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BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISATION OF MUSCOVY AND MALLARD DUCKS IN NIGERIA
(2014) Akinyemi, M. O.; Aina, A. J.; Ewuola, E.O.; Osaiyuwu, O.H.; Ajao, E.O.
Protein polymorphism and alleleic variation were investigated in the blood and egg proteins of the Muscovy and Mallard duck breeds found in Southwestern Nigeria. Four proteins namely haemoglobin, transferrin, carbonic anhydrase, and albumin in the blood and two egg white proteins:ovalbumin and conalbumin were analysed .A total of 50 ducks comprising of 30 Mallard duck and 20 Muscovy ducks and 20 eggs from each breed were used for the analysis. Separation of blood and egg protein genotypes was achieved using cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Two co-dominant allele A and B controlling three genotypes AA, AB and BB were observed at haemoglobin, transferrin and carbonic anhydrase loci investigated for both breeds. A third allele C was observed at the albumin locus in the Mallard breed. . Allele A was the most predominant at the Hb, Tf and CA locus in the Muscovy breed with frequencies 0.775, 0.575, and 0.675 respectively and in the Mallard at the Tf, CA and Al locus with frequencies 0.667, 0.567 and 0.767 respectively. The frequencies of allele A and B at the conalbumin locus were 0.425, 0.575; 0.525, 0.475 in the Muscovy breed. Estimates of heterozygosity were 0.428 and 0.430 in the Muscovy and Mallard ducks respectively. Dendogram generated from the genetic distance values revealed that the two breeds are closely related. High genetic similarity was observed between the two breeds.
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Diversity and its implications for human and wildlife health and Conservation – A review
(2023) Coker, O.M.; Osaiyuwu, O.H.; Fatoki, A.O.
It is clear that the global environment has changed and is still changing. The results of climate change, pollution, human use, and misuse of natural resources are tolling on humans and global biodiversity. The appropriate response(s) to these changes can be attributed to the efficacy of the immune system. The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) has a key role in maintaining global biodiversity in the face of obvious threats. Genetic variation, especially those within MHC proteins has been known to influence the ability of individuals to cope with various pathogens. In this review, we reveal from empirical research, the diversities within the MHC in wildlife, highlight the importance of MHC to wildlife and human health, emphasize the need to conserve MHC diversity for adequate conservation, and open a discussion on whether the interplay between the MHC genes and disease resistance is a question of quantity or quality. For most jawed vertebrates, classical MHC genes are the most gene-dense and polymorphic. This polymorphism in the MHC genes can be explained by host-pathogen coevolution and provides an excellent tool for determining a population's or species' immunological fitness. Their variation is undoubtedly adaptively important, and there is strong evidence that pathogen-imposed balancing selection is the primary cause of its maintenance. Over the years, variants in the MHC have been reported as major risk factors for autoimmune and infectious diseases in humans and wildlife species of conservation concern. It has been observed that, though high diversity within the MHC proffers some protection for most natural populations, this seems not to be universal. The influence of this high diversity on the survival of natural populations should be further investigated. As the debate lingers, there is a dire need to protect the present diversity at the locus. This will definitely play a very important role in maintaining the health of both humans and animals and ensuring the conservation of biodiversity in response to the inevitable changes in our world.
Factor analysis and body dimensions of the Japanese quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica)
(2023) Osaiyuwu, O.H.; Idahor, K.O.; Akintan, A.A.
Morphometric variation can be effectively measured within and between populations and used as a basis for characterization of different livestock types. The study was aimed at contributing to the characterization process of the Japanese quail (mottled brown and white) through quantitative assessment. Zoometrical data on body weight and 11 body measurement were taken on 747 mottled brown quail and 272 white quail from six different farms around Ibadan in the Southwest Nigeria. Descriptive statistics showed that average body weight of Japanese quail reared in Southwest Nigeria were 158.72±2.03, 157.24±1.31, 140.6 ±1.39, and 136.27±2.7g for mottled brown female, brown male, white female and white male, respectively. Sexual dimorphism was observed in all the traits with higher values recorded for the females. Significant correlation (P<0.001) was observed between body weight and body measurements. The best correlation was obtained between body weight and thigh length r = 0.76 and 0.70 for mottled brown quail and white respectively. Factor solution from the principal component analysis, with varimax rotation of the transformation matrix showed three factors were identified in each of the genetic group (total variance of first principal component = 27.86, 30.16, 31.88 and 38.85 for mottled brown male, mottled female, white male, white female quail, respectively). In the two strains of Japanese quail, PC1 had the largest share of the total variance and correlated highly with body weight, breast length, wing length, thigh length and shank length. The PC1 could be used to describe the generalised form of quail. PC2 was orthogonal to PC1 and loaded heavily on breast girth and neck length. Data was also subjected to linear and stepwise regression. More reliable prediction was obtained from stepwise regression, R² was highest with breast girth R²=0.71 and breast length R²=0.81 for brown and white quail, respectively. The weight of Japanese quail is linearly related to body measurements. The high, positive correlation between body weight and zoometric body measurements indicates that these easily measured parts can be used as criteria for assessment and selection of body weight.
