scholarly works
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Item The growth performance and survival of Clarias gariepinus fry raised in homestead concrete tanks(Academic Journals Inc., 2012) Olukunle, O.Fertilizer application in earthen ponds has been used as a low-cost method of sustainable aquaculture production. This study was carried out to investigate the growth response of African catfish fry, Clarias gariepinus in three different culture media in homestead concrete tanks. The water in the control (T1) was not treated while T2 and T3 were treated with poultry droppings and soy bean milk filtrate, respectively. Nine hundred catfish fry weighing averagely 0.67-0.69 g were randomly allocated to the 3 treatments in equal number. In each tank (2x3x1.5 m) were suspended, 3 net cages each of dimension, 1x1x1 m containing 100 fry. The fish in tank 1 (control treatment) were fed fish meal from the start at 5% of their body weight and four times daily. The other treatments were not fed at all for the first 7 days. Feeding with fishmeal commenced for treatments T2 and T3 on the next 8-14 day. The weights of the feed were adjusted after weekly weighing of the culture media for phytoplankton composition. The best weight increase was recorded in T1 (2.33 g). The highest survival rate was in T3 (98%). Treatment T3 (11.56±1.14x103) generated higher concentrations of most of identified zooplanktons than treatments T1 (5.39±0.73x103) and T2 (12.78±0.98x103). These zooplanktons were absent in treatments T1 and T2. The result indicates that fertilizing the culture medium using soybean milk filtrate or poultry droppings improved the growth and of C. gariepinus.Item Effect of partial replacement of soybean meal with jackbean (Canavalia ensiformis) as an alternative plant protein in the practical diets of cat fish (Clarias gariepinus)(2015) Olukunle, O. A.; Oshoke, O. J.; Idowu, O. G.This study assessed the potentials of Jackbean seed meal (JBSM) for partial replacement of soybean in diets of Clarias gariepinus. Hence, five diets were formulated at 40% crude protein level as Soybean in control diet (CD) was replaced progressively at (5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) by JBSM in test diets TD1, TD2, TD3, TD 4 respectively. The Jackbean seeds were treated by dehulling, soaking in ash and followed by boiling to reduce the anti nutritional content (canavanine) present in the seeds. Fifteen plastic tanks of (37 liters) containing 25 liters of water was used for growth trial. Each treatment contained 15 fingerlings with an average weight of 6.44 ± 0.1g in three replicates per treatment. Test fish in each tank were fed 5% of their biomass twice daily for 84days. At the end of the experiment proximate composition and growth parameters were analyzed. Result showed that fish fed TD 1 (5% inclusion level) and TD2 (10% inclusion level) compared favourably with the control diet (P ? 0.05). Fish fed control diet had the best specific growth rate (0.54) and feed efficiencies (Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER)= 0.41 and (Food Conversion Ratio, FCR= 6.57). However, considering the results of the statistical analysis used to compare the difference between the means of the different treatment, TD1 (5% inclusion level) compared most favourable with the control in terms of mean weight gain (8.87), specific growth rate (0.39) which was significantly different (P ? 0.05) from other treatments, PER from CD, TD3 and TD4 which are not significantly different (P ? 0.05) from TD2, and FCR (9.41) which was not significantly different (P ? 0.05) from CD but significantly different (P ? 0.05) from TD2, TD3 and TD4. From the results of this study, it shows that 5% of soybean in the diet can be replaced with JBMS without any adverse effect on the growth performance.Item Toxicity of calcium hypochlorite on fingerlings of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)(Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Ibadan, 2014) Kolawole, A. S; Olukunle, O.The toxicity of calcium hypochlorite (containing 65% chlorine disinfectant) was investigated on fingerlings of Clarias gariepinus. Fish of mean weight of 5.5 ± 0.8g and total length of 7.8 ± 0.5cm were exposed to various concentrations (0.00, 0.011, 0.033, 0055 and 0.077 mg/I) of calcium hypochlorite resulting in residual chlorine of(0.00, 0.002, 0.006, 0.010 and 0.014 mg/l respectively) for 12, 24, 48 and 96h, adopting a static bioassay technique. The water quality, tolerance and behavioural responses, haematological and histopathological parameters of fingerlings of Clarias gariepinus were monitored and measured using standard methods. Blood