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Management of congestive heart failure (CHF): a case report on digoxin
(1999) Omole, M. K.
A case report on the management of congestive heart failure is presented with emphasis on the use of DIGOXIN.
performance of an acid-cassava starch medium in the propagation of fungi
(1999) Adeleke, O. E.; Odelola, H. A.; Onasanya, Y.
Elixir formulations of methanolic extract concentrates of garcinia kola, kola acuminata and kola nitida seeds and their antimicrobial activity
(West African Postgraduate College of Pharmacists, 2008) Adeleke, O. E.; Alabi, O. S.; Coker M. E.
The crude methanolic extracts of Garcinia Kola (Gutiferae), Kola acuminata and Kola nitida (Sterculiaceae) seed powders were screened against some bacterial isolates consisting of six different Genera namely: Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Escherichia, Proteus, Klebsiella and Pseudomonas, most of which were isolated from the respiratory tract and the rest from other sources like wounds, vagina and urethra. The extracts were found to be active on all the Gram-positive bacteria and some of the Gram-negative bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The extracts Were then formulated into stable Elixir formulations at a concentration of 15mg/ml and screened against the same bacterial isolates. They were found to be active against all the selected Gram-positive bacteria used in were also susceptible to the three elixir formulations.
Comparative antimicrobial activities of extracts of garcinia kola, kola acuminata and kola nitida seeds on isolates of respiratory tract and other infections
(West African Postgraduate College of Pharmacists, 2008) Adeleke, O. E.; Alabi, O. S.
The methanolic extracts of the powdered seeds of Garcinia kola (Guttilerae), Kola acuminata, and Kola nitida (Sterculiaceae) were tested individually for antimicrobial activity using isolates from respiratory tract infections and other sites of infection such as High vagina swab, wounds, urethra and skin. The isolates included Staphylococus aureus (5strains), Z strains each of Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis and Streptococcus pneumoniae; I strain each of Streptococcus viridians Entercoccus faecalis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus subtilis, Haemophillus influenzae, Candida albicans, Asp. Niger, Ap. Eumigatus and Trichophyton specie, and 3 strains each of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The antimicrobial susceptibility test of the extracts showed zones of growth inhibition ranging from 9mm to as large as 35mm, depending on the organism being tested. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by agar-diffusion method and ranged from 0.23mg/ml to 30mg/ml for the three extracts. The crude extracts of Garcinia Kola showed a stronger antimicrobial against most organisms particularly the Gram-positive bacterial isolates from the respiratory tract, than the other two extracts, while Kola nitida was the least active.
Serum protein binding and the antimicrobial activities of garcinia kola, kola acuminata and kola nitida seed extracts on the agents of respiratory tract infections
(West African Society for Pharmacology, 2009) Adeleke, O. E.; Alabi, O. S.; Coker M. E.
The kinetics of bactericidal activity of the methanolic extracts of powdered seeds of Garcinia kola (Heckel), Kola acuminata and Kola nitida obtained by soxhlet extraction, were studied using two bacterial sensitive strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The study showed that the three extracts at the concentrations used against the two test organisms, Staphylococcus aureus OOUTH206 (0.5mg/ml for Garcinia kola, 4mg/ml for Kola acuminata and Kola nitida) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa UCH189 (8mg/ml for Garcinia kola, 15mg/mi for Kola acuminata and Kola nitida); had activity on the two microorganisms. There was a gradual reduction in the number of viable microbial counts as evident in the reduction in the cell number at the different time intervals. Similar procedure was carried out in the presence of 5% serum protein and it was observed that the activities of the various extracts were altered significantly indicating the effect of serum protein binding on the Constituents of Garcinia kola, Kola acuminata and Kola nitida seed extracts. The results were expressed in percentage viable count of the inoculum size and showed that the percentage viable count decreases with time in varying degrees. The reduction was more intense with G. kola extract than the other extracts on S. aureus as well as on P. aeruginosa towards the third and fourth hours. The effect of serum protein was seen to affect the activities of all the extracts in varying degrees as shown in the graphs plotted.
