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    Degradation of Spent Oil Contaminated Soil Using Fungi from Organic Manure
    (2019) Fadina, O. O.; Solaja, O; Abiodun, A; Adetoyi, H
    Soil is the key component of natural ecosystem because environmental sustainability depends largely on a sustainable soil ecosystem. Microbial breakdown of hydrocarbon pollutants is generally a very slow proceed, but it could be optimum biodegradation can only occur if the right environmental condition such as pH, temperature, nutrients and relevant microbial consortia are present, as well as the pollution of petroleum hydrocarbons caused a major change in the physical and chemical properties of the soil. The aim of this study is to determine the total petroleum Hydrocarbon degradative potentials of the intrinsic microbes. Two kilograms (2kg) of soil was thoroughly mixed with 200ml and 400ml of spent oil to give 5% and 10% contamination levels and a set of control was kept at 0%, 10%(w/w) each of the organic manure from poultry litter (PL), Cow dung (CD), and the mixed poultry litter and cow dung (MPLCD) was individually introduced into each spent oil contaminated soil and the rate of biodegradation was monitored for a period of 12 weeks. The percentage of total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) loss was significantly higher in the soil contaminated with MPLCD (40.46%) followed by PL (35.53%) and CD (27.70%) while 32.42% loss only was recorded in the soil contaminated with 10% spent oil and amended with MPLCD while PL was 30.04% and 25.60% for CD. The hydrocarbon-initializing fungi isolated and identified include Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp. The amendment of spent oil contaminated soil with organic manure can significantly enhance the rate of biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbon. These activities can be used to remove or neutralize the contaminants of the soil, by petroleum hydrocarbon
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    Bacterial Degradation of Contaminated Soil using Organic Manure
    (2018) Fadina, O. O.; Solaja, O; Abiodun, A; Adetoyi, H.
    Soil contamination is the presence in soil of unwanted impure materials from human activities. Many techniques of remediation of contaminated soils have been developed such as physical, chemical, photo degradation etc. Biological treatments offer the best environmental friendly method for remediating hydrocarbons and other contaminated soils because it utilized the capability of the indigenious micro-organisms in the environment to break down the hydrocarbons and heavy metals into innocuous substances. This study investigated the abilities of bacterial isolated, identified from organic manure and determine the total petroleum hydrocarbon degradative potentials. 2kg of soil was thoroughly mixed with 200ml and 400ml of spent oil to give 5% and 10% (w/w) each of organic manure ,poultry litter(PL),cow dung(CD) and mixed poultry litter and cow dung(MPLCD) was individually introduced into each spent oil contaminated soil and the rate of biodegradation was observed for a period of 12weeks.The percentage of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) loss was significantly higher in the soil contaminated with 5% spent oil amended with MPLCD(40.46%) followed by PL (35.53%) and CD(27.70%) while 32.42% loss only was recorded in the soil contaminated with 10% spent oil and amended with MPLCD while PL was 30.04% and 25.60% for CD. The hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria isolated band identified includes Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Microccus and Staphyloccus. The amendment spent oil contaminated soil with organic manure enhances the rate of degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon. These additives can best be suited to remove or neutralize the contaminants in the soil
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    Toxicity Assessment of Sub Lethal Doses of Chlorpyrifos on the Kidney and Liver Organs of Male Wistar Rats
    (2017) Fayinminnu, O. O; Tijani, S. O; Fadina, O.O
    Chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate pesticide is an important neurotoxic and tissue damage agent. It is one of the most heavily used pesticides in domestic and agricultural applications globally. Repeated doses of chlorpyrifos have been able to cause significant disturbances on the biochemical and physiological functions of the blood, and histological abnormalities in livers and kidneys exposed to this insecticide. The toxicities of sub lethal oral administration of chlorpyrifos daily for 28 days were assessed using a completely randomized design. Twenty-five albino Wistar rats weighing between 150-200 g divided into five groups containing five rats each were housed in the Central Animal house of College of Medicine, University of Ibadan. Chlorpyrifos at 0 (control), 18.9, 25.9, 32.2 and 39.2 mg/kg were orally administered to male rats, respectively for four weeks, between the months of May and June, 2014. At the end of the experimental period, the toxicities of chlorpyrifos were assessed in rats using haematology, serum liver enzymes and histopathological assays. Results revealed significant reduction in body weights compared to control. The packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin (Hb) and lymphocytes (Lymp) also showed significant reduction at 39.2, 25.9 and 32.2 mg/kg (39.33, 45.40 and 44.80%), respectively compared to control (49.67%). Insecticide administration to rats resulted in significant elevation of serum transaminases (AST and ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) from 32.2, 39.2 and 25.9 mg/kg dosages, (ranged from 294.94-542.00 u/L for AST and from 96.25-130.77 u/L for ALT), respectively. Also, experimental treated groups exhibited marked of total protein and altered albumin and globulin contents compared to control. Studies revealed dose dependent increase of histopathological alterations. The livers showed moderate vacuolar change of hepatocytes, having a finely reticulated cytoplasmic and congestion of central veins. The kidneys showed mild focal sloughing off of tubular epithelium of renal cortex, fluid in tubular lumen, tubules appearing dilated and cystic (nephrosis) and proteinaeceous fluid in Bowman's capsule and compressing the glomerulus tufts (Esinophilic). Different concentrations of chlorpyrifos including the lowest tested dose produced marked alterations in the exposed animals in this study and thereby affecting the overall performance in terms of health and wellbeing. Thus, this could cause similar health and environmental risks to humans even at the lowest dose.