samples were obtained from the caudal circulation and used for the measurement of Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Haemogolobin level (Hb), Red and white Blood cell count. Erratic swimming, excited competitive movements and gasping for air at the surface were the behavioural changes observed with increase in time of exposure and concentration of the chemical. The water quality parameters were measured during and after the experiment. Significant differences were observed. The PCV showed significant (P<0.05) decrease in values between 25% and 20% in all concentrations compared to the control value of 29% at 96h exposure. Haemoglobin levels were similarly significantly (P<0.05) lowered from the control value of 8.3g/dL to 6.7g/dL in the varying concentrations with increase in time of exposure. Deteriorating changes were observed in the liver, gill and brain of fingerlings of C. gariepinus exposed to calcium hypochlorite with increase in both concentration and time of exposure. It is therefore concluded that treated municipal water supply which usually contains residual chlorine of 0.20ppm is not suitable for aquaculture. It is recommended that the water should be exposed to light between 24 to 48 hours in order to allow for the evaporation of the residual chlorine present in it if it must be used at all. Calcium hypochlorite should not be used indiscriminately in aquaculture systems.Item Haematological changes of Clarias gariepinus juveniles fed different dietary lipid(Fisheries Society of Nigeria, 2012) Oshoke, J. O.; Olukunle, O. A.; Ajayi, A. I.; Dasuki, Saulawa, L. A. A.Twelve weeks feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of different dietary lipid sources on the hematological changed in Clarias gariepinus juveniles, 6 iso-nitroginous diets were formulated at 45% CP and fed to triplicate groups of 15 juveniles. The feed contained (Palm Seed Oil (PSO), Ugwu Seed (USO), Soya Bean Oil (SBO), Almond Seed Oil (ASO), Mixture Of All the vegetable oil + the fish oil (MOA) and Cod Liver Oil (CLO) which is the control. The oils were added at 5% inclusion level respectively. Fish of mean weight 22.83+ 0.30g were fed these experimental diets in triplicate groups. The hematological analyses of fish showed that the red blood cell, white blood cell, Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), Mean cell volume (MCV), Mean cell Haemoglobin (MCH) and packed cell volume were not significantly different (p<0.05), but haemoglobin concentration and Mean cell haemologlobin concentration (MCHC) were significantly different (p>0.05). The present study showed that PSO, USO, ASO, SBO and MOA can effectively replace cod liver oil without compromising the health of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus.Item Effects of maize cob on fish feed floatation, nutrient utilization and growth performance of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fingerlings(Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 2011) Olukunle, O.; Yusuf, O.This study was carried out to determine the effects of maize cob on fish feed floation, growth performance and nutrient utilization of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings as a replacement for wheat bran. Triplicate groups of 30 fish per treatment were stocked in 3 plastic bowls each containing 15 litres of water. The initial average weight of fish was 2.43 ± 0.01. The fish were fed with 5 different test diets. The control contained 100% wheat bran (treatment 1). The wheat bran was partially replaced with 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% maize cob in treatment 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively. The treatments were fed to each group of experimental fish at 3% body weight. The feeding trial lasted for six weeks and the growth performance were recorded weekly. There were significant differences in most of the growth performance measured. The mean weight gain of the treatment 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 were 1.54g, 1.75g, 2.15g, 1.24g and 1.22g respectively. The fish fed treatment 3 had the highest percentage weight gain (PWG) value of 88.48% while those fed treatment 5 had the lowest value of 50.21%. The highest specific growth rate (SGR) was observed in fish fed treatment 3 (0.47), followed by treatment 2(0.33), treatment 1(0.23), treatment 4(0.15) and treatment 5(0.10) respectively. Fish fed treatment 3 had the highest protein efficiency ratio (PER) of 0.038 and the lowest was observed in treatment 5(0.026). The feed conversion ratio observed in treatment 5 was significantly higher than those fed with other treatments and the lowest was observed in treatment 