanadium (HDV), there are no comparative studies done thus far. This study therefore explored the comparative effects of LDV and HDV exposure in mice during postnatal development. A total of nine (9) nursing mice were used in this study; with three nursing mice and their pups (n = 12 pups per group) randomly assigned to each of the three test groups. The nursing dam were given intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of vanadium at 0.15mg/kg and 3mg/kg for LDV and HDV respectively, and subseqently to the pups from postnatal day (PND) 15 till sacrifice on PND 90. We discovered that neurodevelopmental motor function test of mice-pups exposed to LDV here showed improved motor development, muscular strength and memory capacities whereas HDV led to motor function impairment, reduced muscular strength and memory capacities. LDV-exposed mice showed mild histological lesions in cerebral cortex whereas high-dose showed distinct histological lesions in different parts of the brain ranging from cerebellar Purkinje neuronal pathology (central chromatolysis), pyramidal neuronal loss in CA1 region, architectural distortion as well as fewer neurons in olfactory bulb. We saw mild lesions with LDV in both liver and kidney, however, with HDV exposure, there was diffuse hepatocellular vacuolar degeneration and congestion of blood vessels in liver, shrinkage of renal glomerulus and degenerated epithelial cells of kidney. Conclusively, beneficial effect of vanadium is proven as it facilitated body weight gain which translate in organ weight at low-dose, while high-dose caused decreased neurobehaviour and histological lesions.