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A preliminary investigation of prevalence of extended spectrum beta lactamases among enterobacteriaceae isolated from poultry farms in Ibadan, Nigeria
(Nigeria Association of Pharmacists in Academia (NAPA), 2015) Ayeni, F. A.; Olujobi, O. F.; Alabi, O. S.
Background: -Antibiotic resistance and extended spectrum beta–lactamase (ESBL) producing enterobacteriaceae are global health concerns and major problems for the treatment of different infections caused by enterobacteriaceae. Objective: -This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of phenotypically identified ESBL producers in enterobacteriaceae strains isolated from poultry farms in Ibadan. Material and Methods: Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from faecal samples of 45 chickens from 3 farms in Ibadan, Nigeria. The E. coli strains in the isolates were identified by biochemical methods. The susceptibility of all enterobacteriaceae strains to selected β lactam antibiotics were tested by disc diffusion method. ESBL production was tested by double disk synergy test and MIC determination (8–512 μg/ml) Results: - A total of 40 Enterobacteriaceae strains were isolated and 20 of the strains were identified as E. coli while 20 were tagged other Enterobacteriaceae strains. The E. coli strains were generally susceptible to tested antibiotics while other Enterobacteriaceae were relatively resistant. All the tested Enterobacteriacea were susceptible to cefepine. 15% of E.coli isolates were resistant to amoxicillin/clavulaniz and 38.9% of other Enterobacteriaceace isolates were resistant to cefoxitin. 5% of E. coli strains and 25% of other Enterobacteriaceae produced ESBL with concentration range of ˂8 μg/ml and >512μg/ml for antibiotics used singly and in combination with clavulanic acid respectively. Conclusions: - This study showed low occurrence of ESBL in E. coli strains but relatively high occurrence in other Enterobacteriaceae in poultries in Ibadan, Nigeria.. Therefore, there is need to control the use of antibiotics in poultry feeds and livestock production.
Antibiotic resistance profile and phenotypic detection of betaLactamase-producers among gram-negative bacteria isolated from
(Nigeria Association of Pharmacists in Academia (NAPA), 2016) Adejumo, A. E.; Alabi, O. S.; Adeleke, O. E.
Background: Cockroaches are carriers of numerous microorganisms. However, there is paucity of information on their role as potential reservoir for beta-lactamase producers. Objectives: This research determined the antibiotics susceptibility profile of Beta-lactamase producing Gramnegative bacteria isolated from the gut of household cockroaches in selected locations in and around University of Ibadan, Oyo state. Materials and Methods: Thirty Cockroaches from different locations in and around University of Ibadan were collected between June 2015 and March, 2016, and their intestinal homogenates cultured on different selective media for the isolation of bacteria. The isolates were identified using a combination of biochemical tests and 16S rRNA sequencing. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done using the disc-diffusion technique and phenotypic detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), AmpC-beta-lactamase (AmpC) and Metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) production was done using double-disc synergy, cefoxitin/cloxacillin and imipenem/EDTA double-disc methods respectively. Results: A total number of 58 bacteria belonging to nine genera; Pseudomonas, Proteus, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Serratia, Shigella and Raoultella were isolated. Higher percentage of the isolates exhibited resistance to erythromycin (90%), azithromycin (87.5%), amoxicillin (84.5%), ampicillin (74.1%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (74.1%), cefoxitin (67.2%) and chloramphenicol (54%), while lower percentage showed resistance to aztreonam (25%), ertapenem (13%), cefotaxime (8.6%), ceftazidime (10.3%), cefepime (5.2%), ciprofloxacin (3.5%), gentamicin (5.2%) and imipenem (0%). MDR phenotype was recorded among 82% of the isolates, 17.2% were positive for ESBL, 12% for AmpC and 13.8% for MBL production. Conclusion: This study identified household cockroaches Periplaneta americana, as a potential reservoir for MDR and beta-lactamase-producing isolates. Keywords: Susceptibility testing, ESBL, AmpC, MBL, Beta-Lactamase, MDR, Household cockroaches Cockroaches are insects of the order Blattodea some of which are associated with human environment (Beccaloni, 2014). One of the two species of cockroaches that has been reported by different authors to be widely distributed in Nigeria is the American cockroaches namely Periplaneta americana (Ajero et al., 2011; Etim et al., 2012; Akinjogunla et al., 2012; Tilahun et al., 2012). The incidence of Cockroach infestation in restaurants, hospitals, warehouses, offices and within households, particularly the kitchen, have been reported to be very high in Nigeria (Omudu