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Item Investigation into the healing properties of walnut (tetracarpidium conophorum) leaf and onion (allium cepa) bulb residues in clarias gariepinus(2013-05) Bello, O. S.; Emikpe, B. O.; olaifa, F. E.The study evaluated the effect of dietary inclusion levels of walnut leaf (WL) and onion bulb (OB) residues on dermal wound healing of Clarias gariepinus. The experiment was carried out in 9 experimental tanks (1.8 m x 2 m x 1.2 m) for 14 days. Nine experimental diets were formulated at 40% crude protein representing the following inclusion levels: Control (0%), OB2 (0.5%), OB3 (1.0%), OB4 (1.5%), OB5 (2.0%), WL6 (0.5%), WL7 (1.0%), WL8 (1.5%) and WL9 (2.0%). Fish (mean weight of 1kg) were fed twice daily at 3% body weight. Percentage healing and daily healing rate on lateral and caudal parts of the male and female Clarias gariepinus were investigated at 0, 7 and 14 days. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at P < 0.05. The results demonstrated that the fish fed with walnut leaf and onion bulb residues showed better performance than the control. Dermal wound healing of Clarias gariepinus was better on lateral and caudal parts (100%, 14.29; 100%, 14.29) in WL 8 compared to the control (98%, 14.00; 80%, 11.43) respectively. The results obtained showed that the male Clarias gariepinus had better healing compared to the female (100%, 14.29; 82%, 11.71), respectively. Diets with walnut leaf and onion bulb residues had wound healing properties and they could be use in fish farming. Also, the inclusion of 1.5% of walnut leaf residue in fish feed promotes wound healing in Clarias gariepinusItem Potentials of walnut (tetracarpidium conophorum Mull. Arg) leaf and onions (allium cepa linn) bulb extracts as antimicrobial agents for fish(Academic Journals, 2013-05) Bello, O. S.; Olaifa, F. E.; Emikpe, B. O.; Ogunbanwo, S. T.The zone of inhibition varied with the bacteria and type of extract. The average diameter of inhibition zones was 10 ± 0.00 and 9 ± 0.02 mm for methanolic and ethanolic extracts of walnut leaves and onion bulbs, respectively. Staphylococcus aureus, B. subtilis and P. aeruginosa were most sensitive to the extracts. However, S. aureus was more sensitive to the extracts of walnut leaves and S. typhi was the least sensitive. Bacillus subtilis was more sensitive to the extracts of onion compared to E. coli which was the least sensitive. Minimum inhibitory concentration of walnut leaves and onion bulbs extracts on the bacteria tested were both 500 ìg/ml. The results indicated that walnut leaves and onion bulbs had antibacterial activity on the tested organisms and showed their prospects for their use in the treatment of fish diseasesItem The protective effect of walnut (tetracarpidium conophorum) leaf and onion (allium cepa) bulb residues on the experimental pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in clarias gariepinus juveniles(African Union, 2012) Bello, O. S.; Emikpe, B. O.; olaifa, F. E.The study assessed the effect of Walnut Leaf (WL) and Onion Bulb (OB) residues on disease resistance of Clarias gariepinus juveniles against infection with the bacteria pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Clarias gariepinus juveniles were fed with diets containing 0 (control), OB2 (0.5%), OB3 (1.0%), OB4 (1.5%), OB5 (2.0%), WL6 (0.5%), WL7 (1.0%), WL8 (1.5%) and WL9 (2.0%). Biochemical (serum total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin: globulin ratio) and haematological indices of the fish were investigated. Fish were exposed to 0.5ml of 107 Pseudomonas aeruginosa of 24h old culture with the percentage mortality and relative level of protection recorded for 4 weeks post – infection. The results demonstrated that the fish fed with treated diets showed increased in biochemical and haematological indices (P<0.05) compared with the control. The challenge infection showed an improvement from treated groups with percentage mortalities and relative level of protection highest in WL8 (3.33%, 90%) and OB2 (3.33%, 90%) and least (33.33%, 0%) in control respectively. The results suggest that walnut leaf residue at 1.5% inclusion for one month could be a potential, less expensive and promising dietary supplement that would positively affect growth, haematology and make C. gariepinus more resistant to Pseudomonas aeruginosaItem The effect of walnut (tetracarpidium conophorum) leaf and onion (allium cepa) bulb residues on the