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    Heavy Metal Levels in Beans (Vigna unguiculata) in Selected Markets in Ibadan, Nigeria
    (2018) Adepoju, F. A; Adepoju, A. F; Fadina, O. O.
    Aim: Beans play a significant role in human diet especially in developing nations like Nigeria which happens to be the largest producer and consumer of beans in the world. To ensure food safety, heavy metal levels need to be monitored on regular basis to control human exposure through dietary intake. Methodology: 72 Samples of brown beans (Oloyin and Drum) were obtained from three different markets in Ibadan, Nigeria. The markets were Ayeye Market. Bodija Market and Oja-Oba Market. Powdered samples were digested with nitric acid. Extract from the digest were analyzed for Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd) using Buck Scientific Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. Results: Concentration of Cd and Pb ranged from 0.00 to 0.01 mg/kg and 0.00 to 1.52 mk/kg respectively. The results of this research indicated levels of Cadmium and Lead within safe limit, hence human health is not at danger. Conclusion: Efforts need to be made in total elimination of heavy metal in the beans because human health is at risk due to the effects of their bioaccumulation in the body
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    Heavy metal accumulation in Corchorus olitorius L. and Talinum fruticosurp (Jacq) Wild grown on soil from abandoned battery dump site in lle-lgbon, Oyo State, Nigeria
    (2017) Fayinminu, O. O.; Oyelakin, O. S O. S; Idowu, O. D; Fadina, O.O.
    Plants are essential component of the natural ecosystems and terrestrial food chains. They have the potential to accumulate toxic metals when grown on such polluted soil, which could have negative health effects on man and livestock, if consumed. This study was conducted to evaluate the heavy metal accumulation in Corchorus olitorius and Talinum fruticosurp grown on soil from abandoned automobile battery dumpsite in lle-lgbon, Lagelu Local Government Area, Oyo State, Nigeria. Heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Mn, Fe and Ni) concentrations in the soil, and rool and shoot of Corchorus olitorius and Talinum fruticosurp were evaluated and the Transfer Factor (TF) of heavy metals in plants were determined. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with four replicates. The treatments were battery polluted soil from lle-lgbon and soil (control) from Teaching and Research Farm, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Seeds and stein cuttings of C. olitorius and T. fruticosurp. respectively were planted into 5 kg pot of polluted and control soils. Heavy metal concentrations of the soil, shoot and root were analysed in the laboratory. Heavy metal concentrations of polluted soil were: Pb (2928 mg/ kg), Cd (17.4 mg/kg), Mn (4482 mg/kg) and Fe (1877 mg/kg) as compared to the control: Pb (124 mg/kg). Cd (undetected), Mn (5368 mg/kg) and Fe (25.8 mg/kg). Heavy metals in the root and shoot samples of Corchorus olitorius and Talinum fruticosurp were Pb and Fe. Cadmium, Fe and Pb showed TF> I for both vegetables. The study concluded that vegetables planted around lle-lgbon have high concentrations of Pb and Fe. Even though Fe in the vegetables was below WHO permissible level of 425 mg/kg, Pb concentration (3.0 mg/kg) was beyond WHO/FAO permissible level
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    Health risk of heavy metals in celosia argentea L. Grown on municipal Waste soils in Ibadan, Nigeria
    (2017) Fadina, O.O; Ibrahim, M. A; Fayinminnu, O. O; Bulama-Modu, M.M; Gangpete, S.I
    This paper assessed the appropriateness of dumpsites in Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture (UPA). The bioaccumulation and potential heavy metal-toxicity risk of consuming Celosia argentea L. grown on four different dumpsites soils (Ajibode, Sasa, Moniya and Akinyele) and reference soil from University of Ibadan Training and Research Farm was also evaluated. The soil samples were analysed for Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). None of the heavy metals was above European Union (EU) guidelines for safe limits of soil heavy metals in agricultural soils. The Pollution Load Indices (PLIs) were mostly>l, which indicated the deterioration of the sites quality in relation to specific heavy metal(s); ranging between 0.92-13.1. The daily intake of heavy metals (DIMs) and Health Risk Indices (HRIs) were evaluated based on the maximum recommended limit (MRL) by WHO/FAO standard. Most of the heavy metals were significantly low, but lead (Pb) was above the MRL. HRIs were between 0.02-0.03, 0.070.11, 0.61-4.43 and 0.03-0.04 for Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn respectively, Ni was found to have insignificant level (<0.0001). Only lead (Pb) has potential health risk (HRI>1) in all the sites except Moniya (0.61; HRI<1, safe) which might be as a result of vehicular exhaust and type of waste disposed. Soil test to ascertain the pollution status and crop type to produce should precede cropping have been recommended