In-vitro antimicrobial activities of methanol extracts of
(2010-01) Adeniyi, C. B. A.; Odumosu, B. T.; Ayelaagbe, O. O.; Kolude, B.
The antimicrobial activities of two Nigerian medicinal plant commonly used as chewing sticks Zanthoxylum xanthoxyloides and Pseudocedrela kotschyi antimicrobial activities were investigated against 7clinical strains of Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis and Candida krusei ATCC 6825. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of the extracts were determined using the agar well diffusion and surface plate method respectively. Zanthoxylum xanthoxyloides, was active against all the isolates especially on the bacteria with a MIC and MBC of 12.5mg/mL and 25mg/mL respectively. Pseudocedrela kotschyi showed no activity on all the tested isolates except on C. krusei ATCC 6825 with a MIC of 6.25mg/mL. . Streptococcus mutans, S. aureus ATCC 29213 and C. albicans were completely killed within the time period of4hrsbyZ. xanthoxyloides extracts in time kill study. A good correlation was foundbetween the killing curves and the MIC of Z. xanthoxyloides against the tested isolates. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins and traces of terpenoids. Ability of Z. xanthoxyloides crude extracts to inhibit the growth of the bacteria and fungi used in this study is an indication that the plant can be used as a source foranti microbial agent in the development and formulation of toothpaste, thus justifying the use of the plant in locally as chewing sticks..
Prolonged use of cough formulations and the health risk from their antimicrobial activity on some normal bacterial flora
(AJCEM, 2010-01) Adeleke, O. E.; Alabi, O. S.; Adetoyi, O. A.
Cough formulations were observed to contain some chemical substances that have been associated with antimicrobial property, namely: menthol, honey, citric acid and volatile oils. A prolonged use of such formulations by patients was therefore considered a health risk on the normal bacterial flora. Nine cough formulations denoted by letter codes along with simple syrup B.P., absolute alcohol and sterile distilled water as controls, were investigated for relative antimicrobial activity on some normal flora bacteria by the agar-cup diffusion method. The respective individual single brands of cough formulation with the exception of one brand exhibited inhibitory activity against 5 - 1 2 bacterial isolates including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp, Streptococcus faecalis, Strep. pneumoniae, Strep. viridians, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Simple Syrup B.P. and sterile distilled water did not exhibit any antibacterial activity while the absolute alcohol exerted activity only on Staph aureus. The antimicrobial activity recorded for the cough formulations could cause a depletion of the normal bacterial flora following a prolonged use of the formulations tested, hence, the attendant health risk of depressed natural immune system of the body, normally associated with such bacteria. pathological status when it presents as a
In-Vitro Susceptibility of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis to Extracts of Uvaria Afzelli Scott Elliot and Tetracera Alnifolia Willd
(2011-01) Lawal, T. O.; Adeniyi, B. A.; Wan, B.; Franzblau, S. G.; Mahady, G. B.
Tuberculosis is a global burden with one –third of the world’s population infected with the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis and an annual 2 million deaths from the disease. This high incidence of infection and the increased rate of resistant strains of the organism (MDR- and XDR- TB) have called for an urgent need to develop new anti-tuberculosis drugs from plants. The crude extract of Uvaria afzelli Scott Elliot (Annonaceae) root bark, and leaves and root bark of Tetracera alnifolia Willd. (Dilleniaceae) were investigated for anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis activity using the MABA assay method. Anti- Mtb activity was determined against Mtb H37RvATCC 27294 at concentrations of 100- 0.390μg/mL. The hexane and chloroform extracts of the root bark of Tetracera alnifolia and the chloroform extract of Uvaria afzelli had anti- Mtb activity with MIC <100 μg/mL. Phytochemical screening for secondary metabolites revealed the presence of tannins, triterpenoid saponins, cardiac glycoside and alkaloids. The anti- Mtb activity demonstrated by the crude extracts is attributed to the presence of tannins and other secondary metabolites which are known to have strong antimicrobial activity. The results therefore support the local use of Uvaria afzelli and Tetracera alnifolia in the treatment of cough associated with tuberculosis and other microbial infections of the respiratory tract and suggest that these plants may be of therapeutic importance in the treatment of tuberculosis.
