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Acute toxicity of ethanol extracts of cocoa bean shell on sarotherodon galilaeus juveniles
(Medwell Journals, 2008) Olaifa, F. E.; Hamzat, R. A.; Oyetoyan, O. O
An acute toxicity test of ethanol extract of cocoa bean shell (CBS), a by-product of cocoa processing was conducted on 250 Sarotherodon gallilaeus juveniles for 96 h. There were 5 treatments and one control with each having 3 replicates. The treatments were prepared as 10,000, 7500, 4167, 2315, 1286 and 0 mg L-1 (control). The aim of the experiment was to study the toxic effects of Ethanol extract of CBS. While, the control experiment produced no mortalities and adverse histopathological responses, there were reactions to the presence of CBS extract in all the treatments which included restlessness and mortality. The lethal concentrations at which fifty percent of the test population died (LC 50) obtained using the logarithm method were 7943, 5012 and 6310 mg L-1 for replicates 1, 2 and 3, respectively while the probit method gave 5878, 4865, 6103 mg L-1 for replicates 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Histopathological examination of control fish showed no lesions on all tissues examined. However, marked changes were observed in the liver in form of degenerative hepatocytes, multifocal aggregation of haemosiderin laden macrophages; in the gills as shortening of gill filaments and in the brain as spongiosis of white cerebral matter of fish subjected to various concentrations of CBS extract. It was concluded that ethanol CBS extract possessed piscicidal properties on S. gallilaeus which could be useful in culling stunted and unwanted fish populations from ponds before stocking
Aquaculutre-promotion of rural technology for poverty alleviation
(2000) Olukunle, O. A.; Omitoyin, B. O.
ASSESSMENT OF GENETIC STRUCTURE OF CLARIAS GARIEPINUS, BURCHELL, 1822 POPULATION IN ASEJIRE LAKE
(2014) Oyebola, O. O.
Wild brood-stock is a major genetic reservoir for sustainable culture of Clarias gariepinus. This has been observed to be declining in major freshwater dams in Nigeria. There is inadequate information on factors responsible for this decline and their effects on genetic structuring of the fish resources in these dams. This study therefore investigated genetic structure of C. gariepinus in relation to environmental condition of Asejire Dam. The Dam was spatially divided into Oyo State (OYS) and Osun State (OSS) strata. Thirty-eight sites were randomly selected, nineteen sites from each stratum. Water Quality Parameters (WQP) were sampled bimonthly in wet and dry seasons for 24months. The WQP selected were temperature, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Hardness (TH) and Total Alkalinity (TA). Catchment area was assessed for indices of threat to environmental condition; Watershed Forest Degradation (WFD), frequencies of Partial Dam Gate Opening (PDGO) and Complete Dam Gate Opening (CDGO). Clarias gariepinus catches from fishermen’s landings were used to study genetic structure by examining variability in phenotypes and genotypes. Phenotypic data obtained were regrouped to subgroups of sex, size, and grades of Possession of Anteriorly Serrated Pectoral Spine (PASPS). Regrouped cases that had significantly different subgroups’ phenotypes were further screened for presence of Private Allele (PA), polymorphism of protein, DNA bands and genetic distance using standard procedures. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, student’s t-test and cluster analysis. Seasonal variations in WQP for wet and dry seasons were 27.4±3.2 and 30.0±2.5οC (temperature); 6.1±1.8 and 5.0±2.1 mg/l (DO); 51.7±27.1 and 52.0±38.0 mg/l (TH); 55.3±43.7 and 134.00±89.5 mg/l (TA) respectively. The WQP values of 28.6±2.7 and 28.7±4.0οC (temperature), 6.1±1.2 and 6.5±1.5 mg/l (DO), 52.7±6.2 and 51.7±38.3 mg/l (TH), 146.7±58.3 and 91.0±43.4 mg/l (TA) were recorded at OYS and OSS respectively. There was 8.5% reduction in catchment area while 66.0% wetland areas were under human activities. The PDGO for wet and dry seasons were 30 and 8 times respectively. Wet and dry seasons’ CDGO occurred 2 times. Thirty-seven Clarias gariepinus were identified from 1,392 fish catches. Dorsal ray counts ranged from 63 to 71. Dorsal ray counts were significantly different (F=3.51, p=0.008) between size subgroups. Anal fin lengths in PASPS subgroups were between 39.0 and 44.0% of standard lengths. These values were significantly different (F=4.25, p=0.001) among the subgroups. Polymorphism and PA of protein markers occurred in PASPS at 14.7kDa. The DNA analysis revealed 82.5% polymorphic sites from 746 bands. The PASPS subgroups genotypes formed two different clusters and had within cluster variability at 62.0% CV. Watershed forest degradation indices: catchment areas’ reduction and increase in wetland areas under human activities in addition to frequency of opening of the dams’ gate were the main threats to Clarias gariepinus population in Asejire Dam. Genetic structure indicated presence of strains with high variability in Clarias gariepinus
Assessment of performance of clarias gariepinus (african catfish) juveniles on diets supplemented with kola pod husk (cola nitida)
(Alexandra von Humboldt Stiftung Foundation Bonn, Germany, 2012) Olaifa, F. E.; Oladapo, A. O.