Multivariate characterisation of morpho biometric traits of indigenous helmeted Guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) in Nigeria
(2022) Yakubu, A.; Jegede, P.; Wheto, M.; Shoyombo, A.J.; Adebambo, A.O.; Popoola, M.A.; Osaiyuwu, O.H.; Olafadehan, O.A.; Alabi, O.O.; Ukim, C.I.; Vincent, S.T.; Mundi, H.L.; Olayanju, A.; Adebambo, O.A.
This study was conducted to characterise phenotypically helmeted Guinea fowls in threeagro-ecologies in Nigeria using multivariate approach. Eighteen biometric characters, fou rmorphological indices and eleven qualitative physical traits were investigated in a total of 569 adult birds (158 males and 411 females). Descriptive statistics, non-parametric Krus kal–Wallis H test followed by the Mann–Whitney and Dunn-Bonferroni tests for post hoc, Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA), Univariate Analysis, Canonical Discriminant Analysis, Categorical Principal Component Analysis and Decision Trees were employed to discern the effects of agro-ecological zone and sex on the morphostructural parameters. Agro-ecology had significant effect (P<0.05; P<0.01) on all the colour traits. In general, the most frequently observed colour phenotype of Guinea fowl had pearl plumage colour (54.0%), pale red skin colour (94.2%), black shank colour (68.7%), brown eye colour (49.7%), white earlobe colour (54.8%) and brown helmet colour (72.6%). The frequencies of helmet shape and wattle size were significantly influenced (P<0.01) by agro-ecology and sex. Overall, birds from the Southern Guinea Savanna zone had significantly higher values (P<0.05) for most biometric traits compared to their Sudano-Sahelian and Tropical Rainfor est counterparts. They were also more compact (120.00 vs. 110.00 vs. 107.69) but had lesser condition index (7.66 vs. 9.45 vs. 9.30) and lower long-leggedness (19.71 vs. 19.23 vs. 9.51) than their counterparts from the two other zones. Sexual dimorphism (P<0.05) was in favour of male birds especially those in Southern Guinea Savanna and Sudano-Sahelian zones. However, the MCA and discriminant analysis revealed considerable intermingling of the qualitative physical traits, biometric traits and body indices especially between the Sudano-Sahelian and Tropical Rainforest birds. In spite of the high level of genetic admixture, the Guinea fowl populations could to a relative extent be distinguished using wing length, body length and eye colour. Generally, the birds from the three zones appeared to be more homogeneous than heterogeneous in nature. However, further complementary work on genomics will guide future selection and breeding programs geared towards improving the productivity, survival and environmental adaptation of indigenous helmeted Guinea fowls in the tropics.
Carbonic anhydrase polymorphism in West African Dwarf goat populations of western Nigeria
(2022) Awobajo, O.K.; Osaiyuwu, O.H.; Alademehin, M.O.
Carbonic anhydrase polymorphism in West African Dwarf (WAD) goat populations, from Oyo and Ogun States was investigated using the cellulose acetate electrophoresis system. Blood samples of 5 mL were collected from 60 WAD goats (30 from Ibadan (Oyo State) and 30 from Ijebu-Ode (Ogun State), via the jugular veins and placed into heparinised bottles. The results of the electrophoresis analyses were subjected to statistical analysis using Tools For Population Genetic Analysis (TFPGA) software. The results revealed that two alleles, CAF and CAS govern the three genotypes (CAFF, CAFS and CASS) with CASS being prevalent. Allele frequencies ranged from 0.24 for CAF in Ijebu-Ode to 0.76 in CAS also from Ijebu-Ode while the genotype frequencies ranged from 0.09 in CAFF from Ijebu-Ode to 0.61 in CASS also from the Ijebu-Ode population. Deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was significant (P ≤ 0.05) in the population from Ibadan. Average gene diversity was 0.43, while the expected heterozygosity HE(0.47) was higher than the observed heterozygosity HO(0.25).Wright analysis showed that the populations sampled were from inbred populations with a positive FIT and FIS value (0.47, and 0.06 respectively) implying deficiency in heterozygote and the FST value of 0.45 indicating greater genetic differentiations among the populations giving opportunity for improvement.