Antifungal capacity of lactic acid bacteria isolated from salad vegetables
(2011-05) Adeniyi, B.; Damsa, I.
This study explores the use of lactic acid bacteria from fresh salad vegetables to inhibit fungal growth. The antifungal assay was done using the agar well diffusion method as reported by Schillinger and Lucke (1989). The largest zone of inhibition (25mm) was recorded by the antagonistic activity of the isolate identified to Lactobacillus plantarum against Candida albicans ATCC 90029. No activity was recorded against Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019, C. valida UCH 1508, C. pseudotropicalis UCH1408, C. tropicalis UCH 1308 and Trichophyton interdigitalis UCH1708. The cell free supernatant (CFS) of the isolate described to be Lactobacillus brevis was exceptional as it was the only CFS that inhibited the growth of Epidermophyton floccosum UCH 1908. The results show that LAB isolated from salad vegetables can inhibit some fungi pathogens by developing zones around agar well that contain LAB metabolites and can probably be a feasible option for the chemotherapy of fungal infections given the drug resistance exhibited to antifungal agents currently in use.
Effect of kunnu-zaki on clinical bacteria isolates
(Academicjournals, 2012-03) Olaitan, J. O.; Adeleke, O. E.; Alabi, O. S.
Ten clinical isolates of Gram-negative bacteria were exposed in agar-cup diffusion sensitivity test to Kunun-zaki, a non-alcoholic fermented beverage, taken from eighteen samples. The undiluted samples of the beverage appreciably inhibited the growth of all the bacteria tested including, remarkably, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibro cholerae, Salmonella enterica and Staphylococcus aureus. The bacteria however varied in their sensitivities to the fractional dilutions of the samples. This antimicrobial effect represents another property for Kunun-zaki and obviates the possibility of public health risk in its consumption.
efficacy of three disinfectant formulations against multidrug resistant nosocomial agents
(African Journals OnLine, 2012-09) Alabi, O. S.; Sanusi, E. A.
The current increase in the prevalence of nosocomial infections within the hospital environment despite adequate cleaning and disinfection can be said to be due to the following: (i) ineffectiveness of the various disinfectant formulations used in infection control on the various hospital equipments and wards; (ii) development of resistance to the various chemical disinfectant formulations been used in the hospitals by the various microorganisms. Ten bacteria isolates from different clinical specimens of hospitalized patients identified using standard bacteriological methods and found after screening to be resistant to two or more classes of the antibiotics: cephalosporins, quinolones, Betalactams, nitrofuran, macrolide and an aminoglycoside using the Kirby-Bauer method of disc diffusion test were used in this study. These were subjected to susceptibility testing against three selected disinfectant formulations (Izal, Dettol and Jik) at the manufacturer's dilutions and half the dilutions prescribed on their labels by using agar diffusion method. Out of these clinical isolates used in this study, 5 (50%) and 2 (20%) were resistant to manufacturer's dilution
In-vitro Bactericidal Kinetics of Chlorhexidine Gluconate Disinfectant/ Antiseptic Formulations Containing Different Additives
(2014-01) Idowu, P. A.; Idowu, O. S.
Chlorhexidine gluconate(CHG) is a popular disinfectant/antiseptic which is often formulated with additives. We investigated the effect of additives type on the in vitro bactericidal kinetics of CHG in three commercially available formulations: Hibiscrub®, Savlon® and Purit® commonly used as household and hospital disinfectants/antiseptics. The bactericidal kinetics of the products was determined by time-survival curve method using Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCTC 6750 and Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 6571 as model organisms. Best-fit rate constant and half-life was computed by exponential decay curve-fitting. Half-life was; 76.5, 65.5, 66 and 74 (min) for Control solution, Hibiscrub®, Savlon® and Purit® respectively, against Ps. aeruginosa. The corresponding values obtained against Staph. aureus are 51.0, 61.7, 29.3, and 49.0 (min) (95% CI). Presence of alcohol (e.g. Hibiscrub® and Savlon®) caused an insignificant increase in the rate of killing of Ps. aeruginosa relative to preparations that are devoid of alcohol. (p>0.05, 1-way ANOVA). Toward Staphylococcus aureus, the combined effect of cetrimide and alcohol (e.g. Savlon®) is higher than any enhancement due to combination of alcohol and surfactant (e.g. Hibiscrub). Savlon® show a significantly higher bactericidal effect of all the preparations (P<0.0001, 1-way ANOVA). The choice of additives in the formulation of chlorhexidine antiseptic solutions significantly alters the kinetics and overall bactericidal effect of CHG towards Staphylococcus aureus but not Pseudomonas areruginosa.
