scholarly works in Crop Protection & Environmental Biology
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Item "Biochar in combination with compost reduced Pb uptake and enhanced the growth of maize in lead (Pb)‑contaminated soil exposed to drought stress "(Springer, 2010) Adejumo, S. A.; Arowo, D. O.; Ogundiran, M. B.; Srivastava, P.Crops are constantly faced with the challenges of different abiotic stresses on the field. Development of sustainable approach for stress amelioration on crop is pertinent. This study investigated the ameliorative roles of biochar and compost on maize crop simultaneously subjected to drought and heavy metal (Pb) stresses. Metal stress was imposed by growing maize on Pb-contaminated soil while drought stress was imposed by reducing the soil field capacity to 25 and 50%. Four levels (0, 5, 10 and 15 t/ha) of biochar and compost replicated three times as well as their combinations were used. Pb uptake, translocation factors, photosynthetic pigments, osmolytes (proline and cysteine), biomass accumulation in stressed maize crop, and post-cropping soil Pb concentration were determined. Combination of stresses reduced biomass accumulation in maize. Biochar in combination with compost, however, enhanced biomass production in stressed maize crop by 50–75% compared to unamended soil (control). Proline accumulation was more under the single stress of heavy metal (100% FC) compared to combined stresses. Unlike proline, combined stresses of Pb and 50% FC enhanced chlorophyll and cysteine accumulation more than single stress. Their concentrations were further increased with amendments compared to control. Pb accumulation in maize crop was more under combined stresses than single stress (100% FC). Compared to other soil amendments, application of biochar alone at 10 t/ha, generally reduced Pb uptake by maize and post-cropping soil Pb concentration. Biochar and compost reduced Pb uptake, and enhanced biomass and osmolyte production in stressed maize crop.Item Mechanisms of lead and chromium hyperaccumulation and tolerance in plant(Enproct Consultants Ltd., 2019) Adejumo, S. A.Heavy metal contamination of agricultural lands poses serious threat to food security. Lead (Pb) and Chromium (Cr) are among the most toxic heavy metals reported but least studied. Their presence in soils has detrimental effects on crop productivity. Among different ways of remediating contaminated sites, phytoremediation technology like phytoextraction is now receiving greater attention. It involves the use of plants for cleaning heavy metal polluted media. It is environment-friendly, aesthetically appealing, cost-effective and can be applied in-situ. The plant species that are used for this process are metal tolerant and some of them called hyperaccumulators possess the ability of accumulating high concentrations of specific metals in the above-ground tissue. They have developed several mechanisms both at the genetic and molecular levels for their adaptability and efficiency. The molecular mechanisms could either be enzymatic or non-enzymatic. The enzymatic mechanism involves the participation of different antioxidant enzymes while the non-enzymatic strategies are based on the production of different antioxidant compounds for scavenging reactive oxygen species which are produced in heavy-metal stressed plants. For tolerance and metal accumulation in the above-ground parts of an hyperaccumulator, metal homoestasis through over-expression of different genes have also been reported. In this review, heavy metal toxicity, phytoremediation options and mechanisms of hyperaccumulation and tolerance in plants are discussed with focus on Pb and Cr.Item Assessment of plant population on growth, fibre and seed yield of Kenaf (Hibiscus Cannabinus L.) in Ibadan Western(The Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, Nigeria., 2019) Olanipekun, S.O.; Togun, A.O.; Adejumo, S.A.; Adeniyan, O.N.; Adebayo, A.KKenaf is a multi-purpose crop with numerous industrial uses. Its production is constrained by poor cultural and agronomic practices which reduce yield. Inappropriate spacing among others could result in low yield. Effect of plant spacing on growth and yield of kenaf was investigated in Ibadan, Nigeria. Kenaf seed was sown (2 plants/stand) at three plant spacing: 50×15, 50×20, 50×25 cm was assessed for seed and bast fibre yields using randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. The analysis was done using statistical analysis system (SAS). Plant spacing differed significantly for bast fibre and seed yields. Highest bast fibre yield (0.9±0.03) and seed yield (0.5±0.01) were obtained at 50×20 cm and 50×25 cm spacing, respectively, while the lowest bast fibre yield (0.7±0.01) and seed yield (0.3±0.01) were obtained at 50×15 cm spacing. Spacing of 50 × 15 cm and 50 × 20 cm are appropriate when planting for fibre while 50 × 25cm is appropriate for seed