scholarly works in Crop Protection & Environmental Biology
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Item Growth, chlorophyll and carotenoids contents of tea (Camellia Sinensis (L) O. Kuntze) under varied light intensity in Southwest Nigeria(Elixir International Journal, 2023) Adeosun, A.; Togun, A. O.; Adejumo, S. A.The nutritive and anti-oxidative properties of tea have made it the most widely consumed beverage in many parts of the world. Warm climatic conditions arising from high light intensity however, constitutes a major constraint to tea cultivation in South-Western Nigeria. Reduction in the Light Intensity (LI) is therefore, fundamental to the possible expansion of tea production in this zone. A pot experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of different light intensities on growth, leaf chlorophyll and carotenoids contents of two tea cultivars at two locations (Ibadan and Owena). The experiment was a factorial of eight treatments; Two tea cultivars (143 and 318), Four levels of light intensity-(25%=2.40x104lux, 45%=4.57x104lux, 65%=6.75x104lux and 100%=1.04x105lux: control). These were achieved by using sheds of 4, 2, 1 and 0 palm fronds layers, respectively. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design with four replications. Data were collected on Number of Leaves (NL), Leaf Area (LA, cm2), Plant Height (PH, cm), leaf abscission as well as chlorophyll and carotenoids contents (mg/g). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at α0.05. The result revealed that Cultivar 143 performed significantly better than 318 with 25.23±9.74NL, 665.93±297.54LA in Ibadan and 25.38±9.82NL, 898.23±670.34LA in Owena. Tea plants under 45 and 65% LI had higher NL, LA and PH compared to those grown under 25 and 100% LI in Ibadan and Owena. Highest leaf abscission (15.44±3.89 and 23.13±7.22 dropped leaves in Ibadan and Owena, respectively) was obtained in C143 under 100% LI; while the least (6.84±3.89 and 4.78±7.22 dropped leaves in Ibadan and Owena, respectively) was obtained in C318 under 45% LI. In Ibadan, chlorophyll and carotenoids increased from 1.11±0.83 and 0.30±0.15, respectively in C318 under 100% LI to 3.15±0.83 in C143 under 25% LI and 0.6±0.15 in C318 under 45% LI; while in Owena, chlorophyll and carotenoids increased from 1.05±0.87 and 0.29±0.30, respectively in C143 under 100% LI to 2.97±0.87 and 0.83±0.30 in C318 under 25% LI. Conclusively, light intensities of 45% (4.57x104lux ) - 65% (6.75x104lux) enhanced optimal vegetative growth, reduced leaf abscission, increased chlorophyll and carotenoids accumulation of tea cultivar 143 which was more adaptable to Ibadan and Owena, Southwest Nigeria.Item Influence of Compost, Indole-3-acetic Acid and Gibberellic Acid application on productivity of Jatropha(Institute of Agricultural Research and Training (IAR&T),, 2020) Odeleye, I. S.; Togun, A. O.; Adejumo, S. A.; Adediji, I. T.; Muhamman, M. A.The problem of climate change on agricultural production and human health has brought about global need for alternative source of energy like biodiesel. In order to meet thè global demand for biodiesel, strategies to improve growth and yield of Jatropha would be of great importance. A single application of plant growth hormones (PGH) and compost was evaluated on thè growth and yield parameters of Jatropha curcas. The experiments comprises of three concentrations ( 100 mg\l, 150 mg\l and 200 mg\l) each of indole 3 acetic acid and gibberellic acid and three rates ( 10 t\ha, 20 fvha and 40 t\ha) of compost and thè untreated soil which served as thè control. Each treatment was in four replications set up in a completely randomized design (CRD). The results revealed that gibberellic acid at 150mg\l and indole-3-acetic acid at 200 mg\l significantly (P<0.05) increased thè chlorophyll content, growth and dry matter yield parameters of Jatropha. However, growth and yield of Jatropha curcas were improved by thè application of compost compared to thè control, (7.25 to 9.00, 18.08 to 19.23 and 2.80 to 3.25 for number of leaves/plant, leaf area and stem girth respectively). The values were not as high when compared to plants treated with plant growth hormones. Hence, gibberellic acid or indole-3-acetic acid at 150 mg\l and 200 mg\l respectively could be used for rapid development of seedlings.Item Exogenous proline and hormone in combination with compost improves growth and tolerance of maize under heavy metal stress(Plants and Environmental Research Institute (PERI), Kanpur, India, 2020) Adejumo, S. A.; Awoyemi, V.; Togun, A. O.Abiotic stress such as heavy metal contamination of agricultural soil limits crop production by disrupting plant’s physiological activities and seed germination. Exogenous proline, hormone and compost have been used to induce growth and stress tolerance in crop but little is known about their interactive and anti-oxidative roles in crop exposed to heavy metal stress. This study assessed