and Akosu, 2013; Braimah et al., 2015). The insects being nocturnal in nature are found in dark places within the households during the day hiding in opened and cracked sections of the wall, furniture, inside wardrobes and cupboards (Omudu and Akosu, 2013; Billah et al., 2015; Braimah et al., 2015). Sometimes they enter into cooking pots and other kitchen utensils if left opened. They feed on leftover food, cooked and uncooked food materials contaminating them with microorganisms on their body and in their faecal droppings especially those ready to eat food that do not require further processing before eating them (Xue et al., 2009). They are also found in other parts of the house including bedrooms (Etim et al., 2013). Cockroaches are also found in garbage and sewage tanks, particularly in homes with pit latrine (Craczyk et al., 2005; Pai et al., 2005) making them a potential vector for pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms from human origin (Graczyk et al., 2005; Pai et al., 2005; Vazirianzadeh et al. 2014). Studies have shown that most of the disease-causing bacteria of human origin can survive within the body system of cockroaches (Imamura et al., 2003), hence their presence in sewage and garbage elucidate their role as potential carriers of these human diseasecausing agents (Vazirianzadeh et al., 2014). Several authors have incriminated cockroaches as reservoir and transmitters of disease-causing microorganisms like Enterobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella spp., Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp., especially those in the hospital environment (Craczyk et al., 2005; Tatfeng et al., 2005; Ukay et al., 2009; Tilahun et al., 2012; Vazirianzadeh et al., 2014). In addition, cockroaches have also been reported to carry microbial agents of leprosy, urinary tract infection (Enterococcus spp.), MATERIALS AND METHODS Study Area The study was carried out in University of Ibadan metropolis, Oyo state. The areas of choice were kitchen and toilets in residential apartments in and around the University of Ibadan. Specimen Collection and Preparation for bacteria isolation A total of 30 cockroaches, identified to be Periplaneta americana, through online file (Beccaloni, 2014), were collected from residential cholecystitis (Helicobacter hepaticus), plague (Yersinia pestis) and bacteremia, septic arthritis and peritonitis (Oligella urethralis) (Pat, 2006; Falsafi and Mahboubi, 2013). Antibiotic resistance and its spread among bacterial isolates is a global problem and has been reported among bacterial isolates in both clinical and community settings (WHO, 2014). Cockroaches have been reported to harbour pathogenic and opportunistic pathogens that exhibited high level resistance to antibiotics, especially those used in lifethreatening disease cases such as the cephalosporins and carbapenems (Fathpour et al., 2003; Bouamama et al., 2010; Wannigama et al., 2014). Bacterial isolates exhibiting multidrug resistance phenotype have also been reported in cockroaches (Devi and Murray, 1991; Tetteh-Quarcoo et al., 2013). Resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics are known to be mediated mostly by beta-lactamase enzymes. The initial variants of these enzymes were active only on the penicillin class but the discovery of the third generation cephalosporin class help to overcome their destructive action (Paterson and Bonomo, 2005). The advent of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, and metallo beta-lactamase enzymes among others which are known in addition to the penicillin class, to hydrolyze the third generation cephalosporins (Ceftazidime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone) and the carbapenems (imipenem, ertapenem) respectively, created a serious problem for clinicians in the management of life-threatening infections caused by such bacteria habouring the enzymes (Paterson and Bonomo, 2005). Currently, there is paucity of information on the various resistant determinants harboured by bacteria isolated from household cockroaches. This study therefore, aimed at using phenotypic techniques to determine multidrug resistance phenotype and the presence of common beta-lactamase enzymes among bacterial isolates from the gut of house-hold cockroaches in selected locations in and around University of Ibadan. apartments using sticky rods and direct collection with sterile hand-gloves (Paul et al., 1992). They were introduced into separate sterile wide-mouth bottles aseptically and transported to the laboratory of the Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Ibadan for freezing at 0oC for 10- 15min to anaesthetize them. Intestinal gut of each cockroach was prepared into samples using the method highlighted by Tetteh-Quarcoo et al. (2013)
Antibiotic susceptibility profiles of lactic and acetic acid bacteria isolated from ogi, yoghurt and human vagina in Nigeria
(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), Zaria, Nigeria, 2018-03) Murtala, M.; Alabi, O. S.; Ayeni, F. A .