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    Toxicity assessment of sub lethal doses of chlorpyrifos on the kidney and liver organs of male wistar rats
    (2017) Fayinminu, O. O.; Tijani, S. O; Fadina, O.O
    Chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate pesticide is an important neurotoxic and tissue damage agent. It is one of the most heavily used pesticides in domestic and agricultural applications globally. Repeated doses of chlorpyrifos have been able to cause significant disturbances on the biochemical and physiological functions of the blood, and histological abnormalities in livers and kidneys exposed to this insecticide. The toxicities of sub lethal oral administration of chlorpyrifos daily for 28 days were assessed using a completely randomized design. Twenty-five albino Wistar rats weighing between 150-200 g divided into five groups containing five rats each were housed in the Central Animal house of College of Medicine, University of Ibadan. Chlorpyrifos at 0 (control), 18.9, 25.9, 32.2 and 39.2 mg/kg were orally administered to male rats, respectively for four weeks, between the months of May and June, 2014. At the end of the experimental period, the toxicities of chlorpyrifos were assessed in rats using haematology, serum liver enzymes and histopathological assays. Results revealed significant reduction in body weights compared to control. The packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin (Hb) and lymphocytes (Lymp) also showed significant reduction at 39.2, 25.9 and 32.2 mg/kg (39.33, 45.40 and 44.80%), respectively compared to control (49.67%). Insecticide administration to rats resulted in significant elevation of serum transaminases (AST and ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) from 32.2, 39.2 and 25.9 mg/kg dosages, (ranged from 294.94-542.00 u/L for AST and from 96.25-130.77 u/L for ALT), respectively. Also, experimental treated groups exhibited marked of total protein and altered albumin and globulin contents compared to control. Studies revealed dose dependent increase of histopathological alterations. The livers showed moderate vacuolar change of hepatocytes, having a finely reticulated cytoplasmic and congestion of central veins. The kidneys showed mild focal sloughing off of tubular epithelium of renal cortex, fluid in tubular lumen, tubules appearing dilated and cystic (nephrosis) and proteinaeceous fluid in Bowman's capsule and compressing the glomerulus tufts (Esinophilic). Different concentrations of chlorpyrifos including the lowest tested dose produced marked alterations in the exposed animals in this study and thereby affecting the overall performance in terms of health and wellbeing. Thus, this could cause similar health and environmental risks to humans even at the lowest dose
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    Sub-chronic toxicity study of synthetic Pyrethroids (Lambda-cyhalothrin) on reproductive organs of male Wistar rats
    (2016) Oshoke, F. I; Fadina, O.O; Fayinminnu, O. O.
    Pesticides constitute the most widespread environmental contaminants due to their ubiquitous use in all aspect of human endeavors. Lambda-cyhalothrin (LTC), a synthetic pyrethroid has widely been used for pest control. Human and animals are occasionally and unintentionally exposed to lethal and sub-lethal doses of pesticides stemming from its various uses to control pests both in agriculture and public health. The objective of the study was to evaluate the toxicity of LTC in male reproductivity through testicular tests. The study also investigated the haematological, serum biochemistry and histological effects of sub-chronic concentrations of LTC on male rats. Twenty-five 7-weeks-old male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were randomly assigned to five groups. Group 1 was the control group, which received distilled water. Experimental groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 received by gavage 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/kg LTC body weight, respectively, of LTC over a period of five weeks. Histopathological studies were carried out on the testes and seminal vesicles at the end of the experiment. A significant decrease in the absolute weight of testes and seminal vesicles, sperm count, sperm motility and L-D ratio was observed. The results obtained also show marked degeneration of spermatogenic cells associated with interstitial necrosis and congestion with interstitial diffuse edema in the testis of the rat treated with LTC. A typical dose-dependent hyperplasia and degeneration of the seminal vesicles was found in all LTC treated rats with 100 mg/kg body weight and 25 mg/kg body weight having the highest and lowest toxicity level respectively, when compared with that of Group 1. It can be concluded that LTC is highly toxic and may induce poor fertility, cell damage and anaemic conditions in exposed rats.