production.Item Evaluation of lead and chromium tolerance and accumulation level in Gomphrena Celosoides: a novel metal accumulator from lead acid battery waste contaminated site in Nigeria(Taylor & Francis, 2019) Adejumo, S. A.; Tiwari, S.; Thul, S.; Sarangi, B. K.Biology, tolerance, and metal (Pb and Cr) accumulating ability of Gomphrena celosoides were studied under hydroponic conditions. The seedlings were raised in Hoagland’s solution containing different concentrations of Pb (0, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 3000, 4000, and 5000mg l_1) and Cr (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 300, and 400mg l_1). Biomass and metal accumulation in different plant parts were determined at seven (7) and fourteen (14) days after stress. Antioxidant enzyme activities, protein, and proline contents were estimated in stressed and unstressed plants. Gomphrena celosoides was able to tolerate Pb and Cr concentrations up to 4000 and 100mg l_1, respectively in hydroponic solution. Metal accumulation was concentration and duration dependent with the highest Pb (21,127.90 and 117,985.29mg kg_1) and Cr (3130.85 and 2428.90mg kg_1) in shoot and root, respectively found in the plants exposed to 5000mg l_1 Pb and 400mg l_1 Cr for 14 days. Proline, antioxidant enzyme activities, and protein contents were the highest in plant exposed to higher Pb and Cr concentrations for 7 and 14 days. Gomphrena celosoides could be considered as Pb and Cr accumulator with proline and increase in antioxidant enzyme activities being the tolerance mechanismsItem The effect of cocoa pod husk as organic fertilizer on the growth of tea (Camellia sinensis (L) o. Kuntze) under varying light intensities in Ibadan – South West Nigeria(Mutagens., 2019) Adeosun, S. A.; Togun, A. O.; Adejumo, S. A.; Famaye, A. OTea is one of the components of human diets due to its antioxidative properties and nutritive values. Light intensity and soil fertility are the major abiotic factors affecting the growth of tea (Camellia sinensis(L) O. Kuntze). Tea performs well under low light intensity and fertile soil. In Nigeria, tea production is predominant in Mambilla Plateau due to cool weather. To meet the increasing demand for tea, there is need for soil fertility improvement and expansion of the growing area of tea to the lowland ecology of Nigeria. A pot experiment was conducted in Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN), Idi-Ayunre, Ibadan, South-West Nigeria to assess the effect of varying light intensities and soil amendment with Cocoa Pod Husk (CPH) and NPK fertilizer on the growth and dry matter production of tea cuttings. Milled CPH fertilizer was applied at the rate, 75kgN ha-1 (13.39g pot-1), 150kgN ha-1 (26.79g pot-1) and 300kgN ha-1 (53.57g pot-1), and NPK 5:1:1 (150kgN ha-1) fertilizer while zero fertilizer served as control. The tea plants were grown under four different light intensities of 25, 45, 65 and 100% by using varying densities of palm fronds to cover the top and sides of the sheds. The results showed that CPH at 300kgN ha-1, 45% and 65% light intensities enhanced vegetative growth and dry matter accumulation in the tea plants. The 65% light increased the number of leaves, leaf area, number of branches, plant height, stem diameter and total dry matter by 188%, 400%, 14%, 30%, 21% and 620% respectively compared to the 100% light. The 45% light increased the number of leaves, leaf area, plant height, stem diameter and total dry matter by 155%, 369%, 21%, 16% and 656% respectively compared to the 100% light. CPH at 300kgN ha-1 increased number of leaves, leaf area, number of branches, plant height, stem diameter and total dry matter by 69%, 155%, 62%, 28%, 24% and 75% respectively compared to the control. When compared to the NPK fertilizer, CPH at 300kgN ha-1 increased number of leaves, leaf area, number of branches, plant height and total dry matter by 25%, 32%, 12%, 1% and 47% respectively. On interaction, tea cuttings grown under 45 and 65% light intensities and received CPH at 300kgN ha-1 produced significantly (P=0.05) higher number of leaves, leaf area, number of branches, root dry weight, stem dry weight, leaf dry weight and total dry matter; while 65% light interaction with NPK fertilizer enhanced significantly (P=0.05) higher plant height and stem diameter.Item Seed germination and growth of maize (Zea mays L.) on lead contaminated soil in response to compost, exogenous proline and plant growth promoters in Ibadan, Nigeria(Ecological Society of Nigeria, 2018) Awoyemi, V.; Adejumo, S. A.Soil contamination with heavy metal poses serious threat to agricultural productivity. It induces oxidative stress on crop and causes reduction in crop yield. To enhance crop production and safety, strategies must be developed to increase crop tolerance to heavy metal toxicity and enhance crop productivity on contaminated sites. Study was carried out to determine