The beneficial effects of lactic and acetic acid bacteria in human foods are well documented, however, there are increasing safety concerns associated with the exposure of humans to live microbes including transferable antibiotic resistance determinant. Therefore this study determines the antibiotic susceptibility and resistance profiles of lactic and acetic acid bacteria previously isolated from fermented foods and human vagina and the presence of plasmids in the strains. The antibiotic susceptibility and resistance of the bacterial strains was determined by disc diffusion method and the MIC for resistant strains by VITEK 2 compact system. Plasmid extraction was evaluated by ZyppyTM Plasmid Miniprep Kit while the resistant strains were cured using ethidium bromide as mutagen. All the isolates showed varying levels of antibiotic susceptibility/resistance. All the isolates were susceptible to gentamicin and resistant to vancomycin followed by ciprofloxacin. In MIC determination, only the vagina isolates showed 25% resistance to gentamicin and 75% resistance to erythromycin. Overall, only one plasmid was detected from Acetobacter pasterianus which was isolated from yoghurt with size greater than 1kb. Microbial resistance to four antibiotics (Tetracycline, Ampicillin, Sulphamethoxazole/ Trimethoprim and Neomycin) in Lactobacillus plantarum and Acetobacter pasterianus were cured. The studied isolates exhibited high degree of susceptibility to the antibiotics and the curing of the four antibiotic resistant strains indicated that the resistance may be plasmid mediated which can be transferable. Therefore the bacteria strains with cured resistance are not safe for probiotic purpose.
Antifungal capacity of lactic acid bacteria isolated from salad vegetables
(2011-05) Adeniyi, B.; Damsa, I.
This study explores the use of lactic acid bacteria from fresh salad vegetables to inhibit fungal growth. The antifungal assay was done using the agar well diffusion method as reported by Schillinger and Lucke (1989). The largest zone of inhibition (25mm) was recorded by the antagonistic activity of the isolate identified to Lactobacillus plantarum against Candida albicans ATCC 90029. No activity was recorded against Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019, C. valida UCH 1508, C. pseudotropicalis UCH1408, C. tropicalis UCH 1308 and Trichophyton interdigitalis UCH1708. The cell free supernatant (CFS) of the isolate described to be Lactobacillus brevis was exceptional as it was the only CFS that inhibited the growth of Epidermophyton floccosum UCH 1908. The results show that LAB isolated from salad vegetables can inhibit some fungi pathogens by developing zones around agar well that contain LAB metabolites and can probably be a feasible option for the chemotherapy of fungal infections given the drug resistance exhibited to antifungal agents currently in use.
Antimicrobial evaluation of microencapsulated ciprofloxacin+Irvinga gabonensis gum against klebsiella SPECIES FROM PATients in a teaching hospital in Benin
(African Scientific Research and Innovation Council (AU-ASRIC), 2023) Onyenwel, N. E.; Nnamani, N. D.; Nwafor, C. N.; Onojob, V. O .; Alabi, S. O .; Obun-Nnadi, C.; Adeboye, O. O.
Klebsiella species causes nosocomial infections and other diseases. The use of Ciprofloxacin formulations has been adopted for skin and systemic infections, hence Irvingia gabonensis a specie of African trees in the genus Irvingia, was used for the microencapsulation of ciprofloxacin and used against sequenced disease causing Klebsiella species. Adopting the non-solvent addition of microencapsulation, drug-excipient compatibility test, batches of encapsulated ciprofloxacin + Irvinga gabonenesis, gelatin gum with the pure active ciprofloxacin were prepared from formula X. The FT-IR absorbance at different wavelength was recorded. The resultant microncapsulated drugs were screened for antimicrobial activity using the single disc agar diffusion against K. quasipneumoniae, K. aerogenes, and K. pneumoniae isolates. There were no difference in wavelength of FT-IR spectra of Irvinga gabonensis, pure active ciprofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin blend+Irvinga gabonensis gum. The pure active ciprofloxacin was very effective at the concentration of 8.3µg/mL(IC5o:1.02µg/ml) and 4.15(IC5o:0.08µg/ml) against all the Klebsiella species. The ciprofloxacin + Irvinga gabonenesis at 7.12 µg/mL (IC5o:0.90µg/mL) had significant zone of inhibition when compared to the pure active ciprofloxacin drug alone (IC5o:0.80µg/mL) at a concentration of 4.12µg/ml active ciprofloxacin. Based on the 95% mean inhibition concentration, ciprofloxacin + Irvinga gabonenesis gum (IC5o:0.90µg/mL) is a better excipient than ciprofloxacin + Gelatin gum (IC5o:1.38µg/mL). Ciprofloxacin + Irvinga gabonensis gum exerts effective antimicrobial activities and compatibility in terms of effective drug release.