A twelve -week feeding trial was carried out to assess the nutritive potentials of kola pod husk and to assess the growth performance of Clarias gariepinus juveniles on varying levels of kola pod husk- supplementation. The objective of this study was to assess the nutritive potentials of kola pod husk on the performance of C. gariepinus and its level of incorporation in such diets. Eight experimental bowls (60x3Ox30cm3) were used for the experiment. There were four treatments with each treatment having two replicates. The fish had initial mean body weight of 10.56g. The experimental diets were formulated at 38% crude protein and the fish fed at 5% of their body weight three times per day with graded levels of 0, 10,20, and 30% of ko la pod husk. 15 fish were stocked per replicate. Proximate composition of fish before and after the experiment, proximate composition of kola pod husk, the growth performance and nutrient utilization of feed by fish were determined. Significant differences were observed between the control diet and 10 -20 % inclusion of kola nut pod husk with the control having the best growth indices. However fish on 30 % kola pod husk inclusion performed best among kola nut pod husk -containing diets .There was no significant difference between 30 % inclusion of kolanut pod husk and the control diet on all parameters considered. The inclusion of 30% sun -dried and kola nut pod husk produced the best growth performance of the experimental fish and could be considered as a potential energy supplier in C. gariepinus juveniles" diets subject to further studies
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY AND HANDLING PROCEDURES OF IMPORTED FROZEN FISH IN OYO STATE, NIGERIA
(2016) Fawole, O. O.
The deficit of domestic fish supply necessitates importation of frozen fish to supplement protein intake of Nigerians. Adequate quality standards and control measures are in place for frozen fish at the point of entry to the country. However, there is dearth of information on quality control along the distribution chain to the final consumer. Therefore, quality and handling procedures of imported frozen fish within Oyo State were investigated. Three-stage sampling procedures were used for the study. Oyo State was stratified into four Agricultural Development Programme zones (Ibadan/Ibarapa, Ogbomoso, Oyo and Saki). All cold store operators (n=67) and 5.0% of registered retailers per zone (n=150) were randomly selected and assessed using 217 structured questionnaires to obtain information on compliance level on temperature management, personal hygiene, facilities‟ sanitation and handling. Sardinella species and Micromesistius poutassou were selected for sensory and non-sensory assessment based on their availability in all zones. Overall acceptability was based on 7-point hedonic scale (very much liked (7) - very much disliked (1). Chemical tests such as Hypoxanthine (Hx), Peroxide value (PV), Trimethylamine (TMA) and Free fatty acid (FFA) were carried out using standard methods. Bacteria and Fungal counts were determined using standard procedures. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at 𝛼0.05. Compliance level to quality measures by cold store operators in all the zones were 65.7%, 83.6% and 92.5% for temperature management, personal hygiene and facilities‟ sanitation, respectively. Ibadan/Ibarapa zone had the highest cold storage capacity of 7,433 tonnes and the least was Saki zone with 61 tonnes. Transportation of fish to retail points were by motorcycle (43.3%), taxi cab (31.1%) and by head load (24.0%). Fish was displayed by retailers using bowls (50.0%), wooden tables (36.7%) and wooden boards (10.0%). Only 57.3% of retailers washed their tables daily and none used chlorinated water. Overall acceptability was 5.47±0.20 (Sardinella spp.) and 5.57±0.13 (M. poutassou). The Hx (25.54±0.41 mg/100g; 26.28±1.06 mg/100g), PV (19.47±0.90 meq/kg; 20.03±0.53 meq/kg,) TMA (23.79±0.52 mg/100g; 23.45±0.89 mg/100g) and FFA (1.85±0.31%; 1.82±0.19%) were recorded for Sardinella spp. and M. poutassou, respectively. Oyo zone had the least PV (17.48±0.81; 17.90±0.60 meq/kg), TMA (20.58±0.91; 17.90±0.60 mg/100g), bacteria count (1.2 x105±0.49; 1.5x105±0.43cfu/g) and fungal load (7.9x104±0.35; 1.4x105±0.38 cfu/g) in both Sardinella spp. and M. poutassou, respectively. Ogbomoso had highest PV (18.83±0.60 meq/kg), FFA (1.84±0.13%), TMA (23.62±0.60 mg/100g), bacteria and fungal load (3.1x105±1.34 cfu/g; 1.8x105±0.81cfu/g) for Sardinella spp. and highest FFA (1.81±0.19%) and bacteria load (3.2x105±0.78cfu/g) in M. poutassou. Hypoxanthine and TMA were significantly different for Sardinella spp. and M. poutassou across the zones, respectively. Predominant bacteria isolates were Shewanella putrefaciens and Streptococcus faecium while fungi included Penicillium notatum and Aspergillus niger. Total viable count for bacteria and fungal load were 3.1x105±1.34 cfu/g and 1.8x105±0.81 cfu/g, respectively for Sardinella spp. and 3.2x105±0.78 cfu/g and 2.4x105±0.41 cfu/g for M. poutassou. Quality of frozen fish was best in Oyo zone. Most cold stores met the recommended temperature for cold storage. All sensory and non-sensory indicators of fish quality were within acceptable limits
Assessment of some commercial feed brands in Nigeria on growth performance of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings
(2016) Olukunle, O.; Ekundayo, I. O.
"This study assessed three commonly-available commercial catfish feed brands on growth, survival and nutrient utilization of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings under controlled conditions; providing information on the integrity and quality of some of the feeds in the market. C. gariepinus fingerlings (3.83± 0.22g) were fed to satiation twice daily at 9.00hr and 18.00hr with 2mm pellet size of three commercial diets scripted TD, TT, and TV in concrete tanks. Growth performance and nutrients utilization parameters were measured and calculated; water quality parameters were controlled using a partial flow-through system. ANOV A showed that there were significant differences (P<0.05) in the mean weight gain, specific growth rate, survival rate, food conversion rate, nitrogen metabolism and protein efficiency ratio. TV had the most significant value for mean weight gain (41.54 ± 4.09g), specific growth rate (1.65 ± 0.04g/day), feed conversion rate (0.7), nitrogen metabolism (951.91), and protein efficiency ratio (2.57) with 90.00 ± 5.0% survival rate; TD had significantly highest survival rate (92.50 ± 4.51%) with mean weight gain 36.77 ± 0.48g. Proximate analysis of TD, TT and TV revealed that macronutrients therein significantly different from the brands' claim, except TD. This study revealed that, for fast fish growth on less expensive feed desired by catfish farmers, commercial catfish feed brand tagged TV, was the best, giving a better growth performance and nutrient utilization, at 48.3% CP, 6.01% Fat, and 3.03% CF.
Assessment of Toxicological impact of light crude oil on clarias gariepus (Burechell, 1822) fingerlings
(2005) Olaifa, F. E.