the ability of exogenous application of proline, hormones and compost in ameliorating the effect of lead (Pb) stress on maize crop grown on lead-acid battery wastes contaminated soil. The experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and replicated three times. The treatments were proline (P), indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA), and compost. Proline and hormones were applied at 0, 5 and 10 mM as seed soaking while compost was applied to the soil two weeks before planting using 0, 20 and 40 t/ha application rates. These were applied individually and in combination to give a total of 34 treatments including, control and replicated 3 times. Un-amended contaminated and uncontaminated soil served as checks. The experiment was terminated eight weeks after planting. Data were collected on maize percentage germination, duration of survival of maize seedlings, growth parameters and dry matter yield. Maize seeds pre-treated with P at 10 mM and C (40 t/ha) and those treated with GA (5 mM) + C (20 t/ha) gave 100% germination on contaminated soil. Compared to contaminated control, duration of survival, maize growth and dry matter yield were enhanced when seeds were pre-treated with exogenous proline and hormone and gown on contaminated soil amended with compost. Seed treatment with 10 mM P + 20 t/ha compost generally increased plant height, number of leaves, stem girth and leaf area relative to control and IAA treatments. Pre-sowing seed treatment with 10 mM P and soil amendment with 40 t/ha compost increased the maize dry matter yield better than other treatments, including control. Maize growth and yield on lead-contaminated soil were enhanced with seed pre-treatment with 10 mM proline and 40 t/ha compost. Exogenous application of proline and gibberellic acid in combination with compost enhanced maize germination, growth and yield in Pb contaminated soil and alleviate Pb toxicity.Item Influence of different fertilizer application rates on growth and yield components of two maize varieties in a forest-savannah-transition agro - ecology zone(Faculty of Agriculture, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria., 2018) Anjorin, F. B.; Adejumo, S. A.; Adediran, J. A.; Adebayo, A. K.; Ogunniyan, D. J.; Olanipekun, S. O.Field study on the influence of fertilizer application on growth and yield components of maize was carried out in 2015 and 2016 at the Institute of Agricultural Research and Training (I.A.R&T), Ibadan Station. Two maize varieties (ILE-1-OB and TZPBSR-W) were evaluated under three rates of NPK 20-10-10: 0, 50 and 100 kg N ha-1, one rate of Tithonia compost; 10 t ha-1 (representing 10.7 kg N ha-1) and two rates of NPK and Tithonia compost combinations (50 kg N ha-1+10 t ha-1 and 100 kg N ha-1+10 t ha-1) using randomized complete block design (r=3) arrangement. Selected maize plants were assessed for plant height (cm), leaf area (cm2), stem diameter (cm), number of ears per plant, number of rows per cob, number of kernels per row, number of kernels per cob, 1000-kernel weights and grain yield. Various growth and yield components evaluated increased significantly with increased fertilizer application. Combinations of 50 kg N ha-1+ 10 t ha-1 and 100 kg N ha-1+10 t ha-1 enhanced growth and yield performances of maize better than sole applications of 50 or 100 kg N ha-1. Highest grain yield was obtained under 50 kg N ha-1 +10 t ha-1 (5.26, 5.82 t ha-1) and 100 kg N ha-1 + 10 t ha-1 (5.78, 5.91 t ha-1) in 2015 and 2016 respectively. The use of 50 kg N ha-1 inorganic fertilizer in combination with 10 t ha-1 (10.7 kg N ha-1) Tithonia compost adequately enhanced growth and yield performance of maize in the Forest-Savannah-Transition agro - ecology zone of Nigeria.Item Screening of sweet potato ((Ipomea batatas [L.] Lam.) cultivars for drought tolerance(Infogain Publication, 2018) Esan, V. I.; Omilani, O. O.; Adejumo, S. A.; Adeyemo, T. O.; Akinbode A. O.The effect of drought on most agricultural crops results inmany problems for the producers in Nigeria and even other parts of the world. These problems include reduced vegetative parameters and yield loss which consequently lead to reduced income for the growers of the crops. The most direct way of avoiding drought is to discover or create drought tolerant varieties of sweet potato. Sweet potato is a crop which is part of the Nigerian diet due to its perceived nutritive values. A field experiment was carried out in Bowen University, Iwo to evaluate different cultivars of sweet potato for drought tolerance. The experimental design was laid in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replicates and three treatments including the mild water stress (32 days of drought), severe water stress (from the day of drought till harvest) and nowater stress (control). Results showed that under the control treatment, the highest yield was from the Local variety 1 with 127.63 g