Antimicrobial screening and GC-MS analysis of bioactive compounds from strains of pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from poultry fecal littered soil in Ibadan, Nigeria.
(Faculty of Physical Sciences and Faculty of Life Sciences,University of Ilorin, 2019) Alabi, O. S.; Koleoso, O. B.; Abiala, A. M.
The emergence of pathogens exhibiting multiple antibiotic resistance (MDR) is bringing a thwart to available chemotherapeutic agents thus the urgency in the search for bioactive agents that will be effective against the MDR pathogens. This study screened isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from poultry fecal littered soil in two selected locations in northern Ibadan, southwest Nigeria (University of Ibadan Teaching Research Farm and Ayede community) for production of bioactive compounds, evaluated their activities against selected MDR bacteria pathogens and analyzed the crude ethylacetate extract using GC-MS. A total of 178 strains of P. aeruginosa were isolated on cetrimide agar and identified presumptively by standard biochemical test. Primary and secondary screening of the whole cell and cell free supernatant ethylacetate extracts were done by perpendicular streaking and agar-well diffusion methods respectively against selected clinical MDR bacteria pathogens. Five out of the 178 strains of the presumptive P.aeruginosa with excellent antibacterial activity were further confirmed by 16S rRNA amplification and sequencing. Cell free supernatant ethylacetate extracts of two most active strains among the five (denoted with code APC2-1 and APC2-14) were subjected to GC-MS analysis of the metabolites. The five P. aeruginosa strains were identified as P. aeruginosa MR24 strains 1, 2, 3, Pseudomonas sp SD12 and P. aeruginosa Kasamber 1 which were closely related phylogenetically. The bioactive compounds produced by the isolates that were studied had greater activity on Gram positive than Gram negative pathogens. GC-MS analysis revealed a total of 19 different compounds (1-heptadecanamine; 2ethyl-1-hexanamine; 3-butyn-1-ol; Pent-3-enylamine; Pent-4-enylamine; Propane; Acetaldehyde; Ethylene oxide; hydroxyacetonitrile; Bromo-acetonitrile; Azetidine; 2-methyl-Azetidine; Aminocaproic acid; 18nonadecen-1-amine; 5-aminovaleric acid; 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine; 1-octadecanamine; 1-octanamine and 2-(3-butynyloxy)tetrahydro-2H-pyran) among which are antibacterial, anticancer, antifibrinolytic, and antimalarial compounds. This study therefore revealed the potentials of Pseudomonas aeruginosa as producers of secondary metabolites of medical and industrial importance. Multidrug resistance is currently on the increase, globally threatening public health and decreasing the efficacy of the antibiotics available currently (WHO, 2017). This therefore, has precipitated the search for novel compounds from natural sources like the environment, beneficial microorganisms, animals and plants from both aquatic and terrestrial habitats with potentials to produce potent antimicrobial agents against the resistant pathogens (Wolfender et al., 2015; Dias et al., 2016). Microbial genome mining is an important tool in the discovery of unculturable organisms and screening of isolates with potential secondary metabolites (Bachmann et al., 2014; Ziemert et al., 2016). With the availability of certain technologies like Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) and Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry Analysis (GC-MS), an effective separation and identification of different bioactive metabolites from natural products is achievable. Some microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi from ages produce antimicrobials and other bioactive compounds (Butler and Bus, 2006). Pseudomonas spp. are group of Gram-negative bacilli with polar flagella, Gammaproteobacteria and family, Pseudomonadaceae. The species of this genus have a wide array of metabolic diversities capable of colonizing different ecological niches requiring non-specific nutritional requirement for their growth (Meyer et al., 2002). Pseudomonas spp. are known producers of bioactive metabolites such as Phenazine compounds, volatile organic compounds, thioquinolobactin etc. Some of these metabolites have been reported to possess antimicrobial activity, anticancer property, biosurfactant, bio-controlling, bio-pesticide/ bioinsecticide and bioremediation effects, hence its application in pharmaceutical, agricultural, cosmetic, industrial and environmental sector is important (Meyer et al., 2002; Kumar et al., 2016; Gionco et al., 2017). Despite the numerous antibiotics produced from microorganisms most especially the actinomycetes, resistance has taken a
Bioactive constituents and antibacterial screening of two Nigerian plant extracts against selected clinical bacteria
(Nigeria Association of Pharmacists in Academia (NAPA), 2016) Odumosu, B. T.; Salawu, O. T.; Oyeyemi, I.; Alabi, O. S.; Rufai, T. R.; Odunukan, O.