tissue bacteriological changes of clarias gariepinus juveniles(2012) Bello, O. S.; Olaifa, F. E.; Emikpe, B. O.; Ogunbanwo, S. T.In this study, the effect of walnut leaf (WL) and onion bulb (OB) residues on tissue bacteriology of Clarias gariepinus juveniles by dietary intake was investigated. Nine experimental diets: control (0%), OB2 (0.5%), OB3 (1.0%), OB4 (1.5%), OB5 (2.0%), WL6 (0.5%), WL7 (1.0%), WL8 (1.5%) and WL9 (2.0%) were formulated and replicated thrice at 40% crude protein. Fish (mean weight 7.4±0.02g) were fed twice daily at 3% body weight for 12 weeks. Microbiological analyses of water and fish (skin, gill, intestine and liver) and organ index (liver, spleen, kidney and heart) were investigated. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at p=0.05. Results of enterobacteriacea and total viable count from this study revealed that bacterial loads on the water and fish of the experimental tanks were more affected by A. cepa and T. conophorum than the control for 4, 8 and 12 weeks and were significantly different (P<0.05) from the control. The values decreased in treated groups as the levels of inclusion (0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0%) increased and as the months increased. Also, organ index showed that the liver, heart, kidney and spleen were not significantly increased in all the treated groups and the control. The results suggest that walnut leaf and onion bulb residues inclusion in the diet of Clarias gariepinus could be a potential, less expensive and promising dietary supplementation that would positively influence growth, reduce and prevent bacterial infections in fish culture.Item The body weight changes and gut merphometry of clarias gariepinus juveniles on feeds supplemented with walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum) leaf and onions (allium cepa) bulb residues(2012) Bello, O. S.; Emikpe, B. O.; olaifa, F. E.This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of walnut (T. conophorum) leaf and onion (A. cepa) bulb on the gut morphometry of Clarias gariepinus towards elucidating its mechanism of growth promotion. Twenty Clarias gariepinus juveniles (7.390.29g/ fish) were allocated to nine treatments, with three replicates each. Nine experimental diets were formulated at 40% crude protein representing different level of walnut leaf and onion bulb (0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0%) respectively and the control diet was free from walnut leaf and onion bulb and were fed twice daily at 3 % body weight for 12 weeks. Growth indices like Mean Weight Gain (MWG), Specific Growth Rate (SGR), Feed Intake (FI) and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) were measured. Gut morphormetry such as villi length, villi width and cryptal depth were investigated. Data were analyzed using linear regression, descriptive statistics and ANOVA at p= 0.05. Results showed that weight gain and specific growth rate of Clarias gariepinus increased with increasing level of walnut leaf and onion bulb residues. The highest weight gain (53.815.85), specific growth rate (1.090.11), feed conversion ratio (2.160.02) was observed with 1.5% inclusions of walnut leaf residue diets. Although, FCR and SGR were not significantly different (p>0.05) among the treatments, the treated groups had better area of absorption and cryptal depth compared to the control. Treatment with 1.5% inclusion of walnut leaf residue recorded highest villi length and villi width and treatment with 1.5% inclusion of onion bulb recorded highest cryptal depth (30.000.00). These results indicate that using walnut leaf and onion bulb as a supplement in plant –based diets may be useful in improving feed acceptability and growth performance of cultured C. gariepinus fed low cost, plant – based diets and it was concluded that walnut (T. conophorum) leaf at 1.5% inclusion in the diet of Clarias gariepinus improved body weight gain, feed conversion ratio by increasing the absorptive capacity through increased villi length, villi width and cryptal depthItem The effect of walnut (tetracarpidium conophorum) leaf and onion (allium cepa) bulb residues on the growth performance and nutrient utlization of clarias gariepinus juveniles(Canadian Center of Science and Education, 2012) Bello, O. S.; Olaifa, F. E.; Emikpe, B. O.; Ogunbanwo, S. T.Feeding trial were conducted in experimental tanks (50 x 34 x 27 cm) to assess the growth responses and nutrient utilization of Walnut Leaf (WL) and Onion Bulb (OB) residues in Clarias gariepinus. Nine experimental diets: control (0%), OB2 (0.5%), OB3 (1.0%), OB4 (1.5%), OB5 (2.0%), WL6 (0.5%), WL7 (1.0%), WL8 (1.5%) and WL9 (2.0%) were formulated and replicated thrice at 40% crude protein. Fish (mean weight 7.39±0.02 g and length 10.37±1.24 cm) were fed twice daily at 3% body weight for 12 weeks. Mean Weight Gain (MWG), Specific Growth Rate (SGR) and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) were measured. Temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH were determined using standard methods and economic analysis was investigated. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at p=0.05. Results showed that the Fish on OB and WL residue- based diets had higher growth than those on control diet but C. gariepinus fed WL8 had significantly higher MWG, SGR and FCR of 53.81±1.20 g, 1.09±0.11 g and 2.16±0.01 respectively of all treatments. The values of temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH were closely related and were still within the range for fish culture in the tropics. WL8 had higher profit index (1.40) and incidence of cost (0.032) and the least in OB5 (1.18) (0.039) respectively. These suggest that walnut leaf residue at 1.5% inclusion could be a potential, less expensive and promising dietary supplementation than onion bulb residue and control that would positively affect growth and water quality of Clarias gariepinus in aquacultureItem Effect of differently processed African yam beans (sphenostylis stenocarpa harms) on performance of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) juveniles(Society for Isreali Aquaculture, 2011) Olaifa, F. E.; Bello, O. S.A 12-week feeding trial was conducted in 27-cm3 circular plastic tanks (50 × 34 cm) to assess the performance of juvenile African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed diets containing African yam bean meals (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) processed by different techniques. Five 35% crude protein diets were formulated containing no yam bean meal (control) or 34% fishmeal and 66% yam bean meal. The yam bean meals were processed in four manners: (a) ‘cooked’, sun-dried, and ground, (b) ‘toasted’, cooled, and ground, (c) ‘soaked’, cooked, sun-dried, and ground, (d) soaked, ‘dehulled’, cooked, and ground. Each treatment was replicated thrice, each replicate contained 15 fish (3.97±0.03 g, 8.70±0.97 cm). Fish were fed thrice daily at 5% of their body weight per day. Fish fed the control diet perfomed better (p<0.05) than those fed the diets containing yam bean meal. Among the diets containing yam bean meal, the ‘soaking’ treatment produced the best results. In all diets, the packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, red blood cell count, white blood cell count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, lymphocytes, and neutrophils were within the ranges for healthy fish. Therefore, since the differences in fish performance between the control and the ‘soaked’ diet were less than with other yam bean diets, and because this diet was more cost-efficient than the control fishmeal diet, we conclude that soaked, cooked, and ground African yam beans can partially replace fishmeal in diets for African catfish without compromising growth or nutrient utilizationItem Growth performance of clarias gariepinus juveniles on cocoa pod husk-supplemented diets(Alexandra von Humboldt Stiftung Foundation Bonn, Germany, 2010) Olaifa, F. E. A.; Amamdikwa, I. M.; Bello, O. S.An experiment was undertaken to determine the effect of boiling of cocoa pod husk and levels of inclusion that will positively affect the growth rate of Clarias gariepinus, a major species of importance cultured in Nigeria. Cocoa Pod husk is a by-product of cocoa industry often discarded as Waste. This study was to assess the effect of incorporation of boiled Cocoa pod husk into the diets of C .gariepinus juveniles. One hundred and thirty juvenile fish (3.35 g initial mean weight) were randomly allocated to five treatments each having two replicates. Two batches of cocoa pod husk were treated differently: the first batch was beaten to smaller pieces, sun dried and ground to fine powder, while the second batch was boiled for 30 minutes in water at100oC, sun dried and ground to fine powder. These were done in an attempt to reduce the anti nutritional factor, theobromine an alkaloid present in the CPH. The experimental diets consisted of 