Wildlife and Ecotourism Management
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Item The eye of the chiropterologist: phenotypic versus genotypic identification of bats(Wiley, 2025) Dami, F. D.; Adeyanju, T. E.; Chaskda, A. A.; Okpanachi, I. M.; Adeyanju, A. T.; Ezekiel, S. M.; Gwom, T.; Iniunam, I. A.; Hitch, A.; Pam, D. D.; Luka, P.; Weaver, S. C.; Paessler, S.; Cross, R. W.; Shehu, N.Bats are a diverse and ecologically important group of mammals that play critical roles in ecosystems. Accurate identification is necessary to comprehend bat species' ecology and behavior to further the conservation of bats. Both phenotypic and genotypic methods have been used for bat identification, but their relative effectiveness remains unclear in the Afrotropics. This study compared the advantages and limitations of phenotypic and genotypic identification of bats to improve and ensure effective bat species identification. Bats were captured using mist nets within protected and unprotected areas in different vegetation zones in Nigeria. Morphological identification of all captured bats was done using the guide, Mammals of Africa. Genotypic identification was done by extracting genomic DNA and Sanger sequencing of the generated mtDNA PCR amplicons. We then compared the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of the phenotypic to the genotypic outcomes of our identification. We trapped 91 bats, and the phenotypic identification of 90 individual species showed sensitivity ranges between 68% and 100%, except for Glauconycteris spp., whose sensitivity was low (14%). The specificity was generally good for all species > 96%. Phenotypic identification is accurate and reliable for most trapped bat species (Epomorphorus gambianus, Scotophilus spp., Micropteropus pusillus, Rhinolophus spp., Roussettus aegyptiacus, and Chaerephon spp.). However, phenotypic identification reveals its limitations in some bat species such as Banana pipistrellus and Glauconycteris spp., which had more variable results from their genetic characterization. Epomorphorus gambianus and Micropteropus pusillus had no distinct genetic differentiation in their mtDNA. This highlights the importance of using multiple methods for bat identification to ensure the most accurate results.Item Predictors of West African urban bird species richness and composition(Wiley, 2022) Adegbola, F. O.; Ayodele, I. A.; Iwajomo, S. A.; Adeyanju, T. A.Urbanisation and its associated habitat loss and fragmentation are considered a major threat to wildlife. In this study, we assessed the predictors of bird species abundance, richness and composition within 70 cells of 500 m by 500 m spread across the five urban areas constituting Ibadan metropolis. A total of 4167 individuals of 55 species belonging to 30 families were recorded. We report that Laughing dove Streptopelia senegalensis, Speckled pigeon Columba guinea and Yellow-billed kite Milvus aegyptius contributed to a greater proportion of bird abundance across sites and Columbidae was the most abundant bird family. Bird species richness increased significantly with tree abundance but decreased significantly with the number of pedestrians. Similarly, foraging guild richness declined significantly with the number of pedestrians. Granivores and scavengers constituted the most abundant foraging guilds. Areas with high pedestrians' traffic were associated with fewer trees and were dominated by fewer numbers of species belonging to a few foraging guilds. This is likely because such areas offer limited foraging opportunities or cover from potential predators. We conclude that improving urban landscape characteristics through revegetation, establishment of green spaces and buffering from human disturbance will improve the composition and richness of avian species in the Ibadan metropolis.Item Human–Bat Relationships in Southwestern Nigerian Communities(Routledge; Taylor & Francis group, 2023) Adeyanju, T. E.; Alarape, A. A.; Musila, S.; Adeyanju, A. T.; Omotoriogun, T. C.; Medina-Jerez, W.; Yellow, U. E.; Prokop, P.Bat species and their populations are declining globally due to a variety of anthropogenic activities. Human activities, motivated by negative attitudes toward, perceptions of, and poor knowledge and appreciation of these animals, have a major effect on their conservation. Thus, it is important to improve our understanding of bat–human interactions to help design appropriate bat conservation measures. We investigated human–bat interactions in a sample (n =423) of people living around the Omo Forest Reserve and the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture in Southwestern Nigeria. People who considered themselves more vulnerable to disease transmission from bats held more negative perceptions of and beliefs about bats. A major finding in this study suggests that respondents’ perceived vulnerability to diseases from bats did not correlate with destructive behaviors toward bats. Participants with a low level of education intentionally killed more bats than those with a higher level of education. The majority of the participants did not appreciate the role of bats in ecosystems and had a poor understanding of bats’ niche in nature and the resulting benefits for humans. We suggest that positive messages that neutralize superstition and myths and highlight the role of bats in ecosystems are urgently needed. They could lead to behavioral changes that benefit bats.Item Visitors’ perception on avitourism in Finima Nature Park, Bonny Island, Rivers State, Nigeria(Faculty of Agriculture, University of Port Harcourt, 2022) Efenakpo, O. D.; Adeyanju, A. T.; Odunlami, S. S.; Egbochie, C.; Ajayi, O. O.; Uwatt, A.; Shittu, U. A.Although Finima Nature Park (FNP) has over 122 wild birds, it’s best known for its tourism appeal and zero toll gate fees. This study conducted an assessment of the perception of avitourism activities in FNP and determined visitors’ profiles, avian attractions, and challenges to avitourism activities in the park. Random sampling techniques were used to select the respondents. Primary data were obtained with a semi-structured questionnaire, which was administered to 145 park visitors using convenience sampling techniques. In addition, secondary data on birds was collected from the management of FNP. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics at p<0.05. The majority of visitors were students (75.2%), with more than half (52.4%) female and the majority within the age category of 20 years and below (62.8%). Most respondents (86.9%) perceived FNP as having lots of birds. The dry season had more bird sightings, as indicated by 59.3% of the respondents. Habitat destruction (36.6%) was the predominant factor affecting birds. The knowledge of respondents is significantly related to age and religion. The pond for canoe rides (43.5%) ranked as the greatest tourist attraction in the FNP. The majority of the respondents perceived insecurity (84.0%) around the coastal beach as the major challenge faced, and improved security (80.7%) was the highest mitigation needed. The majority of the respondents visited FNP for ecotourism purposes (78.6%), and avitourism (5.5%) was the least popular. However, 74.5% of the respondents perceive that FNP has great potential that is yet untapped.Item Abundance and distribution of woodland Kingfisher (Halcyon senegalensis) in the university of Ibadan, Southwest, Nigeria(Faculty of Agriculture, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, 2022) Olajesu, S. O.; Oni, F. L.; Adeyanju, A. T.; Lasisi, I. G.This study was carried out to assess the abundance and distribution of the woodland kingfisher (Halcyon senegalensis) in the University of Ibadan. Point Count Method was used in the survey. Three landuse types namely, Residential, Aquatic and Forest area were selected, and 15 points were marked with 100 m apart on each area with the aid of GPS. Calls, sightings of bird and the position sited (tree, shrub and grass) were recorded within a 30 m radius for five minutes on each point between (08: 00hrs) and (19:00hrs) for 3weeks using standard procedure. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at α< 0.05. A total of 265 individuals were encountered. Residential area had the highest population of 120 (45.3%), followed by aquatic area 105 (36.6%) and 40 (15.1%) at the forest area. The mean frequency is highest in residential area (7.67), followed by aquatic area (7.00), but least in forest area (2.67). There was significant difference (P<0.01) in the distribution of the Woodland Kingfisher across the different sites. The abundance of Woodland Kingfisher is significantly different from the aquatic landuse type and forest landuse type. However, there was no significant difference between the aquatic area and forest area.Item Avian diversity and abundance in Finima nature park, Bonny Island, Rivers state, Nigeria(Faculty of Agriculture, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, 2021) Bunza, M. S.; Efenakpo, O. D.; Egbochie, C.; Uwatt, A.; Shittu, U. A.; Adeyanju, A. T.; Mukhtar, R. B.; Akupue, I. C.; Abubakar, B. B.Bird species indices for monitoring population trends and bird species habitat association in the Finima Nature Park (FNP) were assessed using line transect method. Nine transects of 2 km each, at an independent distance of 0.02 km were used for the study. Transects were surveyed over five days between 0600hrs and 1200hrs; 1400hrs and 1600hrs and opportunistically at night. All birds sighted or heard were recorded and identified to species with the aid of Helms field guide to birds of western Africa and collection of African bird calls. Bird species abundance, richness, diversity, evenness, and Sorenson’s index of similarity were deduced. A total of 1479 individuals belonging to 93 species and classified into 35 families were recorded. Pluvialis squatarola (20.89%) and Sternula balaenarum (13.52%) were the highest occurring birds. Ardeidae (9) and Scolopacidae (8) had the highest numbers of species represented at FNP. Among the birds sighted in the study, Necrosyrtes monachus is found to be Critically Endangered (CR); Sternula balaenarum to be Vulnerable (VU); and Numenius arquata is Near Threatened (NT). A periodic appraisal and protections for the migrant, resident birds, and their habitats is recommended.Item Heavy metal assessment and diversity of wild birds within Marguba range old oyo national park, Nigeria(jfewr Publications, 