the effects of pre-sowing seed soaking with exogenous proline (P) and hormones (Gibberellic acid; GA and Indole-acetic acid; IAA) on the Pb accumulation, osmolytes (P, phenolics; PH and Glycine betaine; GB), Photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids) and stress indexes (H2O2 and malonialdehyde; MDA) of maize grown on compost amended Pb (23,959 mg kg-1 Pb) contaminated soil. Compost was applied at 20 t ha-1 and 40 t ha-1, P, GA and IAA were applied at 10 mM and 5 mM solely and in combinations to give a total of 34 treatments including control (Distilled water only) and replicated 3 times. Except in IAA treatment, seed pre-treatments with exogenous P and GA and soil amendment with compost generally enhanced chlorophyll production in maize and reduced GB, carotenoids, H2O2 and MDA in treated seeds compared to control. With regards to stress indexes G2+C1 gave the lowest values. Sole application of P1, P2, C2, G1 and I2 enhanced the production of proline in treated plants compared to combined application. Combination with compost was better than hormonal combination. A combination of P2 with C (40 t ha-1) (P2C2) gave the maximum chlorophyll content and reduced the endogenous GB and P. Treatment with P2C2 also reduced Pb accumulation in plant. In conclusion, exogenous application of hormones and proline in combination with organic amendment induces heavy metal tolerance in maize and increased protection against oxidative stress compared to contaminated control. The technique that can enhance crop growth on contaminated soil, reduce metal uptake and provide osmo-protection could be a promising approach.Item Varietal responses of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) to application of compost(Society of Underutilized Legumes (SUL), 2020) Ogunjinmi, S. O.; Adejumo, S. A.; Adediran, J. A.; Togun, A. O.; Olunloyo, A. A.Compost use is one of the most important factors, which contribute to increased productivity and sustainable agriculture. The study was carried out at the screen house of the Institute of Agriculture Research and Training (I.A.R&T), Ibadan to evaluate the effects of different levels of compost fertilizer on the growth and yield on three varieties of pigeon pea; A-NSWCC 24, B-NSWCC 29A and C-NSWCC 34D). Compost (Poultry manure + Mexican Sun flower) was applied in 0 tha-1, 5 tha-1, 10 tha-1and 15 tha-1. Growth data were collected based on days to flowering, 50% and 100 % flowering, plant height, stem height, number of leaves and stem diameter. Yield parameters were collected based on pod length, number of seeds per pod, pod weight, grain yield kg ha-1, 100 seed mass (g) were sampled when the pods were matured. All data collected were subjected to Analysis of Variance using Genstat statistical package (2013) and treatment means separated using Least Significant Difference (LSD) at P=0.05. The result obtained showed the highest mean number of leaves was obtained in the compost 5 tha-1on variety A (272.33) leaves. From the result considering grain weight, seed weight harvested/plot, 100 seed weight, number of seeds/pod and days to flowering the sorting order results indicated that the best mean performance was obtained in 15 tha-1 compost application on variety A. The application of the compost has significant effect on the three varieties and therefore can be recommended for cultivation of pigeon pea.Item The effect of cocoa pod husk as organic fertilizer on the growth of tea (Camellia sinensis (L) o. Kuntze) under varying light intensities in Ibadan – South West Nigeria(Mutagens., 2019) Adeosun, S. A.; Togun, A. O.; Adejumo, S. A.; Famaye, A. OTea is one of the components of human diets due to its antioxidative properties and nutritive values. Light intensity and soil fertility are the major abiotic factors affecting the growth of tea (Camellia sinensis(L) O. Kuntze). Tea performs well under low light intensity and fertile soil. In Nigeria, tea production is predominant in Mambilla Plateau due to cool weather. To meet the increasing demand for tea, there is need for soil fertility improvement and expansion of the growing area of tea to the lowland ecology of Nigeria. A pot experiment was conducted in Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN), Idi-Ayunre, Ibadan, South-West Nigeria to assess the effect of varying light intensities and soil amendment with Cocoa Pod Husk (CPH) and NPK fertilizer on the growth and dry matter production of tea cuttings. Milled CPH fertilizer was applied at the rate, 75kgN ha-1 (13.39g pot-1), 150kgN ha-1 (26.79g pot-1) and 300kgN ha-1 (53.57g pot-1), and NPK 5:1:1 (150kgN ha-1) fertilizer while zero fertilizer served as control. The tea plants were grown under four different light intensities of 25, 45, 65 and 100% by using varying densities of palm fronds to cover the top and sides of the sheds. The results showed that CPH at 300kgN ha-1, 45% and 65% light intensities enhanced vegetative growth and