3. There were significant differences in the nutrient utilization amongst the treatments at P<0.05. Treatments 1 and 3 had 20% floatability at the end of 10 minutes while treatment 2 had 10% floatability, treatment 4 and 5 had 0% floatability at the end of 10 minutes. This experiment shows that 20% inclusion level of maize cob has a greater potential as a partial replacement for wheat bran. This was because fish fed treatment 3(20% inclusion) had the highest growth parameters followed by treatment 2, treatment 1, treatment 4 and treatment 5 respectively. However fish fed treatment 3 and treatment 2 were observed to have better growth indices than the control treatment while the fish fed treatment 5 performed poorest. This further confirmed the better potential of maize cob over wheat bran which is commoner in Nigerian market.Item Growth performance and nutrient utilization of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fingerlings fed diets with differently fermented sesame seed (Sesame indicus)(Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 2011) Olukunle, O.; Onuegbu, C. G.An experiment was conducted to assess the Growth Response (GR) and Nutrient Utilization (NU) of differently processed fermented sesame seed (Sesame inducum) in the diets of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings. Three categories of Sesame Seed (SS) (undehulled, dehulled and prepressed) were fermented at room temperature. Their phytic acid and tannin content were determined pre and post fermentation. Four diets were then formulated at 40%, Crude Protein level; Diet 1 (control with 0% SS inclusion); Deit 2, Undehulled Fermented SS 25% inclusion); Diet 3 Dehulled fermented SS 25% (dehulled fermented SS 25%inclusion), and diet 4 (prepressed fermented SS 25% inclusion). These diets were fed to the fish at 3% of their body weight, two times daily for 8 weeks. Each treatment had three (3) replicates, with 10 individual fish average initial weight of 1.62g. At the end of the experiment, fish carcass (whole body) were analysed for proximate composition. Result showed that fish fed Diet 1 which is the control had the best growth performance and nutrient utilization values while fish fed Diet 2 had the poorest values for these parameters. Among the differently fermented sesame seed diets, Diet 4 had the best Growth Performance (GP) and Nutrient Utilization (NU) indicies. The Specific Growth rate and the Food Conversion Ratio of Diet 1 were better and significantly (p<0.05) different from the fermented sesame seed based diets while the protein intake of all the diets were not significantly (P<0.05) different from each other. The dehulled and prepressed based diets showed appreciable increase in GP and NU values when compared to other sesame seed fermented based diets. This observation was adjudged to be due to the reduction of tannin content from 0.066% (initial) to 0.056, 0.035 and 0.024% respectively and for phytic acid from 0.248% (initial) to 0.236, 0.216 and 0.187% in undehulled, dehulled and Prepressed Sesame Seed (PSS) based diets respectively. Fermented (PSS) based diet performed significantly (P<0.05) best when compared with other fermented sesame seed based diets, due to the fact that prepressing of the seed further reduced the concentration of the antinutritional factor.Item Hormonal and haematological responses of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822) to nitrite toxicity(Medwell Journals, 2007) Ajani, F.; Olukunle, O. A.; Agbede, S. A.Study on hormonal and haematological responses of Clarias gariepinus to nitrite toxicity was carried out to know the magnitude of the effects of this stressor on fish physiology. Haematological responses of C. gariepinus to sub-lethal levels of nitrite (0.1 g L-1) at different exposure h (0, 6, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h) were carried out. Blood samples of C. gariepinus were collected at each exposure h and evaluated for primary and secondary stress indicators. Data obtained were subjected to simple descriptive analysis, analysis of variance and Pearson Product Moment correlation analysis. When exposed to nitrite, there was progressive increase in plasma cortisol level of C. gariepinus from 0 h (101.00± 0.10 ng dL-1) to 48 h (161.00± 1.20 ng dL-1), this later decreased at 72 h (107.00±1.60 ng dL-1), it increased in 96 h to 136.00±1.00 ng dL-1. PCV and Hb were elevated after 6 h of exposure and decreased significantly (p<0.05) at 48, 72 and 96 h of exposure in fish exposed to sub-lethal level of nitrite. From the value of 3.69±0.01 106/l recorded at 0 h, RBC level decreased significantly (p<0.05) at 6 h, this was followed by