Background: The growing desires to combat antibiotic resistance among pathogenic bacteria necessitate the need to search for new antimicrobials agents from other sources such as plants. Objectives: The present study investigated the antibacterial activities and bioactive components of Nymphaea lotus and Spondias mombin against selected clinical bacteria Material and Methods: Extracts of N. lotus and S. mombin were prepared by 72 hours maceration in 70% methanol. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Citrobacter freundi and, Klebsiella oxytoca against the two extracts was carried out by disk diffusion method while minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) was by agar-well dilution and broth dilution method, respectively. The bioactive compounds of the plants were identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Results: Extracts of N. lotus showed better antimicrobial activities than S. mombin against all the clinical bacterial isolates with an MIC range of 3.13 – >12.5mg/mL compared to S. mombin with MIC range of 6.25 – >12.5mg/mL. The GC-MS results revealed the presence of 21 and 25 compounds for N. lotus and S. mombin respectively. Benzoic acid derivatives were in abundance in both plants with approximately 71.5% and 82.1% in N. lotus and S. mombin respectively. Conclusions: The findings from this study provided further evidence on their ethno-botanical claims and additional information on the potentials of the studied plants as effective medicinal plants with antimicrobial activity against clinical bacteria. This highlights the need for continuous exploration of medicinal plants for novel compounds with better antimicrobial property as option for the treatment of resistant bacterial infection
Characterization, antimicrobial and catalytic activities of silver nanoparticles biosynthesized using aqueous extract of Euphorbia graminea
(Istanbul Medipol University, Turkey, 2023) Thomas, O. E.; Alabi, O. S.; Osharode, P. E.
Phytosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is not only affordable and ecofriendly but provides a means of synthesizing phytochemical capped AgNPs with predefined characteristics. The objective of this study was the green synthesis of AgNPs that possess antimicrobial and catalytic activities using aqueous extract of Euphorbia graminea. Reactions parameters critical to the yield, size and morphology of the biosynthesized AgNPs were optimized using UV spectroscopy. The UV-visible spectra analysis of the biosynthesized AgNPs showed surface plasmon resonance occurred at 462 nm. Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy dispersive X-ray analysis revealed the characteristic absorption band of AgNPs at 3 KeV and confirmed 73.66% composition of particles as metallic silver. The AgNPs appeared as well-separated, quasi-spherical particles with narrow size distribution of 6.77±0.89 nm when examined with Transmission electron microscopy. X-ray diffraction confirmed the crystallinity of the AgNPs with mean crystallite size of 7.65 nm. The biosynthesized AgNPs showed broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi. The rate constant of the degradation of methylene blue in the presence of as-synthesized AgNPs was increased several folds to sec-1 from sec-1 in its absence. The prepared AgNPs could find applications as therapeutic coats in medical devices and in effluent treatment of chemical industries.
Co-production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and metallo beta-lactamases among multi-drug resistant gram-negative bacteria isolates collected from tertiary hospitals in Oyo State, Nigeria
(FUDMA, 2020-09) Alabi, O. S.; Obisesan, A. O.; Taiwo, M. K.; Adewuyi, O. R.
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) and metallo beta-lactamases (MBLs) are compromising the chemotherapeutic use of cephalosporins and carbapenems respectively. This study investigated the burden of ESBLs and MBLs co-production among multi-drug resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria collected from two tertiary hospitals in Oyo State. A total of 240 non-duplicated clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp. and Pseudomonas spp. were collected from the Microbiology units of two tertiary hospitals in Oyo State and their identities authenticated using standard identification techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out by disc-diffusion method and isolates exhibiting resistance to 3 classes of antibiotics selected as MDR strains. ESBL and MBL production was detected by double-disc synergy test (DDST) and combined-disc-diffusion test (CDDT) respectively. Selected beta-lactamase genes were detected by PCR, amplicons sent out for sequencing and phylogenetic tree of the sequences constructed using Mega X software. MDR was exhibited by 43.8% of the isolates. ESBLs and MBLs were produced by 32.4% and 7.6% of the MDR isolates respectively. Co-production of ESBL and MBL was observed in 6.7% of the MDR isolates. BlaCTX-M-15 (67.7%), blaTEM-1 (55.9%), blaSHV-1 (47.1%), co-existing blaTEM + blaSHV, blaTEM + blaCTXM, blaCTX-M + blaSHV (each in 5.9%) and blaCTX-M +blaTEM + blaSHV (26.5%) were detected among the ESBLproducers. MBL genes were not detected among the MBL-producers. Only blaTEM-1 sequences showed two different claudes on the phylogenetic tree. The occurrence of MDR isolates co-harbouring different classes of beta-lactamse genes observed in this study is of public health concern and hence, requires stricter control of antibiotic use.
Comparative antimicrobial activities of extracts of garcinia kola, kola acuminata and kola nitida seeds on isolates of respiratory tract and other infections
(West African Postgraduate College of Pharmacists, 2008) Adeleke, O. E.; Alabi, O. S.
The methanolic extracts of the powdered seeds of Garcinia kola (Guttilerae), Kola acuminata, and Kola nitida (Sterculiaceae) were tested individually for antimicrobial activity using isolates from respiratory tract infections and other sites of infection such as High vagina swab, wounds, urethra and skin. The isolates included Staphylococus aureus (5strains), Z strains each of Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis and Streptococcus pneumoniae; I strain each of Streptococcus viridians Entercoccus faecalis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus subtilis, Haemophillus influenzae, Candida albicans, Asp. Niger, Ap. Eumigatus and Trichophyton specie, and 3 strains each of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The antimicrobial susceptibility test of the extracts showed zones of growth inhibition ranging from 9mm to as large as 35mm, depending on the organism being tested. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by agar-diffusion method and ranged from 0.23mg/ml to 30mg/ml for the three extracts. The crude extracts of Garcinia Kola showed a stronger antimicrobial against most organisms particularly the Gram-positive bacterial isolates from the respiratory tract, than the other two extracts, while Kola nitida was the least active.
Detection of beta-lactamase production among gram-negative bacteria isolated from semen of male patients with bacteriospermia
(West African Postgraduate College of Pharmacists, 2017) Alabi, O. S.; Olowookere, A. K.
Background: Bacteriospermia, a condition characterized by the presence of bacteria in male ejaculate may influence male infertility. However, presence of bacteria exhibiting resistance to extended-spectrum antibiotics could be a serious challenge to the treatment of bacteriospermia. Objectives: This study examined semen of patients for bacteriospermia and screened for the presence of common beta-lactamases in Gram-negative bacteria isolated, in two teaching hospitals in Oyo State, Nigeria. Methods: Semen samples were collected by masturbation after abstinence for 3 days among 182 male patients attending fertility clinic of Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Teaching Hospital and Bowen University Teaching Hospital between February 2015 and February 2016. Gram-negative bacteria were isolated and identified using standard methods. Antibiotic susceptibility test was by disc-diffusion, beta-lactamase detection by double-disc synergy test and Polymerase Chain Reaction. Results: Bacteriospermia was observed in 26.4% of the patients (age range 21 and 60 years). Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Entetrobacter spp. and Proteus spp. were isolated. Resistance to amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, cefepime, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, ceftazidime and cefuroxime was observed in 87.5%, 62.5%, 45.8%, 41.7%, 37.5%, 37.5% and 27.1% of the isolates respectively. Resistance to imipenem, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and gentamicin was 8.3%, 41.7%, 43.8% and 54.2% respectively. MDR was exhibited by 68.8%. ESBL, AmpC and MBL was produced by 31.3%, 22.9% and 14.6% respectively, with 3(6.3%) co-producing all. bla and bla were detected but AmpC and MBL genes were not. Sequencing revealed bla CTX-M-15 and bla TEM 1 Six of the eight bla CTX-M-15 positive strains lost the gene to mutagenic treatment. Conclusion: High level of MDR bacteria including those producing beta-lactamases in this study calls for caution in the antibiotic treatment of bacteriospermia.
Detection of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producers from ready-to-eat roasted beef in Ibadan north, Nigeria.
(2021) Alabi, O. S.; Obisesan, A. O.; Odumosu, B. T.
Ready-to-eat roasted beef popularly called `Suya' in Nigeria is a highly nutritive food and hence, prone to microbial contamination when handled in an unhygienic manner by the vendors. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus have been reported in both community and hospital settings in Nigeria. This study investigated their occurrence as microbial contaminants in ready-to eat roasted beef in Ibadan North local government area (LGA) of Oyo state, Nigeria. Fifty (50) samples were purposively collected randomly in four different locations in Ibadan North LGA from 1st to 31st of November, 2019. Aerobic and coliform bacterial counts, isolation, identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing were done using standard microbiological techniques. Phenotypically, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus was detected by cefoxitin-disc-diffusion and ESBL-producers by double-disc synergy. MecA/C and selected ESBL (TEM, SHV and CTX-M) genes were detected by PCR technique. The mean total aerobic and coliform bacterial counts ranged from 1.5 × 106 to 7.8 × 106 cfu/g and 0.8 × 102 to 1.3 × 103 cfu/g respectively. Thirty-eight (38) bacteria were isolated: Staphylococcus aureus (15.8%), Pseudomonas spp. (42.1%), Klebsiella spp. (36.8%) and Bacillus spp. (5.3%). Four (66.7%) of the Staphylococcus aureus were MecA mediated methicillin-resistant strains and 20 (66.7%) of the Gram-negatives were ESBL-producers with 9 (30%) harbouring TEM and SHV and 15 (50%) CTX-M genes. Occurrence of MRSA and ESBL-producers in ready-to-eat roasted beef in Ibadan north is of serious public health concern. Policy and Practice.