Oil spillage is of critical concern in Nigeria because of the problems of pollution and associated disturbances. It is therefore necessary to study the effects of oil pollution on fish using clarias gariepinus, a widely cultured fish species in the tropics. A short-term (96-hours), statics bioassay was carried out to determine the toxicity of crude oil (qua ibeo light) on C. gariepinus fingerlings. The biossay involved five treatment viz:0, 25, 50, 75, and 100µL/L. The water and fish samples were analyzed for total hydrocarbon content (THC) and heavy metals at the end of the experiment. There were significant differences (p<0.05) among the five treatments. The LC50 ( concentration at which 50 percent of the test population died) was 1.58µL/L. Lead, iron, cadmium and chromium were not detected in the water contaminated with the crude oil sample.
ASSESSMENT OF VERTEBRATE DIVERSITY IN ALABATA NATURE RESERVE ABEOKUTA, SOUTH-WEST NIGERIA
(2011-11) SHOTUYO, A. A.
The importance of wildlife, especially the vertebrates for game, tourism and medicinal use cannot be over emphasized. Nature reserves are also known to influence the ecosystem of its location. However, rapid increase in land use for agriculture and other physical developments are gradually reducing wildlife habitation including the Alabata area nature reserve of Abeokuta. Inventory of these resources in relation to their habitat parameters would inform their better management. Assessments of vertebrate and associated flora diversities were therefore carried out in Alabata Nature Reserve. The study covered 20 km2 out of 97.3 km2 area of Alabata Nature Reserve. Twenty sample plots each of 25m x 25m were laid randomly. Animals, vegetations, soil and level of human interference were assessed for 24 months in each plot cutting across wet and dry seasons. Animals were surveyed weekly using the King Census and Line Transect methods, by direct and indirect modes. Vegetation was surveyed using the Point Center Quarter method. Soil samples were collected randomly with auger at 0-15cm, 15-30cm and 30-45cm depth; air-dried and analysed for pH, Organic Carbon (OC), nitrogen and Particle Size (PS) distribution using standard methods. Structured questionnaires were randomly administered to 20 residents in the farm settlements adjoining the study site to assess the level of human interference. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Dominance, Shannon Weiner, principal component as well as Simpson, Evenness and Equitability indices. Forty species of wild vertebrate belonging to thirty-one families were encountered at the study site. Thryonomys swinderianus was the most abundant vertebrate species with a mean frequency of 319±40.8, followed by Xerus erythropus (143±2.9) and Arvicanthus niloticus (122±15.3) while Ploceus capensis (5±3.9) was the least abundant. Daniellia oliveri (1123±4.6) was the most abundant tree species, followed by Anona senegalensis (270±3.9) and Bridelia micrantha (179±3.5). Mean soil pH value was 5.4±0.2 and 6.6±0.3 during the wet and dry seasons respectively. The OC of the soil ranged from 13.2% to 66.8%, while nitrogen content was from 0.8% to 7.5% and mean PS was from 3.2±0.2 to 90.4±4.5. Hunting intensity was perceived to be low (20.0%), although burning due to stray fire was perceived to be high (46.0%) in the site. The animal species diversity indices were Shannon Weiner (0.6), Simpson Index (0.9), Evenness (0.4), Dominance (0.004) and Equitability (0.9) for the wet season. and Shannon Weiner (0.6), Simpson Index (0.9), Evenness (0.4), Dominance (0.005) and Equitability (0.9) for the dry season.The plant species diversity indices were Shannon Weiner (0.6), Simpson Index (0.9), Evenness (0.5), Dominance (0.005) and Equitability (0.9) for wet season and Shannon Weiner (0.6), Simpson Index (0.9), Evenness (0.6), Dominance (0.9) and Equitability (0.9) for dry season. The principal component analysis and ordination showed that the studied ecosystem was not stable. Diversity of vertebrate species in Alabata Nature Reserve was high. Abundace of Thryonomys swinderianus and Xerus erythropus can be attributed to adequate food and cover provided by trees. However, wildfire which is the greatest threat has to be controlled for the reserve to realize its full potentials.
Bilateral orchidectomy in west african dwarf (WAD) goats: effect on blood electrolyte levels
(2000) Olaifa, A. K.; Onwuka, S. K.; Oyeyemi, M. O.; Olaifa, F. E.; Utio, O. A.|; Adewoye, E. O.