In vitro anti-mycobacteria sensitivity and Kill-kinetics of allium ascalonicum L. (whole plant) on nontuberculous mycobacteria species
(2014-05) Igbokwe, C. O.; Lawal, T. O.; Adeniyi, B. A.
Allium ascalonicum L. (Shallot) was one of the herbs repeatedly identified from the result of our ethnobotanical survey for the treatment of tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacteria diseases. It has been reported to show inhibitory potentials against several pathogens. This plant is also known to form part of the diet of many people across the world. In the quest for a more active and body-friendly therapeutic agents, extracts of Allium ascalonicum (whole plant) were screened against four nontuberculous mycobacteria species namely, Mycobacterium fortuitum ATCC 684, Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 19420, Mycobacterium abscessus and Mycobacterium phlei ATCC 19240. In vitro susceptibilities testing was done using agar diffusion method with the concentrations of extracts ranging between 25 to 200 mg/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by agar dilution methods while the kill or bactericidal kinetics was measured by viable counting technique. Methanolic extract demonstated significant inhibitory potentials against three of the organisms at the test concentrations with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 100 mg/mL, and 72-98 % kill of susceptible organisms in 24 hours. This significant activity may be due to the presence and right combination of the secondary metabolites in the plant such as alkaloids, flavonoids saponins, cardiac glycosides and essential oil, as revealed from our phytochemical screening. This study therefore confirms the scientific bases and justifies the use of Allium ascalonicum L. in traditional medicine practice in Nigeria and other parts of the world; and encourages its consumption as a natural prophylaxis against tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacteria diseases.
Prevalence of methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus and resistance pattern of its clinical strains to beta-lactam antibiotics
(2014-05) Ayeni, F. A.; Olatunji, D. F.||Ogunniran, M.
Staphylococcus aureus is the leading overall cause otf nosocomial infections with increasing resistance to β lactam antibiotics. This study was carried out to study the current resistant/susceptibility pattern of S. aureus to β lactam antibiotics and prevalence of Methicillin Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in the studied population. Clinical isolates of S. aureus strains were collected from Medical Microbiology Unit of University College Hospital, Ibadan between May and October, 2012. The isolates were confirmed through growth on Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) and tube coagulase test. The susceptibility / resistance pattern of the S. aureus strains to antibiotics were tested by disc diffusion method. Fifty studied S. aureus strains were highly resistant to Amoxycillin (92%), Aztreonam (70%), but high susceptibility was observed to Imipenem (90%), Cefotaxime (62%), Ceftazidine (50%), Cefoxitin (66%), Ceftriazone (52%), Amoxycillin/Clavulanic acid (50%), S. aureus strains (42%) that were resistant to amoxicillin were susceptible to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid while 34% of the studied S. aureus strains were MRSA. The relatively high prevalence of MRSA in the studied S. aureus strains call for surveillance studies and implementation policies in control of MRSA. Cephalosporins are still relatively effective for treatment of S. aureus infections. The observed synergy in this study between imipenem and aztreonam is an indication that combine therapy of imipenem and aztreonam will lead to enhanced antimicrobial activity of aztreonam.
Multidrug resistant and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing proteus mirabilis from tertiary hospitals in four states in Southwest Nigeria
(Nigeria Association of Pharmacists in Academia (NAPA), 2015) Alabi, O. S.; Adeleke, O. E.; Adegoke, O. A.; Gbadeyan, O. F.; Ejilude, O.