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    Allelopathic potential of some biocontrol agents for the control of fungal rot of yellow yam (Dioscorea cayenensis Lam)
    (2015) Dania, V. O; Fadina, O.O; Ayodele, M..; Kumar, P. L.
    The adverse effects of synthetic pesticides on human health and natural ecosystem necessitate the need to explore natural mechanisms of disease control in plants. This study evaluated the allelopathic potential of five biocontrol agents: Trichoderma longibrachiatum, Trichoderma asperellum, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas fluorescens in the control of six fungal pathogens associated with tuber rot of Dioscorea cayenensis. Rotten tuber samples were randomly collected across three agro-ecological zones (AEZs): humid rainforest (HF), derived savanna (DS), and southern Guinea savanna (SGS) in Nigeria. Biocontrol agents were isolated from the yam rhizosphere using the serial dilution method; the agar paring method was used for the in vivo trials. The destruction sampling method was used to evaluate rot control by the antagonists in vivo. Aspergillus niger had the highest incidence of 64.71% across the HF, 52.08% across the DS, and 41.98% across the SGS. B. subtilis had the highest inhibitory zone of 16.7+0.05% when paired with A. niger, 15.4+ 0.01% with Lasiodiplodia theobromate, 14.0 + 0.33% with Penicillium oxalicum, 7.1 + 0.14% when paired with Rhizoctonia solani: 17.1 + 0.11% with Sclerotium rolfisii, and 10.3 + 0.94% with Fusarium oxysporum. All biocontrol agents significantly (P=0.05) reduced rot development of the test pathogens relative to the control in the in vivo experiment. The establishment of a distant zone of inhibition, especially by the bacterial antagonist attests to the fact that they produced allelochemical substances. Therefore, further research is recommended to evaluate the biochemical composition of these microbial metabolites, their level of toxicity, and fate in the environment
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    In Vitro and in Vivo Effects of Aqueous Extract of Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Rosemary) in The Control of Late Blight Disease of Potato Caused by Phytophthora Infestans Mont. De Bary. in Algeria
    (2015) Messgo Moumene, S.; Olubunmi, O.F.; Laidani, M.
    The fungus Phytophthora infestans is known to develop resistance against the metalaxyl (fungicide), commonly used in the control of potato mildew disease. There is therefore urgent need to explore the potentials of alternative fungicides which are potent, affordable, readily available, easy to prepare and environment friendly. The study was carried out to test the fungicidal potential of aqueous extracts of Rosmarinusofficinalis (Rosemary), in vitro and in vivo on two isolates of P. infestans collected from two potato producing Algerian areas: Bourkika (Tipaza City) and El Abbadia (Aindefla City). Various concentrations of crude extracts of Rosmarinus officinalis applied by direct contact in the following dilutions: 5%, 10% and 20% on medium with pea-agar (PPA), allowed the inhibition of mycelial growth of P. infestans isolates. The observed rates of inhibition exceeded 85% and the inhibitive minimal concentration (CMI) was 5%. Parallel structural modifications, caused by mycelial lyses, as well as the deformation or, and the digestion of the contents of sporangia affected the morphology of both strains from the lowest concentration. The sporulation and the germination were inhibited by this aqueous extract (100%). Also, the absence of resumption of mycelial growth on medium PPA and absence of the mildew symptoms on detached Spunta potato leaves confirmed the fungicidal effect of the Rosemary aqueous extract. This also translated in vivo as significant reduction of the disease was observed. Disease reduction was recorded for the preventive application modes by spraying with the crude aqueous extract (86.2%) and by watering, while for the curative mode with crude extract (81%). On the other hand, Spunta variety was more marked for preventive mode by watering (85%) and the curative one (90%) also, A2 isolate was more inhibited for the application of R. officinalis aqueous extract by curative (83%), spraying mode (86%) and watering modes. Besides, treatments made in preventive modes by spraying and watering showed a total inhibition of the sporulation (100%), exceeding 85% in Spunta variety and 96% for A1 isolate was observed in the curative mode of application. This study thus confirms the antifungal potential of aqueous extract of Rosmarinus officinalis on P. infestans isolates. It is thus recommended for use as bio-fungicide in the management of potato mildew disease.