Bioassay using the water soluble fraction of a Nigerian light crude oil on clarias gariepinus fingerlings
(Physiological Society of Nigeria, 2012) Olaifa, F. E.
A 96-hour bioassay was conducted using the water soluble fraction of a Nigerian light crude oil sample on Clarias gariepinus fingerlings. 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 mls of water soluble fractions (WSF) of the oil were added to 1000 litres of de-chlorinated tap water to form 0, 25, 50 , 75 and 100 parts per million representing treatments 1 to 5 respectively. Each treatment had two replicates with fifteen fish per replicate. At the end of the 96-hour period of exposure, the fish were transferred into separate bowls containing fresh water without oil for recovery for ten more days. Heavy metal and total hydrocarbon contents of the water and fish were analyzed at 96 hour and 14 days which marked the end of the recovery period. No mortalities were recorded on all treatments during the 96-hour period. Mortalities were observed between 120 and 144 hours after the onset of the experiment with the maximum number of dead fish (p<0.05) from treatment 5(100 ppm WSF) during the recovery period indicating a delayed response to the WSF by the fish. No mortalities were recorded after 144 hours till the termination of the experiment at 14 days . The 96-hour LC50 could not be calculated since no deaths occured during the period. The Total hydrocarbon contents of the water were 0, 0.026 ,0.316 ,0.297, 0.253 mg/l for treatments 1(0 ppmWSF)) to 5(100ppmWSF) respectively. Lead , iron and cadmium were not detected in water during the study, lead was also not detected in fish muscles from all treatments. The iron contents of all the treatments were lower than the control except for treatment 3(50 ppm WSF). THC concentrations in fish were higher at 96 hours and 14days than in the water indicating bioconcentration in fish and a retention in the fish long after exposure.
The body weight changes and gut merphometry of clarias gariepinus juveniles on feeds supplemented with walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum) leaf and onions (allium cepa) bulb residues
(2012) Bello, O. S.; Emikpe, B. O.; olaifa, F. E.
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of walnut (T. conophorum) leaf and onion (A. cepa) bulb on the gut morphometry of Clarias gariepinus towards elucidating its mechanism of growth promotion. Twenty Clarias gariepinus juveniles (7.390.29g/ fish) were allocated to nine treatments, with three replicates each. Nine experimental diets were formulated at 40% crude protein representing different level of walnut leaf and onion bulb (0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0%) respectively and the control diet was free from walnut leaf and onion bulb and were fed twice daily at 3 % body weight for 12 weeks. Growth indices like Mean Weight Gain (MWG), Specific Growth Rate (SGR), Feed Intake (FI) and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) were measured. Gut morphormetry such as villi length, villi width and cryptal depth were investigated. Data were analyzed using linear regression, descriptive statistics and ANOVA at p= 0.05. Results showed that weight gain and specific growth rate of Clarias gariepinus increased with increasing level of walnut leaf and onion bulb residues. The highest weight gain (53.815.85), specific growth rate (1.090.11), feed conversion ratio (2.160.02) was observed with 1.5% inclusions of walnut leaf residue diets. Although, FCR and SGR were not significantly different (p>0.05) among the treatments, the treated groups had better area of absorption and cryptal depth compared to the control. Treatment with 1.5% inclusion of walnut leaf residue recorded highest villi length and villi width and treatment with 1.5% inclusion of onion bulb recorded highest cryptal depth (30.000.00). These results indicate that using walnut leaf and onion bulb as a supplement in plant –based diets may be useful in improving feed acceptability and growth performance of cultured C. gariepinus fed low cost, plant – based diets and it was concluded that walnut (T. conophorum) leaf at 1.5% inclusion in the diet of Clarias gariepinus improved body weight gain, feed conversion ratio by increasing the absorptive capacity through increased villi length, villi width and cryptal depth
Chemical analysis and nutritional assessment of defatted garcinia mangostana seeds used as an addictive on the feed of fish (clarias gariepinus)
(Global Journals Inc., 2013) Ajayi, I. A.; Olaifa, F. E.; Omoniyi, M. M.