0% cocoa pod husk (control), 10% CPH (the best diet in a previous experiment), other treatment consisted of boiled cocoa pod husk at 10,15 and 20% levels of inclusion representing treatments 1 to 5 respectively. The experimental diets were formulated to contain 36% crude protein and fish were fed at 4% of their body weight thrice dally for 8 weeks. At the end of the trials the experimental diets were analyzed for their proximate composition, growth performance and nutrient utilization. From the result of the experiment, 10% of boiled CPH showed the best results (p<0.05) in terms of weight gain, protein efficiency ratio and feed intake of C. gariepinus juveniles. Therefore 10% inclusion of CPH was recommended for inclusion in diets of C. gariepinus juveniles. However further research should be carried out on other processing conditions of cocoa pod husk that will allow higher inclusion and efficient utilization by fish.Item PERFORMANCE AND ANTIMICROBIAL POTENTIALS OF ONION (Allium cepa Linn) BULB AND WALNUT (Tetracarpidium conophorum Mull. Arg) LEAF IN THE DIET OF Clarias gariepinus Burchell, 1822(2014) Bello, O. S.High cost of conventional feedstuffs and competition between livestock and fish for ingredients necessitate research into low cost, non-conventional feedstuffs for profitable fish farming. In aquaculture, the emphasis is on producing feeds that promote growth and health of fish. There is scanty documentation of the potential of onion (Allium cepa) bulbs and walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum) leaves in fish production. The growth performance of Clarias gariepinus on diets containing Onion Bulb (OB) and Walnut Leaf (WL) and their antibacterial activities were therefore investigated. Growth experiments, replicated 3 times with 20 fish per replicate, were carried out for 18 weeks on C. gariepinus juveniles. Experimental diets composed of control (0%), OB2 (0.5%), OB3 (1.0%), OB4 (1.5%), OB5 (2.0%), WL6 (0.5%), WL7 (1.0%), WL8 (1.5%) and WL9 (2.0%) were fed twice daily at 3% body weight. Mean Weight Gain (MWG), Specific Growth Rate (SGR) and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) were measured. Also, Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Haemoglobin (Hb), Total Protein (TP), Amino Alanine Transferase (ALT) and Aspartate Amino Transferase (AST) contents were determined using standard methods. Antibacterial activities and inhibition of diameter of ethanol and methanol extracts of OB and WL were evaluated against four clinical strains of bacteria isolates from C. gariepinus and Oreochromis niloticus using agar well diffusion method. Microbial loads of water and fish tissues (skin, gill, intestine and liver) were determined using American Public Health Association (APHA) methods. Clarias gariepinus juveniles were innoculated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 5.0x10-6cfu/mL intraperitoneally and fed the different diets to assess their Level of Protection (LP). Wound (1cm2) was created on lateral and caudal parts of the C. gariepinus and percentage Dermal Wound Healing (DWH) was investigated using standard methods. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at p=0.05 Fish on OB and WL based diets had higher growth rates than the control diet but C. gariepinus fed WL8 had significant higher MWG, SGR and FCR of 53.81±1.20g, 1.09±0.11g and 2.16±0.01 respectively. The PCV (34.5±0.7%), Hb (10.65±0.07g/dL), TP (5.70±0.99g/dL), ALT (22.50±3.40 μ/L) and AST (139.00±9.90 μ/L) in WL were significantly higher than those of OB. The OB and WL extracts had inhibition zones of 10±0.01mm and 12±0.01mm diameter respectively against P. aeruginosa; 11±0.00mm and 11±0.01mm diameter against Pseudomonas fluorescens; 11±0.01mm and 13.5±0.01mm diameter against Staphylococcus aureus. Microbial loads in water (log10cfu/mL) 4.37±0.02, skin, gill, intestine and liver (log10cfu/g) were 3.35±0.05, 3.20±0.06, 3.27±0.04 and 3.25±0.07 respectively in fish on WL diets. These values were significantly lower than the corresponding values for OB. The LP against P. aeruginosa were higher in WL8 (90%) and OB2 (90%) than uninnoculated fish. The DWH of C. gariepinus was better on lateral and caudal parts (100%, 100%) in WL8 compared to the control (98%, 80%) respectively. Fish fed with onion bulb and walnut leaf diets had improved mean weight gain, specific growth rate and feed conversion ratio, and were more resistant to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection