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Evaluation of patties prepared from combination of beef and antelope meat
(Animal Science Association of Nigeria, 2016-09) Apata, E. S.; Eniolorunda, O. O.; Ayantuga, D. T.; Apata, O. C.; Okubanjo, A. O.
This study was carried out in the Meat Science laboratory of the Department of Animal Production, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Yewa Campus, Ayetoro, Ogun State to evaluate patties prepared from beef and antelope meat. Fresh beef and antelope meat of 3kg each were purchased, chilled and allowed to equilibrate to room temperature 27˚C which were ground. Approximately 2.3 kg of each meat type was apportioned into five parts of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 % after mixing the two meat types into 0, 115, 230,345 and 460g of antelope meat. The meat patties samples were cooked using broiling method and cooled at room temperature. Physico- chemical characteristics and organoleptic attributes of the meat product Were determined after cooking. The results revealed that the cooking loss (32.43%) was higher (p< 0,05) at T4 followed by T5 (31.48%) while the patties yield (71.97%) was in TO followed by patties in T2 (70.45%) and T3 (70.35%) respectively. Water holding capacity (WHC) was higher in T2 and T3 (67.00%) and (66.20%) followed by TO with 62.00%, hence lower shear force values of 0.58N, 0.62N and 0.70N. Moisture content (50.90%) was higher (p< 0.05) T1 and T2 (59.15%), protein was higher (p< 0.05) in 75, while fat was least (p<0.05) in T4 (8.25 %) and T5 (8.20%) in cooked patties. Patties in Tl, T2 and T3 with 6.50, 6.80 and 6.62 were accepted mostly as the had higher colour values of 7.25, 6.03 and 6.21. It was observed that inclusion of antelope meat in the patties between 25% and 50% sufficed to provide the nutrients and flavour that consumers needed in meat patties prepared from beef and antelope meat combination in this study. Therefore, antelope meat could be included in meat patties not beyond 50% so that consumers could relish the meat product.
Influence of sex and processing methods on physicochemical and organoleptic quality of rabbit meat
(2012-08) Apata, E. S.; Koleosho, T. S.; Apata, O. C.; Okubanjo, A. O.
The objective of this study was to determine the influence of sex and processing (Cooking) methods on pysicochemical and organoleptic properties of rabbit meat. Thirty-two matured rabbits of different breeds (16 males and 16 females) were used for this study. The rabbits were purchased from Abeokuta and transported to Olabisi Onabanjo University, Yewa Campus, Ayetoro, where this study was conducted. The rabbits were rested for 2 weeks, starved for 16 h, then slaughtered and dressed conventionally. Their carcasses were assigned randomly to four cooking treatments viz: frying, broiling, roasting and stewing. 100 g of meat samples were excised from leg cuts of rabbit carcasses from each treatment and cooked for 20 min after which physical, chemical and sensory attributes of rabbit meat were determined. Data generated were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) for completely randomized design with 4x2 factorial arrangement (P = 0.05). The results showed that cooking loss, thermal shortening and shear force values were higher (P < 0.05) in fried rabbit meat, while water holding capacity and cooking yield were higher (P < 0.05) in stewed rabbit meat. Moisture and protein contents were higher (P < 0.05) in stewed rabbit meat while, they were lower (P < 0.05) in fried rabbit meat. Meat from female rabbits had higher (P < 0.05) proximate component values except nitrogen free extract values that were higher (P < 0.05) in male rabbit meat. The results revealed that colour and flavour scores were higher (P < 0.05) in fried rabbit meat, followed by boiled ones also, fried rabbit meat were accepted more than broiled, roasted and stewed ones. Also, male rabbit meat was highly relished than female rabbit meat in this study. It was suggested therefore, that frying and broiling methods be employed, also male rabbits be preferred if rabbit meat is to be processed since fried and broiled rabbit meat as well as meat from male rabbits were accepted more than these from female rabbits, in this study.
BITUMEN SEEPAGE AND ITS EFFECTS ON BIODIVERSITY IN ONDO STATE, NIGERIA
(2013) OGUNSUSI, KAYODE
Biodiversity enhances capacity of ecosystems to provide food resources and sequestration services of pollutants in soil and water. Bitumen seepage could impact negatively on soil and vegetation, thereby reducing their value. Information on the impact of bitumen seepage on the abundance of biodiversity in Nigeria is scanty. In this study, effects of bitumen seepage on biodiversity were therefore investigated. The study was conducted in bitumen belt of Ondo state for three years, with and without evidence of bitumen seepage in Ode-Irele and Ebute-Irele respectively. Composite samples of soil and foliar tissues of six most commonly occurring plants: Panicum laxum, Panicum maximum, Lycopodium cernuum, Calopogonium mucunoides, Pteridium aquilinium and Centrosema molle were collected from experimental sites and analysed for presence of heavy metals (copper, zinc, lead, chromium, cadmium, nickel and arsenic) using standard procedure. Water samples at depth of 30 cm midstream were collected for physicochemical analysis: (sulphate, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and turbidity analysis) using standard methods. Vegetation cover was sampled using 5m x 5m sample plots for trees ( ≥10 cm diameter at breast height) and shrubs, while 1m x 1m sub-plot was used for herbs. Point count and line transect methods were used to enumerate birds and other wild animals respectively. Flora and fauna diversities on experimental sites in wet and dry seasons were assessed using Shannon-Wiener (H1) and Simpson (D) indices. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and t-test at p=0.05. In soil, significantly lower values of copper (139.6 ± 73.8mg/kg) and zinc (219.7 ± 106.1mg/kg) were in polluted sites compared with values in control. In foliar tissues, higher levels of lead (4.0 ± 0.8mg/kg); chromium (11.9 ± 1.9mg/kg); cadmium (2.2 ± 3.4mg/kg); nickel (21.2 ± 3.0mg/kg); and arsenic (0.4 ± 0.3mg/kg) were average values found in combinations of all the plants considered namely P. laxum, P. maximum, L. cernuum, C. mucunoides, P. aquilinium and C. molle in seepage sites compared with values in control. Water on seepage site had significantly higher values of sulphate (6.0 ± 0.8mg/L), COD (553.6 ± 343.7mg/L), and turbidity (19.3 ± 12.0 NTU) than those in control. Number of different species of shrubs (797.0 ± 198.6/ha), herbs (29999.9 ± 5798.8/ha), birds (14.2 ± 9.3/ha), and terrestrial wildlife (60.3 ± 11.6/ha) in seepage site were significantly lower than that in control [(2799.8 ± 1195.9/ha), (69977.8 ± 18298.9/ha), (49.6 ± 15.6/ha) and (140.3±32.6/ha) respectively]. Raphia longiflora (H1=0.33, D=0.01), Chromolaena odorata (H1=0.52, D=0.05), Ageratum conyzoides (H1=0.44, D=0.02), Cinnamopteryx castaneofuscus (H1=0.56, D=0.06) and Achatina spp (H1=0.68, D=0.18) had highest abundance in the study area. Seasonal abundance of herbs (541,666.7 ± 409899.9/ha), birds (166.4 ± 60.4/ha), and other wild animals (336.7 ± 223.9/ha) on experimental sites in wet season was significantly higher than that of dry season. At the end of the three years study, heavy metals in plants and pollutants in water were high in bitumen seepage area. There were declines in diversities of birds, other wild animals and flora caused by bitumen seepage.

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