significant increase (p<0.05) at 24 h. The RBC value later decreased gradually to 2.20±0.56 106 L-1 at 96 h. The study shows that hormonal and haematology balances of C. gariepinus was affected on short term exposure to nitrite toxicity.Item Growth changes associated with feeding Clarias gariepinus with mouldy feeds(TAPAS Institute of Scienctific Research and Development, 2007) Aworh, M. K. F.; Alaka, O. O; Olukunle, O.; Olabode, H. O. K.This study was undertaken to determine the effects of consumption of mouldy feeds on the growth of the African catfish CIarias gariepinus. Forty-five juvenile fishes were maintained on mouldy feed ration while another forty-five served as controls. The control fishes remained healthy and steadily gained weight, reaching about 68% of their starting weight on the last day of the feeding trial. The test fishes in all the groups showed a significant decrease in weight gain comparable to the control fishes by the 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's multiple range test at 95% confidence interval (p<0.05). The study showed that feeding mouldy rations to Clarias gariepinus would result in decrease weight gain. This could be associated with the fact that many fungi elaborate mycotoxins and potent anti nutritional factors. Wholesome, dry and freshly compounded rations is advocated for intensively managed fishes.Item Nutritive potential of sweet potatoes peel meal and root replacement value for maize in diets of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) advanced fry(Scientific Research Public Company, 2006) Olukunle, O.This study was carried out to evaluate the potential of Sweet Potato Peel (SPP) meal as a cheaper replacement for maize in the diet of Clarias gariepinus. Triplicate groups of 20 fish per plastic tank with average weight of 0.64±0.1 g per fish were fed four (4) diets, which were formulated to contain graded levels of sweet potato peel meal replacing 0, 25, 50 and 75 % of maize. The feeding trial lasted 6 weeks. The results showed that the diets did not significantly (p<0.05) affect fish performance within the treatments. Percentage Weight Gain (PWG) was 101.54% in fish fed with the control diet (0% sweet potato peel meal). The highest (PWG) of 150.77% was recorded in fish fed diets containing 25% sweet potato peel meal followed by a consistent decrease in PWG with increasing inclusion of sweet potato peels meal. However, diets containing 25, 50 and 75% SPP meal performed better than the control experiment with PWG of 150.77, 132.31 and 127.6%, respectively. The highest Feed Conversion Efficiency (FCE) was observed in the diet containing 25% SPP meal. A steady decrease in FCE was observed with increasing inclusion of SPP meal at 50 and 75%. Meanwhile, all the diets with SPP meal inclusion performed better than the control diet containing 0% SPP. The data indicated that Clarias gariepinus effectively tolerated diets containing sweet potato peel meal at low levels of concentration while fish growth performance and utilization decreased with increase in the sweet potato peel meal inclusion. The SPP meal based diets were cheaper than the control diet. The consequent better FCE and PWG of fish fed SPP diets showed that cost can be reduced while maintaining a high yield.Item Evaluation of haematological responses of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822) to ammonia and nitrite levels in some selected fish farms in ibadan, Nigeria(2005) Ajani, F.; Olukunle, O. A.; Olaniran, T. S.This study evaluated the levels of ammonia and nitrite in Clarias gariepinus in some selected fish farms in Ibadan. Twelve active fish farms were selected on the basis of their cultural practices and environments: extensive 4 each from semi-intensive and intensive systems. Ammonia and nitrite levels and their sources to the farms were studied. Blood samples of randomly selected 20 C gariepinus were collected in each of these farms and evaluated for primary and secondary stress indicators. The mean PCV (37.1 ±7.3%), WBC (3.4 ± 3.21 103/mm3) of fish samples from farms with semi intensive system were the highest (P<0.05) when compared with the other culture systems. The mean values of plasma cortisol (70.29 ± 8.9ng/dl), plasma sodium (134.6 ± 8.0mg/dl), plasma chloride (104.7± 4.0ng/dt) and plasma glucose (88.9 ± 33.6mM) recorded in semi-intensive system were the highest and were significantly different (P<0.05) from values obtained from the other culture systems. Haematological and hormonal balances of adult C. gariepinus were affected under short-term exposure to nitrite and ammonia toxicity in culture environment.
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