Background: Multidrug resistant (MDR) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Gram-negative bacteria pose great threat to antibiotic treatment of life threatening infections worldwide. Objectives: This study investigated the occurrence and distribution of MDR and ESBL producing Proteus mirabilis among clinical isolates collected from tertiary hospitals in four states in Southwest Nigeria. Materials and Methods: One hundred and eight (108) none-duplicated P. mirabilis collected from microbiology units of tertiary hospitals in four states in Southwest Nigeria namely; Oyo, Osun, Ogun and Lagos state, after authentication with standard bacteriological method, were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility test against ten selected antibiotics using disc-diffusion method. Presumptive production of ESBL was determined by double disc synergy test among isolates with MDR phenotype that showed resistance to any of the third generation cephalosporin antibiotics. Results: Of the 108 clinical isolates of P. mirabilis collected from Oyo (39.8%), Osun (25.9%), Ogun (21.3%) and Lagos (13%) states, 60 (55.6%) showed MDR phenotype. Among the 60 MDR isolates collected in Oyo (50%), Lagos (10%), Ogun (21.7%) and Osun (18.3%), 66.7%, 66.7%, 30.8% and 9.1% of the isolates produced ESBL, respectively. Conclusion: This study recorded the occurrence of ESBL and MDR P. mirabilis in all the four states but higher percentage of ESBL-production among MDR P. mirabilis in two of the states, Oyo and Lagos. Hence, there is need for adequate monitoring of antibiotic use to prevent increased rate of ESBL-positive MDR P. mirabilis in these states and others in the nearest future.
A preliminary investigation of prevalence of extended spectrum beta lactamases among enterobacteriaceae isolated from poultry farms in Ibadan, Nigeria
(Nigeria Association of Pharmacists in Academia (NAPA), 2015) Ayeni, F. A.; Olujobi, O. F.; Alabi, O. S.
Background: -Antibiotic resistance and extended spectrum beta–lactamase (ESBL) producing enterobacteriaceae are global health concerns and major problems for the treatment of different infections caused by enterobacteriaceae. Objective: -This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of phenotypically identified ESBL producers in enterobacteriaceae strains isolated from poultry farms in Ibadan. Material and Methods: Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from faecal samples of 45 chickens from 3 farms in Ibadan, Nigeria. The E. coli strains in the isolates were identified by biochemical methods. The susceptibility of all enterobacteriaceae strains to selected β lactam antibiotics were tested by disc diffusion method. ESBL production was tested by double disk synergy test and MIC determination (8–512 μg/ml) Results: - A total of 40 Enterobacteriaceae strains were isolated and 20 of the strains were identified as E. coli while 20 were tagged other Enterobacteriaceae strains. The E. coli strains were generally susceptible to tested antibiotics while other Enterobacteriaceae were relatively resistant. All the tested Enterobacteriacea were susceptible to cefepine. 15% of E.coli isolates were resistant to amoxicillin/clavulaniz and 38.9% of other Enterobacteriaceace isolates were resistant to cefoxitin. 5% of E. coli strains and 25% of other Enterobacteriaceae produced ESBL with concentration range of ˂8 μg/ml and >512μg/ml for antibiotics used singly and in combination with clavulanic acid respectively. Conclusions: - This study showed low occurrence of ESBL in E. coli strains but relatively high occurrence in other Enterobacteriaceae in poultries in Ibadan, Nigeria.. Therefore, there is need to control the use of antibiotics in poultry feeds and livestock production.
Microbiological evaluation of the potencies of brands of four parenteral antibiotic preparations used in the treatment of urinary tract infections
(AJCEM Life Line Publishers, 2015) Alabi, O. S.; Ijose, A. O.