Chemical analysis and nutritional assessment of defatted Garcinia mangostana seeds (DGMS) were undertaken to determine its suitability as an additive at 0.00g, 18.00g, 36.00g, 54.00g and 72.00g inclusion levels in diets and performance of Clarias gariepinus post juveniles. Proximate analysis of DGMS showed that the defatted seeds were high in carbohydrate (71.00 ± 0.79%) but low in protein content (8.10 ± 0.22%). The mineral element analysis detected different minerals with potassium as the highest (270.00ppm). All the fish increased in weight and length significantly (p<0.05) above the initial values though no significant differences were observed among treatments at 49 days in all growth indices showing that the diets were similar in nutritional qualities and adequate for growth of fish
Chemical analysis and nutritional assessment of artocarpus heterophyllus lam. (jack fruit) defatted seeds used as addictive in feed for clarias gariepinus post juveniles
(2013) Olaifa, F. E.; Ajayi, A. A.; Raji, I. O.
A 49-day feeding trial was carried out with feeds supplemented with microgram quantities of the defatted seeds of Artocarpus heterophyllus in the diets of Clarias gariepinus at the post juveinile stage. Five diets at 40% crude protein were formulated containing 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60x106 μg DAH seed as additive. Each dietary treatment was replicated three times with 10 fish per replicate. Proximate composition of the defatted seed showed that it was rich in protein, carbohydrate and minerals. Fish on DAH–supplementd diets had better survival rates than the control. Haematology, plasma biochemistry and gross tissue examination were also carried out. No significant differences (p<0.05) were observed between the fish on DAH-containing treatments and the control. There might be need to further process and test defatted A. heterophyllus seeds as either probiotic or prebiotic on young fish for longer periods in order to take advantage of its rich supply of nutrients
Chemical analysis and nutritional assessment of fluted pumpkin (Telfairiaoccidentalis Hook F.) seed residuefed to African catfish (clariasgariepinus) at graded inclusion levels
(2013) Ajayi, I. A.; Olaifa, F. E.; Olawole, A. A.; Adeyemo, A. J.
The chemical analysis and nutritional assessment of fluted pumpkin seed residue fed to African catfish (Clariasgariepinus) at graded inclusion levels was carried out in order to evaluate its effect on the growth performance and nutrient utilization of the catfish. Five diets containing 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60% inclusion levels of fluted pumpkin seed residue (FPSR) as partial replacement for groundnut cake were prepared and fed to the fishes for eight weeks. Each treatment had three replicates with 15 fish per replicate (mean initial weight 140.87 Â± 8.77g) in 30-litre plastic tanks and fish fed at 3% of body weight twice daily. Fish on control diet showed the best growth and nutrient utilization while diets with defatted fluted pumpkin seeds cake produced weight reduction in the fish with the least reduction on diet 2 (15% inclusion) and greatest on diet 4 (45% inclusion). The specific growth rate, feed conversion ratios and protein intake of the control fish were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those on FPSR-containing diets.Histopathological reports showed some damage to the liver of fish in higher FPSR-containing rations, torn gill tissues and changes of intestinal structure. Haematological parameters like haemoglobin, erythrocyte, sedimentation rate and biochemical parameters were within the ranges for healthy fish though reduced from pre-treatment values
A comparative assessment of growth performance, haematology and serum biochemistry of hybrid catfish fed non-conventional plant proteins in homestead concrete tanks
(2000) Olukunle, O.; Taiwo, V. O.; Adejinmi, J. O.