2022) Ayokunle, D. I.; Adeyanju, A. T.The aim of this analysis was to see how much of a difference there was in terms of four heavy metals that are potentially toxic namely Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb), and Nickel (Ni) among avian species captured in Marguba range of Old Oyo National Par capture the various bird species opportunistically in a variety of habitat types to improve capture of four feeding guilds. The birds captured individuals belong to: Frugivores (3), Granivores (40), Insectivores (46), Nectarivores (2) and IF (both an insectivore and frugivore; 1). Feather samples from each bird captured were examined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). After heating to clarity, sample was purified and appropriately diluted using distilled water concentration for Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Nickel (Ni) and Zinc (Zn) was 0.44, 0.98, 0.58 and 1.06 respectively. Zinc was with the most abundant concentration and then Cd, Ni and lastly Pb ( Cd> Ni>Pb). The nectarivore group recorded the highes concentration recorded were a lot higher than the maximum permissible limit except Cd. The significantly high level of heavy metals found in the avian feathers provides a useful indication that feathers can be used to detect presence of heavy metal contamination, and monitoring remediation of pollution caused by heavy metal in protected area.Item Abundance, roost characteristics and flora dispersed by African straw-colored fruit bat Eidolon Helvum from two sites in Southwest, Nigeria(jfewr Publications, 2021) Oyewo, H. O.; Adeyanju A. T.; Adeyanju T. E.We examined abundance, roost characteristics, and flora dispersed by E. helvum. This study was conducted at two locations which are; University of Ibadan, Oyo and Bowen University Iwo, Osun State. Estimate of bat counts per roost tree were obtained by enumerating the number of clusters on each branch of the tree. Data on ejecta and feaces were collected twice in a week below roost tree for 12 weeks at the two locations, by placing polythene bags in a randomly chosen 1m2. Seventy-One Thousand, Nine Hundred and One (71,901) E. helvum individuals were counted within the observation period on fifty-nine (59) trees comprises twenty (20) species. Funtumia elastica species had the largest percentage ground cover among the roosting trees while Piptadenniastrum africana, Peltophorum pterocarpum, Ceiba pentandra, Mangifera indica roost tree species had largest circumferences. Eidolon helvum feed on the genus "Ficus", identified as "F. mucuso, F. polita, F. exasperata and F. lutea"; Psidium guajava and Carica papaya. The study concluded that Eidolon helvum helps in the dispersal of seedlings commonly of the genus "Ficus", and some edible fruits consumed by humans such as common P. guajava and C. papaya, therefore playing an important role in mediating habitat loss and succession respectively in many peri-urban areas in southwest, NigeriaItem Range extension and first confirmed record of the Flightless Anomalure Zenkerella insignis (Matschie, 1898) (Mammalia: Rodentia: Anomaluridae) in Nigeria(Wildlife Information Liaison Development (WILD) Society, 2020) Adejumo, D. O.; Adeyanju, T. A.; Adeyanju, T. E.Item Contributions of university of Ibadan botanical gradens to Avifauna diversity conservation(Department of Geography and Environmental Studies at Bahir Dar University in Ethiopia, 2020) Lawal, M. F.; Alarappe, A. A.; Adeyanju, T. E.; Onefeli, A. O.; Adeyanju, A. T.Rapid urbanization poses the greatest threat to bird populations due to habitat loss and fragmentation. Managed habitats including nature gardens remain one of the likely areas to host displaced species and serve as secondary habitat options. This depends strongly on floristics and vegetation structure which are strong determinants of bird species distribution. This paper presents a review of bird diversity in the botanical gardens, University of Ibadan, and assesses effect of vegetation parameters on patch utilization within the garden. Point-count method and circular plots were used for bird and vegetation survey. Ten point-counts selected from the upper course and developed section of the garden were visited 37 times each, in the mornings (0630-0930 hrs) and evenings (1600- 1900hrs). Fifty-five (55) bird species belonging to 23 families were recorded. A total of 1344 plants belonging to 69 species were identified within sampling points. There was significant difference in bird richness across points (P<0.05). The patch around point 6 had the highest mean bird richness and plant abundance; showing a possible positive correlation between both factors. A significant relationship between ground cover, litter cover, canopy cover and bird species diversity was observed. Total families of plants identified were thirty-two (32) with Amaranthaceae having the highest frequency (401) while Malvaceae, Polygalaceae and Sapotaceae had the least frequency. Management practices in gardens such as introduction and re-introduction of indigenous plant species, prunning, grass clearing, can potentially affect a gardens' ability to host bird species. Proper understanding on this relationship is vital to sustaining bird populations.