dry matter accumulation in the tea plants. The 65% light increased the number of leaves, leaf area, number of branches, plant height, stem diameter and total dry matter by 188%, 400%, 14%, 30%, 21% and 620% respectively compared to the 100% light. The 45% light increased the number of leaves, leaf area, plant height, stem diameter and total dry matter by 155%, 369%, 21%, 16% and 656% respectively compared to the 100% light. CPH at 300kgN ha-1 increased number of leaves, leaf area, number of branches, plant height, stem diameter and total dry matter by 69%, 155%, 62%, 28%, 24% and 75% respectively compared to the control. When compared to the NPK fertilizer, CPH at 300kgN ha-1 increased number of leaves, leaf area, number of branches, plant height and total dry matter by 25%, 32%, 12%, 1% and 47% respectively. On interaction, tea cuttings grown under 45 and 65% light intensities and received CPH at 300kgN ha-1 produced significantly (P=0.05) higher number of leaves, leaf area, number of branches, root dry weight, stem dry weight, leaf dry weight and total dry matter; while 65% light interaction with NPK fertilizer enhanced significantly (P=0.05) higher plant height and stem diameter.Item Soil amendment with compost and crop growth stages influenced heavy metal uptake and distribution in maize crop grown on lead-acid battery waste contaminated soil.(Elsevier, 2018) Adejumo, S. A.; Ogundiran, M. B.; Togun, A. O.Heavy metal contamination of agricultural soils poses serious risk to human health through food chain. Immobilization technique to reduce metal bioaccumulation in plant tissues is being promoted. Field experiment was carried out on heavy metal contaminated site to test for the efficacy of different organic amendments (Mexican sunflower compost (MSC) and Cassava peel compost (CPC) applied at 0, 20 and 40 t/ha) and inorganic fertilizer (NPK; 20:10:10 at 100 kg Nitrogen /ha) in metal immobilization and uptake by maize crop at different growing stages (one, two month(s) after planting (1MAP, 2MAP) and at harvesting). Compost amendments generally reduced heavy metal accumulation in maize crop unlike NPK and control where high metal toxicity led to plant death at 2MAP. Pb was highly accumulated at every growing stage followed by Cd while Cr concentration was below the detection limit at harvesting. Bioaccumulation and transfer factors were found to depend on maize growing stage with higher accumulation at 1MAP. Percentage Pb accumulation in the shoot was more at 1MAP but reversed at 2MAP and harvesting with higher accumulation in the root. Application of MSC and CPC at 20 and 40 t/ha reduced Pb accumulation in maize by 37.8–64.7% compared with control and the reduction at harvesting was more significant than those recorded at 1MAP and 2MAP, The study concluded that compost reduced heavy metals accumulation in maize crop and that metal accumulation depends on maize growth stage.Item Effect of varying rates of commercially produced organic fertilizer on the growth and fibre yield of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.).(African Journals OnLine (AJOL) platform, 2016) Olanipekun, S. O.; Togun, A. O.; Adejumo, S. A.; Adeniyan, O. N.Hibiscus cannabinus L. or kenaf is a fast growing and multipurpose annual crop planted for its horticultural and economie importance. Little is known about its response to different rates of organic fertilizer in Nigeria. The objective of thè study was therefore to evaluate thè effeets of different rates of commercially produced organic fertilizer (Aleshinloye organic fertilizer to be precise) on crop growth rate, vegetative growth and biomass accumulation in kenaf Five different rates of organic fertilizer equivalent to: 0, 70, 100, 130 and 160 kg N ha'1 replicated three times were used in a randomized complete block design (RCBD). There were contrasting results on thè effects of fertilizer rates on growth and physiology of kenaf. Significant effects were observed for some agronomie parameters such as plant height, stem diameter and fibre yield. The application of organic fertilizer at varying rates increased thè bast fibre yield of thè Ifeken 400 variety of kenaf troni 67.29 g/m2 (control) to 98.70, 147.88 and 157.40 g/ni2, in those grown on soil amended with 70, 100 and 130 kg N ha'1 of organic fertilizer respectively. Organic fertilizer could be utilized for thè cultivation of kenaf in Nigeria but thè rate to apply depends on thè nutrient content of thè organic fertilizer.Item Re-establishment of vegetation on soil contaminated by heavy metals in response to Mexican sunflower and cassava peels composts.