Relationship among Liveweight and Body Dimensions of the Greater Cane Rat (Thrynomys swinderianus)
(2021) Durowaye, A.K.; Salako, A.E.; Osaiyuwu, O.H.; Fijabi, O.E.
The objective of this study was to predict the live weight (LW) of domestically kept Grasscutters from some morphological parameters. The study was carried out at the Grasscutter section of FAK Farms, Apata, Ibadan. Data were recorded on body length (BL), tail length (TL), heart girth (HG), wither height and head length (HL) and body weights of 45 animals (25 females and 20 males) selected at random. Body weights and linear body measurements were recorded for the animals at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of age using the simple kitchen digital weighing balance and traditional tape measure respectively and the data obtained were subjected to descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and regression analysis (P=0.05). Mean body length, tail and head lengths, heart girth and wither height were 51.38±3.03cm, 16.76±1.05cm, 10.01±0.42cm, 28.90±1.39cm and 13.66±0.75cm respectively for the male Grasscutters and 45.92±10.01cm, 14.62±0.84cm, 9.40±0.42cm, 28.06±1.41cm and 13.83±0.78cm respectively for the female Grasscutters. The correlation coefficients between LW and body measurements ranged from 0.251 to 0.909 for the male grasscutters and 0.347 to 0.945 for the female grasscutters with the highest correlation of 0.909 and 0.945 for the association between liveweight (LWT) and HG for males at 12 months of age and females at 9 months indicating sexual dimorphism. The coefficients of determination (R2) for the prediction equations recorded highest for heart girth {LWT= -0.101+0.095HG (82.6%)} at 12 months and {LWT= -2.671+0.148HG (89.4%)} at 9 months for the male and female Grasscutters respectively. Using the linear function from the R2 value, BL, WH and HG were better predictors of LW than TL and HL. The best predictor of body weight was heart girth for both the male and the female. In conclusion, the use of BL, WH and HG in a given function explained better the variation in LW than the use of just one body measurement and can provide a basis for selection.
Genetic Variations in Thomas’s Rope Squirrel (Funisciurus anerythrus) and Gambian Sun Squirrel (Heliosciurus gambianus) Ibadan, Nigeria, Using Allozyme
(2020) Coker, O.M.; Osaiyuwu, O.H.; Isong, O.M.
Thomas’s Rope Squirrel (Funisciurus anerythrus) and Gambian Sun Squirrel (Heliosciurus gambianus) are two of the eight squirrel species found in Nigeria with overlapping habitats in Southwestern Nigeria. Squirrels are involved in pollination, seed dispersal, vectors of human and domestic animal diseases as well as crop and household pests. These species and the crucial ecosystem services they render are threatened by habitat destruction, human encroachment and the fact that they are being used as a source of protein in Nigeria. Their conservation would be enhanced by availability of accurate genetic information which are scarce for these species. This study seeks to provide baseline data on genetic variation at three allozyme loci in the two species in University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. Twenty-nine individual squirrels including eighteen F. anerythrus species and eleven H. gambianus were used in this study. These were obtained from the wild within the University of Ibadan. Observed and expected heterozygosity (Ho and He), Hardy Weinberg equilibrium (HWE), genetic distance between the species, and inbreeding coefficients were performed using POPGENE and Tools for Population Genetic Analyses (TFPGA). In F. anerythrus, Ho and He were 0.6092 and 0.5635, respectively, while, for H. gambianus, Ho and He were 0.6242 and 0.5745, respectively. There were no deviations from HWE in all the tested loci (p>0.05). Nei genetic distance between the species was 0.0070 and the populations showed fairly high level of outbreeding (Fst = 0.0029 ± 0.0017). More robust genetic markers would be required to further ascertain the genetic status of the species.
Melanocortin 4 receptor (Mc4r) gene polymorphism and its association with body weights of some breeds of rabbit.
(2020) Osaiyuwu, O.H.; Bolaji, U. F. O.; Adeyinka, O. A.; Akinyemi, M. O.; Salako, A.