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common disease and sometimes life threatening if not properly treated. In Nigeria, aside adulteration and counterfeiting of antibiotics, potency of antibiotics can also be altered by factors like production errors and storage condition at the Pharmacy stores. This study investigated the potencies of selected brands of four common parenteral antibiotic preparations, in Nigerian drug markets against uropathogens isolated from patients with recurrent UTI. Ten selected clinical bacterial isolates from patients with recurrent UTI were collected from the Microbiology unit of the University College Hospital, Ibadan and authenticated by standard bacteriological methods. The isolates were subjected to susceptibility test against eight standard antibiotics by disc diffusion method. The selected brands of the four parenteral antibiotic preparations used in this study includes: Ciprofloxacin (Emason® and Uniflox®); Ceftriaxone (Rocephin® and Cefin®); Aminoglycoside (Pe-genta® and Philo-genta®) and Aminopenicillin/inhibitor (Augmentin® and Amoxiclav®). Efficacies of the parenteral antibiotic preparations against the isolates were determined by Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) using broth-dilution method. L'EVALUATION MICROBIOLOGIQUE DES PUISSANCES DES MARQUES DE QUATRES PREPARATIONS ANTIBIOTIQUES PARENTERALES UTILISEES DANS LE TRAITEMENT DE L'INFECTION DES VOIES URINAIRES. *ALABI O.S et AJOSE A. O
Prevalence of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus and extended spectrum β–lactamase producers among bacteria isolated from infected wounds in a tertiary hospital in Ibadan city
(AJCEM Life Line Publishers, 2016) Alabi, O. S.; Obisesan, A. O.; Ola, A. A.
Wound colonization by microorganisms is most frequently polymicrobial and incidences of high level resistance among bacterial isolates from wounds have been reported. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and extendedspectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Gram-negative bacteria both constitute serious challenge to physician in their choice of antibiotic treatment of infections caused by these bacteria. This study determined the antibiotic susceptibility profiles and prevalence of MRSA and ESBL producers among wound bacterial isolates from a tertiary hospital in Ibadan City. Forty (40) clinical bacterial isolates from five wound sources were collected from the Microbiology unit of the University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan and were authenticated with standard bacteriological techniques. Antibiotic susceptibility test was done by disc-diffusion method using 19 antibiotics belonging to 12 classes. MRSA strains were detected by their resistance to cefoxitin and/or oxacillin antibiotics. Presumptive ESBL production was by double-disc synergy test using 30 μg cefotaxime and ceftazidime around 20/10 μg amoxicillin-clavulanic acid discs. ESBL confirmation was by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using agar-dilution method. The authenticated isolates include Proteus spp (47.5%), Staphylococcus aureus (27.5%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12.5%), Klebsiella spp (7.5%), Acinetobacter baumanii (2.5%) and E. coli (2.5%). Distribution of the isolates collected according to wound sources includes: acute soft tissue wounds (35%), leg ulcer (32.5%), surgical wounds (17.5%), burn wounds (12.5%) and diabetic foot ulcer (2.5%). Distributions according to patients’ gender are: male (65%), female (35%), and according to age-groups are: 0 – 19 years (22.5%), 20 – 39 years (35%), 40 – 59 years (32.5%) and ≥ 60 years (10%). All (100%) the isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR) being resistant to ≥ 3 classes of antibiotics. Percentages of isolates resistance to each of the antibiotic include: piperacillin, piperacillin-tozobactam and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid were 100%, ceftazidime, cefuroxime, cefixime, aztreonam, sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim, erythromycin, chloramphenicol and doxycyclin were > 70%, cefoxitin (62.5%), Nitrofurantion (52.5%), ciprofloxacin (45%), ofloxacin (35%), perfloxacin (37.5%), gentamicin (32.5%) and imipenem (2.5%). Of the 11 Staphylococcus aureus collected, 54.5% were detected to be MRSA strains while ESBL production was detected in 55.2% of the Gram negative isolates. This study revealed 100% MDR phenotype constituting high level of MRSA strains (54.5%) and ESBL producers (55.2%) among Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial wound isolates respectively. Hence, this calls for caution in the use of extended spectrum antibiotics in treating patients with infected wounds.
Antibiotic resistance profile and phenotypic detection of betaLactamase-producers among gram-negative bacteria isolated from
(Nigeria Association of Pharmacists in Academia (NAPA), 2016) Adejumo, A. E.; Alabi, O. S.; Adeleke, O. E.
