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Item Effect of utilising different concentrations of food grade vinegar as preservative on the quality of beef(2022) Apata, E. S.; Adegoke, M. A.; Apata, O. C.; Olugbemi, M. T.; Ogungbayi, G. B.; Okolosi, J. E.The influence of different concentrations of food grade vinegar as preservative on beef quality was evaluated in this study. Five levels of vinegar concentrations were tested and each constituted a treatment viz: T0 = (control) Freezer, T1 = 5%, T2 = 4%, T3 = 3%, T4 = 2%, and T5 = 1%. 1.5kg beef was purchased, chilled at 4oC for 24 hours, and apportioned to 6 parts of 250g per treatment. Beef samples were injected with vinegar (25 ml) in each treatment using a hypodermic needle and syringe and were immersed in same concentration in plastic containers and preserved for 14 days. The results indicated that vinegar concentrations significantly (p<0.05) affected beef quality fac-tors especially beef in T3 (3%) which furnished lower values of detrimental physical factors; cooking loss (12.23), thermal shortening (5.20) and drip loss (10.40), lipid oxidation mPV (0.11), TBA (0.22), microbial load TVC (4.60), TCC (3.29), TFC (2.38) and TAC (3.43) relative to other levels of vinegar concentrations. The same treatment (T3) elicited higher, cooking yield (87.77), raw meat colour (6.00), protein (20.47), flavour (6.70), texture (6.87) and overall acceptability (7.67) in comparison with other treatments of vinegar. It was recommended therefore; 3% vinegar could be utilized to preserve beef since it enlisted high shelf-life quality factors and acceptability.Item Acceptability of processed tiger nut (cyperpus esculentus) milk by visitors in Agodi gardens of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria(2021-12) Apata, O. C.; Rabiu, Z. O.; Alab,i R. A.; Muh’d Bashir-Adeshina, S. B.The acceptability of processed tiger nut (Cyperpus esculentus) milk by visitors to Agodi Gardens, Ibadan was assessed. Tiger nut was mechanically processed into milk, packaged in plastic sample bottles and presented to 70 selected visitors in the garden. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics, multiple regression and Spearman correlation at a0.05. The results revealed that most respondents were female (54.3%), single (65.7%), and possessed tertiary education (86.6%). Majority (72.1%) were aware of tiger nut milk, out of which 55.7% have taken it before. The colour of the product was ranked highest (1.60±0.75). This was followed by the ranking of the packaging material (1.77±0.95) and taste (2.14±2.08). The least ranked characteristics were flavour (2.34±1.13) and aroma (2.36±0.95). The overall acceptability (1,86±0.80) of the product was high. Taste, flavour and aroma significantly (p<0.005) influenced overall acceptability. The taste, aroma and flavour of the beverage should be enhanced using fruits like Pineapple, Strawberry, Apple and Orange. Sweetener like Honey or Coconut milk can also be used to enhance the taste and flavour; in order to make it more appealing to the consumers.Item Packaging and acceptability of yam balls (ojojo) among visitors to Agodi gardens in Oyo State, Nigeria(2021-05) Apata, O. C.; Oyewole, A. R.There is a need to enhance and support the implementation of locally made (indigenous) food items and snacks. This can be done by making them more tasty and presentable. Ojojo is a popular delicacy among the Ijebu tribe of south-west Nigeria, and can be regarded as a savory snack/food. It can be referred to as an underutilized snack due to the fact that it is made from water yam which is underutilized in this part of the world. Indigenous and traditional foods/snacks, if property utilized could help to solve the problem of poverty, hunger and malnutrition locally, and as such could be promoted to global level. The research was carried out in Agodi gardens located in Ibadan, Oyo state. One hundred and one copies of structured questionnaires (sensory evaluation form) were administered to respondents within Agodi gardens using convenient sampling to assess the organoleptic characteristics, different packaging and overall acceptability of ojojo. The questionnaires were analyzed using descriptive statistics (charts and percentage) and inferential statistics (spearman correlation, t-test, and multiple linear regression. Result from nutritional/proximate analysis revealed that ojojo contains moisture (51.4%), protein (5.9%), fat (8.5%), ash (2.9%), crude fibre (1.1%) and carbohydrate (30.2%). The organoleptic characteristic showed that 58.4% of the respondents liked the taste of the sample, and the mean distribution showed that taste (x=7.35) ranked