In livestock production, traditional methods o f selection have always been the way to go.However, with the advent o f genomics techniques, methods such as PCR-RFLP is been employed to identify single nucleotide polymorphism o f likely candidate genes useful for livestock selection and improvement. Therefore, the aim o f this study was to investigate the association o f Melanocortin 4 Receptor (MC4R) gene polymorphism with the body weight of rabbits. Seventy-four rabbits were usedfor this study consisting o f six breeds; 26 Chinchilla, 3 Californian, 11 Dutch, 4 English Spot, 10 New Zealand White and 20 Fauve de Bourgogne (FDB) breeds. Blood samples were collectedfrom the animals with needle and syringe and transferred unto FTA cards and stored away from light. Body weight measurements on the animals were recorded from 2 weeks to 20 weeks. PCR-RFLP analysis produced three genotypes AA, AG, GG with genotype frequency o f 0.14, 0.69 and 0.18 respectively. Allele frequency 0.48 and 0.52 fo r allele A and G respectively was obtained. Chi-square test showed that the population was not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Association analysis between the MC4R “c.101G>A” SNP and body weight o f rabbit was tested using GLM procedure of SAS programme. Genotype GG had higher body weight (p<0.05) at 12, 16 and 20 weeks in the Dutch rabbits while genotype AA recorded a higher (p<0.05) body weight value at 12 weeks in New Zealand White rabbits. More so, female Dutch rabbits had higher (p<0.05) mean weight than the males at 12, 16 and 20 weeks o f age. Male New Zealand White breeds recorded higher (p<0.05) mean weight than the female animals. The result of the study showed that MC4R “c.101G>A” SNP was not associated with the body weight in the studied rabbit population, although, genotype AA had higher mean weight values at 12, 16 and 20 weeks o f age than genotypes AG and GG.
Analysis Of Sexual Dimorphism In Morphometric Variables Of Cane Rat
(2018) Osaiyuwu, O.H.; Akinyemi, M.O.; Akindele, O.D.; Ewuola, K.M.
The sex effect and interrelationship between body weight and six linear body measurements o fforty-five (15 bucks and 30 does) grasscutters aged between 12 and 24 months was assessedusing path analysis. Body weighty and linear body measurements: hind leg length, rump height, paunch girth, face width, mouth width, and total body length were measured for the male and female grass cutter. Results showed that there were significant differences (p<0.05) between the male and the female cane rats for all the parameters measured indicating sexual dimorphism in the cane rat All parameters assessed had highly significant (p<0.0001) and very strong positive correlation coefficients in both sexes. The path analysis indicated that in males, hindleg length (2.86;p<0.0001) had the highest direct effect on body weight, while rump height (-1.45; p<0.0001), had a negative direct effect In the female group, all the parameters evaluated had a nonsignificant, positive direct effect The hind leg length was observed to have the highest (0.29; p<0.0001) path coefficient while the mouth width (0.02; p<0.0001) had the least path coefficient It was concluded that sex had an effect on the interrelationship between body weight and linear body measurements in grasscutter.
Association Between Igf- 1 Gene Polymorphisms And Body Weight In Nigeria Locally Adapted Turkeys
(The Genetics Society of Nigeria, 2018) Oyewola, K. A.; Osaiyuwu, O.H.; Fijabi, O.E.; Shobanke, I.A.; Nwokorie, G.I.; Ewuola, K.M.
The insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) gene polymorphism plays important roles in development, growth and reproduction. Genetic intervention for the improvement o f Nigeria locally adapted turkeys based on growth rate and higher mature weight is important. This study was aimed at investigating the association between IGF-1 gene polymorphism and body weights in Nigeria locally adapted turkeys using PCR-RFLP method. Fifty poults were randomly selected for DNA analysis at 10 weeks. Zymo Miniprep kit was used for genomic DNA extraction from blood samples and 529bp fragment o f intron 2 o f IGF-1 gene was amplified. The genetic structure o f the population was analysed using POPGENE 32 software. Association o f the genotypes with body weight was evaluated using the General linear model of SAS 9.2. The enzyme digested products revealed A and B alleles with frequencies o f 0.61 and 0.39 respectively. Two genotypes A A (0.38) and AB (0.62) were detected. Chi-square test (0.001830) for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium showed that the population sampled was not in equilibrium for the gene investigated. Also, significant association was not observed between IGF-1 polymorphs and body weight at 4, 8 and 12 weeks o f age in Nigeria locally adapted turkeys.

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