Detoxification of biomedical waste
(CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2020) Odumosu, B. T.; Bamidele, T. A.; Alabi, O. S.; Buraimoh, O. M.
Effect of kunnu-zaki on clinical bacteria isolates
(Academicjournals, 2012-03) Olaitan, J. O.; Adeleke, O. E.; Alabi, O. S.
Ten clinical isolates of Gram-negative bacteria were exposed in agar-cup diffusion sensitivity test to Kunun-zaki, a non-alcoholic fermented beverage, taken from eighteen samples. The undiluted samples of the beverage appreciably inhibited the growth of all the bacteria tested including, remarkably, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibro cholerae, Salmonella enterica and Staphylococcus aureus. The bacteria however varied in their sensitivities to the fractional dilutions of the samples. This antimicrobial effect represents another property for Kunun-zaki and obviates the possibility of public health risk in its consumption.
efficacy of three disinfectant formulations against multidrug resistant nosocomial agents
(African Journals OnLine, 2012-09) Alabi, O. S.; Sanusi, E. A.
The current increase in the prevalence of nosocomial infections within the hospital environment despite adequate cleaning and disinfection can be said to be due to the following: (i) ineffectiveness of the various disinfectant formulations used in infection control on the various hospital equipments and wards; (ii) development of resistance to the various chemical disinfectant formulations been used in the hospitals by the various microorganisms. Ten bacteria isolates from different clinical specimens of hospitalized patients identified using standard bacteriological methods and found after screening to be resistant to two or more classes of the antibiotics: cephalosporins, quinolones, Betalactams, nitrofuran, macrolide and an aminoglycoside using the Kirby-Bauer method of disc diffusion test were used in this study. These were subjected to susceptibility testing against three selected disinfectant formulations (Izal, Dettol and Jik) at the manufacturer's dilutions and half the dilutions prescribed on their labels by using agar diffusion method. Out of these clinical isolates used in this study, 5 (50%) and 2 (20%) were resistant to manufacturer's dilution
Elixir formulations of methanolic extract concentrates of garcinia kola, kola acuminata and kola nitida seeds and their antimicrobial activity
(West African Postgraduate College of Pharmacists, 2008) Adeleke, O. E.; Alabi, O. S.; Coker M. E.
The crude methanolic extracts of Garcinia Kola (Gutiferae), Kola acuminata and Kola nitida (Sterculiaceae) seed powders were screened against some bacterial isolates consisting of six different Genera namely: Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Escherichia, Proteus, Klebsiella and Pseudomonas, most of which were isolated from the respiratory tract and the rest from other sources like wounds, vagina and urethra. The extracts were found to be active on all the Gram-positive bacteria and some of the Gram-negative bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The extracts Were then formulated into stable Elixir formulations at a concentration of 15mg/ml and screened against the same bacterial isolates. They were found to be active against all the selected Gram-positive bacteria used in were also susceptible to the three elixir formulations.
Evaluation of nauclea diderrichii (De Wild.) merrill leaf extracts and fractions against some clinical bacterial isolates from urinary tract infections
(Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Nigeria, 2019) Aderibigbe, S. A.; Alabi, O. S.; Yekini, Q. A.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) constitute considerable health and economic burdens globally. The advent of resistant strains of uropathogens coupled with high rate of recurrent UTIs has heightened the precarious situation. Consequently, research efforts are being directed towards alternative treatment solutions. This study investigated the potential of Nauclea diderrichii leaf extracts and fractions as antibacterial agents against some clinical uropathogen isolates. Chloroform, acetone and methanol extracts of dried leaf of N. diderrichii, obtained by cold maceration, were evaluated for antibacterial activity against five different species (2 strains each) of clinical uropathogenic bacterial isolates from UTI; namely: Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter feacalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The secondary metabolites present in these extracts were investigated by qualitative phytochemical screening. The most active extract was subjected to chromatographic fractionation, while the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the fractions were determined. Chloroform extract exhibited activity against all the strains with inhibition zone diameters of 10 mm - 19 mm, while methanol and acetone extracts showed some activity against some of the organisms with inhibition zone diameters of 10 mm - 18 mm and 12 mm - 16 mm, respectively. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, anthraquinones, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, phenolics and flavonoids. Fractionation of the chloroform extract yielded three fractions, with MICs: 0.78125 - 25 mg/mL, fraction C; 1.5625 - 12.5 mg/mL, fraction B; and 1.5625 - 25 mg/mL, fraction A. This study confirmed that N. diderrichii leaf contains bioactive compounds against UTI-causing uropathogens.