An 84-day experiment was carried out to evaluate the potentials of three non-conventional plant proteins groundnut cake (GNC), soyebean cake (SBC) and sesame seed cake (SSC) singly and combined in the diets of hybrid catfish grown in homestead concrete tanks. Triplicate groups of 30 juveniles average weight of 26.9+ 0.18g were fed four diets which were formulated to contain 30% crude protein with 25% of the GNC (diet 1) component replaced by SBC (diet 2), SSC (diet 3) and a combination of the three in diet 4. All the diets contained an equal amount of animal protein (25.43g). At the end of 84 days of feeding, growth parameters, feed and carcass proximate analyses, mortality, haematology and serum biochemical parameters were measured. The results showed that the diets affected the growth of the juveniles significantly (P<0.05). The percentage weight gain of the fish fed diet 1 was 204% of the initial weight, while those fed diets 2, 3 and 4 were 405%, 465% and 445% respectively. Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) was significantly higher (P <0.05) in diets 2, 3 and 4 than in diet 1, with diet 4 having the highest PER. The percent specific growth rate (SGR) recorded for each diet was not significantly different (P>0.05) from each other. Percentage mortality were 22.2%, 13.3%, 5.6% and 3.3% in fish fed diets 3, 4, 2 and 1, respectively. There were no significant variations in haematological parameters of fish fed all the various diets, except for those on diet 3 which exhibited lymphopenia and heterophilia (P<0.05). Similarly, there were no significant variations in serum biochemical parameters, except for hyperfibrinogenaemia, hypoglyeaemia and significantly increased AST activities (P<0.05) in fish fed diet 3 and 4. There were significant increases in the serum levels of cholesterol and triglyceride in fish fed diets 2 (P<0.05), 3 and 4 (P<0.01). The findings in this study showed that even though SBC and SSC inclusions in fish diet resulted in better growth performance than GNC inclusion, the relatively high levels of crude fat in these plants proteins especially SSC, may in fact be injurious to fish by causing fat deposition in tissues, fatty hepatic and renal damage, artherosclerosis and coronary heart disease both of which will predispose the fish to stress, innocuous disease and mortality.
Comparison of economic feasibility and sensory characteristics of giant land snail with selected bushmeats
(2014-06) Oduntan, O. O.; Shotuyo, A. L. A.; Akinyemi, A. F.; Osunsina, I. O. O.; Ayodele, A. I.
Consumption of aqueous extract of raw aloe vera leaves: histopathological and biochemical studies in rat and tilapia
(Ibadan Biomedical Communications Group, 2005) Taiwo, V. O.; Olukunle, O. A.; Ozor, I. C.; Oyejobi, A. T
"Forty-five juvenile tilapia and 30 weanling albino rats exposed to water containing 50, 100 and 150ppm of aqueous extract of Aloe vera leaves for 96 hours and 28 days, respectively were used for this study. Fifteen tilapia and 10 rats exposed to clean water (0 ppm A. vera) served as controls. Clinical signs, mortality, gross and histologic organ pathology in the tilapia; weekly haematology, plasma biochemical parameters and organ pathology were monitored in the rats. Fish cultured in water containing A. vera exhibited erratic swimming patterns, rapid opercular movements, skin depigmentation and died within 24- 96 hours. Gross and histologic tissue lesions in the test fish include skin depigmentation, pale and shriveled gills, dull, opaque and sunken eyes, stunting and clubbing of gill filaments, vacuolar degeneration and necrosis of gill epithelial cells, hyaline degeneration and necrosis of myofibrils, calcification of vasa vasori, hepatocellular vacuolar degeneration and necrosis. Haematologic and plasma biochemical changes in test rats include moderate to severe normocytic normochromic anaemia, hypoproteinaemia, increased AST levels, and decreased cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Gross and histologic tissue lesions include mild to moderate pulmonary congestion, flabbiness of the heart, hepatomegaly, mottling of kidneys, vacuolar degeneration and necrosis of hepatocytes, Kupffer cell hyperplasia, periportal fibrosis, glomerular and tubular degeneration and necrosis, matting and clubbing of small intestinal villi, catarrhal enteritis and goblet cell hyperplasia. The severity of these changes increased with increasing concentrations of A. vera. No mortality, gross or histologic changes were observed in both control fish and rats. Results from this study show that consumption of water containing extracts of raw A. vera is very toxic to fish and rats. The serious health implication for human consumption of raw A. vera is discussed. "
Cost implications of feeding Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) processed Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas)
(2008) Olukunle, O.; Odebode, S.; Taiwo, V. O.
Crude oil, women and the environment: a case study of Delta state of Nigeria
(2001) Olaifa, F. E.; Olaifa, A. K.; Lameed, G. A.