highest. The result for the different packaging materials showed that 85.4% liked the sample being served and 61.4% of the respondents' preferred plastic pack compared to other packaging materials. The level of acceptability showed that ojojo was well accepted by the respondents as 86.1% of the visitors had above the score of 6 (liked slightly) in the sensory attributes evaluated. Different packaging materials affected the level of acceptance of ojojo among visitors to Agodi gardens. Also, the nutritional benefits, taste, aroma, and overall packaging are major predictors of overall acceptability of ojojo.Item Proximate composition and microbial characteristics of processed tiger nut milk (cyperus esculentus)(Home Economics Professional Association of Nigeria (HEPAN), 2020-03) Apata, O. C.; Ajayi, O. O.; Adebayo, I. N.This study investigated the proximate and microbial characteristics of processed tiger nut milk. Tiger nut was purchased, processed under standard conditions and subjected to laboratory analysis in triplicates. The result showed that the sample contain 90.7% moisture content. 0.6% crude protein. 2.7% crude fat. 0.1% crude fibre. 0.2% ash and 5.7%> carbohydrate. The microbial toad was found to the higher than the FAO/WHO standard. The pH was found to decrease from 5.5 at preparation to 3.2 after 18 hours. It was concluded that tiger nut milk is a nutritious beverage with high moisture content hut low crude fibre, crude protein, crude fat and ash content. The milk decrease in pH suggested increase in acidity which aids spoilage.Item Food production and service management(Hospitality and Tourism Management Association of Nigeria, Kaduna, Nigeria, 2022) Apata, O. C.Item Wildlife species diversity in oli complex of Kainji Lake National Park, Nigeria(2022) Olajesu, S.O.; Oni, F.L.; Olubode, O.S.The survey of wildlife species diversity is important for management and decision making in Wildlife rks in order to achieve effective conservation. Up-to-date information on the diverse fauna species in Kainji Lake National Park is scarce. Therefore, wild animal species diversity in the National Park was assessed. The line transect and total enumeration count methods were used in the study. Oli Complex was stratified into five line transects laid at 5 km intervals and then a census of wild animals was taken following standard procedures. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Fiftynine taxa were identified with 4,665 individuals enumerated. A total of 24 Mammalia, 24 Avifauna, 8 Reptilia, 1 Amphibia, and 2 Mollusca species were identified. Buffon's kob (Kobus kob kob) was the most abundant (2,019), followed by the Olive baboon (Papio anubis) (963), helmeted Guinea fowl (Numidea melagris) (189), and Red Flanked (RF) duiker (Cephalophus rufilatus) (118). Dominance was low (0.2) with high diversity index (0.8), and low evenness (0.2); that was moderately spread but not equally (0.6) distributed within the study area. Buffon's kob had the highest relative importance index (24.13%), while Guinea fowl had the least (3.27%). Buffon's kob had the highest density (40.38/ km2), followed by Olive baboon (19.26/km2), Guinea fowl (3.78/km2), Roan antelope (3.32/ km2), and Red Flanked duiker (2.36/ km2). Oli Complex of Kainji Lake National Park had a high wildlife diversity and supported a wide range of animal species.Item Human–Bat Relationships in Southwestern Nigerian Communities(2022) Yager, G.O.; Wahab,M.K.A.; Alarape, A.A.; Attah, L.O.Knowledge on the behavioural pattern of fauna species help to maintain good relationship with captive animals. Chimpanzee behavioural pattern differs in many ways with human interactions. The research focused on the effects of tourist participation on Chimpanzee behavior in a captive environment. Fifty copies of Semi-structured questionnaire were administered to the tourist. Chimpanzee activities and interactions with tourists was carried out using standard focal sampling method at 5 minutes interval for 2 days per week for two months. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Mantel-Haenszel χ2 and Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel (CMH) M2 test. The study reveals that majority of the respondents were males (60%) and were first timers who came for the purpose of relaxation and research. The probability of return visit by the respondents was low, due to poor rating of the Zoo. Most of chimpanzee time was spent resting, sitting and standing (29.5%, 23.2% and 17.0%), respectively. The locomotive and display behavioural pattern were statistically significant (p-value = 0.042 and 0.042) at contact and non-contact level. However, there was no statistically difference with the relieve behavioural pattern exhibited by the Chimpanzee, which indicates that, the relieved behaviour observed was independent of non-contact and contact between the Chimpanzee.Item Short note on observation of breeding activities of the lander horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus Landeri- martin, 1837) within an urban area in southwest, Nigeria(2022) Adeyanju, T. E.; Alarape. A.AThis study made observations on breeding activities of the Lander Horseshoe bat in southwest, Nigeria. Bats were captured using mist nets placed in the ground storey at the University of Ibadan, southwest, Nigeria. Forty-two per cent of total R. landeri (n=14) captured in March, 2017 and between February-August, 2019 were breeding either pregnant or with pups. Though distribution of the species is believed to range nationwide, the last report on breeding activity was about forty-six years ago and with a data deficient status; this observation is the first record for the breeding activities of R. landeri on the southwest range ofItem Impact of Anthropogenic Activities on Vegetation Cover and Mammalian Herbivores in Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary, Cross River State, Nigeria(2022) Yager, G.O.; Alarape, A.A.; Onaji, O.J.; Acha, S.Despite the popular perception of protected areas, forest resources are still subject to many forms of anthropogenic activities such as logging, hunting and burning. This necessitates the study on the impact of anthropogenic activities on vegetation cover and mammalian herbivores in Afi mountain wildlife sanctuary. Four communities around the study area namely; Ebok, kakukob, Esekwe and Olum were selected based on proximity to the sanctuary. Data on socio-economic characteristic and anthropogenic activities of the communities were determined using questionnaire. A total of sixty (60) copies of questionnaire, 15 each were distributed to the four communities. Dynamics in vegetation cover for 1985, 2000 and 2021 was determined using landsat imagery. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index. The result revealed that, males (65.0%) were the dominant respondents. The study respondents were in the age bracket between 41-50 years (51.6%) and majority (51.7%) can at least read and write. The result also indicates a drastic decrease in the forest cover as from 1985-2021, owning to increase in activities such as settlement, logging and farming within the sanctuary. Major threats to the vegetation cover and mammalian herbivores survival were farming, logging and illegal hunting. Conservation of the remaining forest resources should be given top priority.Item Diversity and Distribution of Anomalures and Squirrels in Oban Hills of Nigeria(2022) James, K.O.; Emmanuel,T.I.; Abideen, A.A.; Saka,O.J.; Christian ,J.A.K.; Gautam, D.; Xiaofeng, L.The Congolian tropical forest represents the epicenter of biodiversity conservation and squirrel diversity in the Western and Central African region of sub-Saharan Africa. The scientific knowledge gap of squirr el species diversity,distribution and ecology of the region is limited. We investigated anomalure and squirrel richness and diversity in different land-use types in the Oban region, Nigeria between January 2010 and April 2013 to update species baseline information on squirrels. In total we recorded 495 individuals of seven species and six genera representing, Anomaluridae and Sciuridae families, were detected in the Oban Hills Region. The Anomaluridae family accounted for one genus and one species (Anomalurus beecrofti),while the Sciuridae family is represented by the Xerini and Protoxerini tribes in five genera (Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Xerus, Paraxerus, and Protexerus). Encounter rates with five different species revealed that the Protoxerini tribe (FunisciurusanerythrusandHeliosciurusrufobrachium)werethemostfrequentlydetectedacrossallthe land-use types in the region. The high diversity of squirrels detected in the region could be a reflection of its recognition as a biodiversity hotspot. Also,closed-canopy cover had the highest diversity index and evenness recorded than farm fallow. Studies on population monitor in ecology and conservation help species- and site-specific conservation strategies in the region. We conclude that closed-canopy forest has high conservation value, and that management should be initiated where possible to alleviate threats to its continued functioning and effort must be directed towards ascertaining the ecology and biology of squirrel species for effective conservation strategies.
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