Background: Cockroaches are carriers of numerous microorganisms. However, there is paucity of information on their role as potential reservoir for beta-lactamase producers. Objectives: This research determined the antibiotics susceptibility profile of Beta-lactamase producing Gramnegative bacteria isolated from the gut of household cockroaches in selected locations in and around University of Ibadan, Oyo state. Materials and Methods: Thirty Cockroaches from different locations in and around University of Ibadan were collected between June 2015 and March, 2016, and their intestinal homogenates cultured on different selective media for the isolation of bacteria. The isolates were identified using a combination of biochemical tests and 16S rRNA sequencing. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done using the disc-diffusion technique and phenotypic detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), AmpC-beta-lactamase (AmpC) and Metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) production was done using double-disc synergy, cefoxitin/cloxacillin and imipenem/EDTA double-disc methods respectively. Results: A total number of 58 bacteria belonging to nine genera; Pseudomonas, Proteus, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Serratia, Shigella and Raoultella were isolated. Higher percentage of the isolates exhibited resistance to erythromycin (90%), azithromycin (87.5%), amoxicillin (84.5%), ampicillin (74.1%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (74.1%), cefoxitin (67.2%) and chloramphenicol (54%), while lower percentage showed resistance to aztreonam (25%), ertapenem (13%), cefotaxime (8.6%), ceftazidime (10.3%), cefepime (5.2%), ciprofloxacin (3.5%), gentamicin (5.2%) and imipenem (0%). MDR phenotype was recorded among 82% of the isolates, 17.2% were positive for ESBL, 12% for AmpC and 13.8% for MBL production. Conclusion: This study identified household cockroaches Periplaneta americana, as a potential reservoir for MDR and beta-lactamase-producing isolates. Keywords: Susceptibility testing, ESBL, AmpC, MBL, Beta-Lactamase, MDR, Household cockroaches Cockroaches are insects of the order Blattodea some of which are associated with human environment (Beccaloni, 2014). One of the two species of cockroaches that has been reported by different authors to be widely distributed in Nigeria is the American cockroaches namely Periplaneta americana (Ajero et al., 2011; Etim et al., 2012; Akinjogunla et al., 2012; Tilahun et al., 2012). The incidence of Cockroach infestation in restaurants, hospitals, warehouses, offices and within households, particularly the kitchen, have been reported to be very high in Nigeria (Omudu and Akosu, 2013; Braimah et al., 2015). The insects being nocturnal in nature are found in dark places within the households during the day hiding in opened and cracked sections of the wall, furniture, inside wardrobes and cupboards (Omudu and Akosu, 2013; Billah et al., 2015; Braimah et al., 2015). Sometimes they enter into cooking pots and other kitchen utensils if left opened. They feed on leftover food, cooked and uncooked food materials contaminating them with microorganisms on their body and in their faecal droppings especially those ready to eat food that do not require further processing before eating them (Xue et al., 2009). They are also found in other parts of the house including bedrooms (Etim et al., 2013). Cockroaches are also found in garbage and sewage tanks, particularly in homes with pit latrine (Craczyk et al., 2005; Pai et al., 2005) making them a potential vector for pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms from human origin (Graczyk et al., 2005; Pai et al., 2005; Vazirianzadeh et al. 2014). Studies have shown that most of the disease-causing bacteria of human origin can survive within the body system of cockroaches (Imamura et al., 2003), hence their presence in sewage and garbage elucidate their role as potential carriers of these human diseasecausing agents (Vazirianzadeh et al., 2014). Several authors have incriminated cockroaches as reservoir and transmitters of disease-causing microorganisms like Enterobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella spp., Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp., especially those in the hospital environment (Craczyk et al., 2005; Tatfeng et al., 2005; Ukay et al., 2009; Tilahun et al., 2012; Vazirianzadeh et al., 2014). In addition, cockroaches have also been reported to carry microbial agents of leprosy, urinary tract infection (Enterococcus spp.), MATERIALS AND METHODS Study Area The study was carried out in University of Ibadan metropolis, Oyo state. The areas of choice were kitchen and toilets in residential apartments in and