The study of effects of petroleum pollution on the general environment with peculiar relevance to women in Delta State was carried out for a period of nine months, by using structured questionnaire and personal observations. The study was basically focused on women of all age groups and generalized all sources of pollution in the area. Among all, oil spillage to the rivers, streams, and farmlands (44.8%) was most rated, while other sources like fish (62.1%), and effect their occupational status that is based on peasant farming (33.7%) and fishing (52.1%). However, there is high significant effect (P<0.05) of the sources of pollution to the environment related tow omen livelihood in the area. While responses to the effect were in form of cooperative (2.3%), individual (2.1%), the oil companies compensation (41.9%) and sometimes government assistance (33.2%). It was therefore suggested that women should be given advantage of both formal and informal education, adequate supply of funds in form of loan, with other amenities such as good source of water, alternatives to fishing and farming to alleviate the poverty conditions that oil spillage had caused.
ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF FISHING AMONG MARINE AND LAGOON ARTISANAL FISHERFOLKS IN LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA
(2014) Ogunsola, A. F.
Fishing is a major source of livelihood for rural and peri-urban communities along coastal waters. The operation of artisanal fisherfolks is threatened by increasing overfishing of inshore waters, inadequate credit facilities, insufficient fishing input subsidies and inadequate extension services. These had negative implications on their efficiency hence their well-being. In order to enhance their performance, the efficiency of the fisherfolks, profitability and challenges were examined, as empirical information on these was scanty. A multistage sampling technique was used. Thirty-six communities comprising of eighteen marine and eighteen lagoon communities were selected from 110 communities containing 3,621 fisherfolks farm families in the village listing survey reports of Lagos State Agricultural Development Authority. Ten fishing households were randomly selected per community. Data were collected through the use of structured questionnaire on fishers‟ socio-economic characteristics, input and output (Technical Efficiency TE), their prices (Allocative Efficiency AE). Economic Efficiency (EE) was measured as a product of AE and TE. Data were analysed using Descriptive statistics, Gross margin analysis Income-Expenditure ratio, stochastic production and cost frontier model at p = 0.05. Male fishermen dominated the Marine and Lagoon marine and lagoon operations (100%, 93.9%) respectively. The average household for the marine (6-9) was higher than that of the lagoon (2-5). The mean age of fisherfolks was 43.0 + 8.18 years; with 7.2% and 20.0% of marine and lagoon fisherfolks within the age range of 30-40 years respectively.Constrains experienced by marine and lagoon fisherfolks include stormy weather (75.0%, 80,8%), severe water turbulence (76.0%, 90.0%) capsizing of canoe (91.0%, 58.0%), high cost of input (65.0%, 84.0%), lack of credit (34.6%, 88.8%) and high interest rate (38.2%, 86.3%) respectively. Gross Margin for the marine household (N61,000.77+9,35U9) was significantly higher than lagoon (N27,973.01±2,563.14). Benefit-cost ratio was 3.2 for marine and 2.5 for lagoon. Coefficients of: labour (1.71), size of canoe (0.33), distance covered, (0.90), and capacity of outboard engine, (0.16) significantly increased the quantity of fish caught. However, none of the variables was significant for lagoon frontier model. Technical Efficiency indices ranged from 56.0% - 83.0% for marine and 51.0% - 83.0% for lagoon. The mean T.E for marine (0.73) was greater than that of lagoon (0.68). Allocative efficiency indices ranged from 38.6% - 86.0% and EE indices ranged from 4.0% - 72.0% among the fisherfolks. Among marine and lagoon operations, coefficients of age (-0.25, -0.18), secondary income (-0.01, -0.01), were negatively related and significantly reduced technical inefficiency while coefficient of canoe type (-0.19, -0.16), and gear type (-0.18, -0.09) were negative and significantly reduced Allocative and Economic inefficiency respectively. Marine fisherfolks operation was more efficient than lagoon. However, involvement of aged fishermen in fishing, engagement of most fishermen in secondary occupation decreased efficiency. Capacity of outboard engine, distance covered and size of labour influenced quantity of fish caught by marine fisherfolks