while the lowest yield under control was from Local variety 2 with 39.20 g. Under the mild water stress, the highest yield was from Introduced variety 1 with 272.46 g while the lowest yield was from Local variety 2 with 59.66 g. Under the severe water stress, the highest yield was from Local variety 1 with 41.15 g while the lowest yield was from Introduced variety 1 with 0 g. The highest yield among the three treatment methods was under the mild water stress treatment from Introduced variety 1 with 272.46 g.Therefore, variety 3, the local variety, is recommended under severe drought based on the above reason but under moderate drought,the Introduced variety i.e. variety 1 (orange fleshed sweet potato) is preferred because it had the highest yield and is also of high nutrient content compared to the other varieties.Item Compost and biochar assisted phytoremediation potentials of Moringa oleifera for remediation of lead contaminated soil.(Elsevier, 2018) Ogundiran, M. B.; Mekwunyei, N. S.; Adejumo, S. A.The aim of this study was to investigate the germination, growth, tolerance and Pb accumulation potentials of Moringa oleifera in compost and biochar amended Pb-contaminated soils for possible phytoremediation. Lead slag contaminated soil (100%–32,640 mg/kg) was diluted into three Pb contamination levels (75%, 50%, and 25%) by mixing it with uncontaminated control (0%) soil. Sunflower-poultry manure compost (Compost), rice husk biochar (RHB) and groundnut shell biochar (GSB) were applied at 10 g/kg separately to the soils in triplicates and incubated for 2 weeks. Moringa oleifera seedlings were transplanted at two weeks into the incubated soils and set up in greenhouse experiments. Plant height, stem girth, leaf number and biomass were measured at 4 and 8 weeks. Plant roots and shoots were analysed. Moringa oleifera seeds planted in the contaminated and amended contaminated soils failed to germinate. Its seedlings withered off in 100% and 75% but survived in 25% and 50% amended contaminated and control soils. It tolerated Pb contamination up to 8600 mg/kg. The concentrations of Pb in the roots and shoots of the plants at 8 weeks ranged from 930 to 2100 mg/kg and 420–1120 mg/kg respectively for both contamination levels, indicating Pb phytoaccumulation potentials of M. oleifera. Compost and RHB enhanced M. oleifera roots and shoots production. The combination of compost and M. oleifera improved Pb phytoextraction efficiency. The combination of GSB and M. oleifera improved Pb phytostabilisation efficiency. Utilisation of compost, rice RHB and GSB with M. oleifera may be recommended for phytoremediation of Pb-contaminated soil.Item Okra Growth and Drought Tolerance When Exposed to Varying Water Regimes at Different Growth Stages.(Taylor & Francis., 2018) Adejumo, S. A.; Ezeh, O. S.; Mur, L. A. J.Drought causes severe reduction in okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] yield. However, the impact of drought on okra physiology has been impeding breeding where relative degrees of tolerance need to be quantified. The okra, cv. NHAe 47-4, was exposed to 25, 50, 75, or 100% field capacity (FC) to impose water deficit for 5 or 10 days, at the vegetative (V), vegetative and reproductive (VR), or reproductive (R) stages, and effects on growth and yield, leaf relative water content (LRWC), leaf photosynthetic pigments, proline, and cysteine accumulation assessed. Simulated drought reduced LRWC, leaf chlorophyll content, biomass accumulation, and okra growth compared to the control (100% FC). The effect was more severe on plants subjected to water deficit of 10 days duration at vegetative and reproductive stages at 25% FC. Plants treated at the vegetative stage alone recovered faster than those treated at the reproductive stage alone and treatment at the two stages together. After recovery, plants exposed to water deficit at the vegetative stage alone produced more chlorophyll than the control. Okra plants exposed to water deficit produced more proline, cysteine, and carotenoids than untreated plants, with the least recorded in control, and the response varied based on duration and different FC at every growth stage. The highest values for proline and carotenoids were at 25% FC for 10 days duration at every growth stage. Plants exposed to water deficit produced more fruit than the control, especially those exposed at the vegetative stage only. Under prolonged water deficit for 10 days at the vegetative stage, there was 90.95, 70.80, and 131.18% increase in fruit yield at 25, 50, and 75% FC, respectively, compared to the control. Soil water maintained at 75% FC throughout the growing period enhanced fruit production compared to other field capacities including control. Okra response depends on water deficit severity, duration, and growth stage. Production of proline and carotenoid could be a strategy employed by okra plants for tolerance under water deficit.