(Enproct Consultants Ltd, 2012) Adejumo, S. A.; Awodoyin, R. O.; Togun, A. O.Soil contamìnation by industriai wastes contributes greatly to poor soil fertility, ecological imbalance and phytotoxicity. To restore soil fertility and encourage plant growth, remediation of contaminated land becomes pertinent. The use of organic amendment has been reported to be effective for restoration of heavy metal contamiflàted soil Effects of Mexican Sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia: MSC) and Cassava peels (Manihot esculentum: CPC) composts, each applied at 20 and 40 t/ha as well as inorganic fertilizer (NPK 20:10:10) applied at 100 kgN/ha were investigated for restoration and re-vegetation of a degraded battery wastes contaminated site. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Ordination method was used to measure flora diversity and abundance among treatments. The species ìmportance in thè eco System was determine d using Relative Importance Values (RIV) before application of compost (BAC), at 4 weeks after compost application (4WACA) and at 8 weeks after compost application (8WACA). Also, thè dominance and plant species distribution at thè three periods were determined from thè Dominance, Shannon and Equitabilty indices. Application of composts increased thè number of individuai plants on thè contaminated site from 1177 at BAC to 2276 at 8 WACA. Species richness increased from 7 species at BAC to 15 species at 8 WACA. Gomphrena celosoides L. had thè highest RIV value (72.4%) at BAC, 67.0% and 49.6%> at 4 WACA and 8 WACA respectively. The dominance index (DI) decreased from 0.8557 at BAC to 0.6008 at 8 WACA. At 8 WACA thè Shannon index (0.9976) and Equitability index (0.3684) were highest. Application of MSC at 40t/ha (MSC40) reduced Pb level in thè soil by 71.6% followed by CPC40 (67.3%), MSC20 (66.1%) and least in CPC20 (49.5%). NPK fertilizer application had no effect on soil Pb level compared to control. Addìtion of compost significantly increased thè plant nxutrients including phosphorus, nitrogen, calcium and magnesium in thè soil compared to inorganic fertilizer. The use of compost reduced Pb contamination, improved soil fertility, enhanced re-vegetation and flora diversity of battery waste contaminated site more than inorganic fertilizer. The prevalence of G. celosioides may suggest that it has potentials for thè phytoremediation oflead-acid battery polluted soil.Item Field assessment of progressive remediation of soil contaminated with lead-acid battery waste in response to compost application(Scientific Research Publishing, 2011) Adejumo, S. A.; Togun, A. O.; Adediran, J. A.; Ogundiran, M. B.Addition of compost to heavy metal-contaminated soil has been employed to remediate contamination. Such rectification, however, depends on the type of compost and the contaminant involved. The efficacy of Mexican sunflower (MSC) and Cassava peel (CPC) composts applied at 0, 20 and 40 t/ha as well as inorganic fertilizer (NPK, 20:10:10) (100 kg N/ha) on the remediation of a battery waste-contaminated site in Ibadan, Nigeria was assessed. No compost or NPK fertilizer served as the control. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Soil analysis before and at 1, 2, 3 and 12 months after compost application was carried out. Mean lead (Pb) concentration (134,000 mg/kg) was high at this site. Twelve months after treatment, MSC and CPC applied at 40 t/ha had reduced the plant available lead concentration in the soil by 69 and 49%, respectively, whereas 20 t/ha had reduced the concentration by 58 and 34%, respectively. The relationships between soil lead and organic matter content (r = -0.75), phosphorous (r = -0.59) and pH (r = -0.77) were negative. NPK fertilizer had a limited effect (7% reduction) on Pb. Application of MSC at 40 t/ha brought about a remarkable reduction in Pb concentration.Item Effects of compost application on remediation and the growth of maize planted on lead contaminated soil(International Union of Soil Sciences, 2010) Adejumo, S. A.; Togun, A. O.; Adediran, J. A.; Ogundiran, M. B.A field experiment was conducted in 2008 and 2009 to test for the effects of Mexican Sunflower (SW) and Cassava waste (CW) composts as well as inorganic fertilizer on the growth of maize planted on lead contaminated soil. Different application rates of 0t/ha, 20t/ha and 40t/ha were used for the two types of compost while inorganic fertilizer and 0t/ha were used as checks. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with four replicates. It was observed that compost application increased significantly the vegetative and yield parameters of maize and performed better than inorganic fertilizer (P<0.05). Higher dose (40t/ha) of MSW compost gave the highest plant height, dry matter yield, leaf area and grain yield. More importantly, the experiment shows that there was a reduction in the final concentration of lead in soils of all the compost treated plots by 50-70%. Though, application of compost did not restrict the uptake of lead by the maize crop the concentrations were lower than those of control and inorganic fertilizer plants. Higher concentrations were also detected in the root than other plant parts. This method of remediation could be recommended for restoration of lead contaminated sites.