around the University of Ibadan. Specimen Collection and Preparation for bacteria isolation A total of 30 cockroaches, identified to be Periplaneta americana, through online file (Beccaloni, 2014), were collected from residential cholecystitis (Helicobacter hepaticus), plague (Yersinia pestis) and bacteremia, septic arthritis and peritonitis (Oligella urethralis) (Pat, 2006; Falsafi and Mahboubi, 2013). Antibiotic resistance and its spread among bacterial isolates is a global problem and has been reported among bacterial isolates in both clinical and community settings (WHO, 2014). Cockroaches have been reported to harbour pathogenic and opportunistic pathogens that exhibited high level resistance to antibiotics, especially those used in lifethreatening disease cases such as the cephalosporins and carbapenems (Fathpour et al., 2003; Bouamama et al., 2010; Wannigama et al., 2014). Bacterial isolates exhibiting multidrug resistance phenotype have also been reported in cockroaches (Devi and Murray, 1991; Tetteh-Quarcoo et al., 2013). Resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics are known to be mediated mostly by beta-lactamase enzymes. The initial variants of these enzymes were active only on the penicillin class but the discovery of the third generation cephalosporin class help to overcome their destructive action (Paterson and Bonomo, 2005). The advent of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, and metallo beta-lactamase enzymes among others which are known in addition to the penicillin class, to hydrolyze the third generation cephalosporins (Ceftazidime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone) and the carbapenems (imipenem, ertapenem) respectively, created a serious problem for clinicians in the management of life-threatening infections caused by such bacteria habouring the enzymes (Paterson and Bonomo, 2005). Currently, there is paucity of information on the various resistant determinants harboured by bacteria isolated from household cockroaches. This study therefore, aimed at using phenotypic techniques to determine multidrug resistance phenotype and the presence of common beta-lactamase enzymes among bacterial isolates from the gut of house-hold cockroaches in selected locations in and around University of Ibadan. apartments using sticky rods and direct collection with sterile hand-gloves (Paul et al., 1992). They were introduced into separate sterile wide-mouth bottles aseptically and transported to the laboratory of the Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Ibadan for freezing at 0oC for 10- 15min to anaesthetize them. Intestinal gut of each cockroach was prepared into samples using the method highlighted by Tetteh-Quarcoo et al. (2013)
Bioactive constituents and antibacterial screening of two Nigerian plant extracts against selected clinical bacteria
(Nigeria Association of Pharmacists in Academia (NAPA), 2016) Odumosu, B. T.; Salawu, O. T.; Oyeyemi, I.; Alabi, O. S.; Rufai, T. R.; Odunukan, O.
Background: The growing desires to combat antibiotic resistance among pathogenic bacteria necessitate the need to search for new antimicrobials agents from other sources such as plants. Objectives: The present study investigated the antibacterial activities and bioactive components of Nymphaea lotus and Spondias mombin against selected clinical bacteria Material and Methods: Extracts of N. lotus and S. mombin were prepared by 72 hours maceration in 70% methanol. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Citrobacter freundi and, Klebsiella oxytoca against the two extracts was carried out by disk diffusion method while minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) was by agar-well dilution and broth dilution method, respectively. The bioactive compounds of the plants were identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Results: Extracts of N. lotus showed better antimicrobial activities than S. mombin against all the clinical bacterial isolates with an MIC range of 3.13 – >12.5mg/mL compared to S. mombin with MIC range of 6.25 – >12.5mg/mL. The GC-MS results revealed the presence of 21 and 25 compounds for N. lotus and S. mombin respectively. Benzoic acid derivatives were in abundance in both plants with approximately 71.5% and 82.1% in N. lotus and S. mombin respectively. Conclusions: The findings from this study provided further evidence on their ethno-botanical claims and additional information on the potentials of the studied plants as effective medicinal plants with antimicrobial activity against clinical bacteria. This highlights the need for continuous exploration of medicinal plants for novel compounds with better antimicrobial property as option for the treatment of resistant bacterial infection