Evaluation of the antibacterial and antifungal potentials of peptide-rich extracts from selected Nigerian plants
(Elsevier, 2022) Agbebi, E. A.; Alabi, O. S.; Nkrumah, A. O.; Ogbole, O. O.
Introduction: Host defence peptides (HDPs) has gained wide recognition as a potential source of antimicrobial agents because of their abundance in nature, low incidence of reported resistance, and their immunomodulatory properties. This study investigated the presence and antimicrobial activities of bioactive peptides in seven selected plants from the Rubiaceae, Apocynaceae, and Euphorbiaceae families. Methods: The reversed-phase solid-phase extraction was used to obtain the peptide-rich fractions from the crude extracts of the plants, and the circular peptides were chemically detected by a modified G-250 spray on a developed TLC plate. The peptide fraction and crude extracts were screened for their antimicrobial activities using the broth microdilution method. The rate of kill study was conducted for the peptide fractions Euphorbia hirta and Nauclea diderichii Results: The study revealed Nauclea diderichii peptide-rich fraction as the most potent on the tested strains of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and fungi (MIC =7.8, 15.63-62.5, and 7.8 μg/mL respectively). Euphorbia hirta and Nauclea diderichii peptide fractions exhibited bactericidal activity (MIC index ≤4, and >3Log10 reduction of initial inoculum) and have a broad spectrum of activity, which further validates their ethnomedicinal use in the management of diverse infectious diseases, including enteric and respiratory tract infections. The peptide fractions of all the plants are more potent than the crude extracts. Conclusion: This study established the antimicrobial potentials of the peptide-rich fractions from these plant species, and the basis for further investigation to isolate and characterize the bioactive peptides responsible for their antimicrobial activities.
GC-MS profiling and evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of methanolic extract and fractions of the leaves of solanum dasyphyllum schumach and thonn
(West African Postgraduate College of Pharmacists, 2023) Oyinloye, O. E.; Alabi, O. S.; Ademowo, O. G.
Background: Solanum dasyphyllum is a plant with several ethno-medicinal uses and to date, there is little scientific validation of its folkloric claims compared to other species of the Solanaceae family. Objective: This study determined the antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of methanol extract and fractions of the leaves of S. dasyphyllum and identified the phyto-constituents using GC-MS technique. Methods: Crude methanolic extract of S. dasyphyllum leaves were subjected to Phytochemical screening and liquid-liquid fractionation. Crude extracts and fractions were subjected to antimicrobial screening, including minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentrations (MBC/MFC) determination, time-kill kinetics study, antioxidant activity and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) analysis. Results: Phytochemicals present included flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, cyanogenic glycosides, tannins and reducing sugars. Antimicrobial activities were recorded against all the isolates (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus spp., Candida albicans and Penicillium spp.) with MIC between 0.25 and >4 mg/mL, MBC of 1 and >4 mg/mL and MFC of 0.5 and >4 mg/mL. Time-kill kinetics study showed dichloromethane and ethylacetate fractions to be bactericidal. Crude extract displayed moderate antioxidant (IC50 = 425.51μg/mL) and GC-MS analysis showed 29 metabolites, including phenols and polyphenols derivatives, benzofuranone derivative and esters of decanoic acid derivatives, all of which are known to have anti-infective and anti-oxidant properties. Conclusion: This study therefore elucidates the potentials of the Solanum dasyphyllum plant as a good source of bioactive compounds including those with anti-infective and antioxidant properties.
Haematological parameter among drug resistant tuberculosis patients in Ibadan
(Makerere University Medical School (Uganda), 2024-03) Adewole, P. D.; Ogundipe, T. D.; Alabi, O. S.; Nuhu, A.
Background: Haematological abnormalities are common among tuberculosis patients but there is dearth of information on their value as prognostic markers in Multidrug resistant tuberculosis patients. This study examined the association between complete blood count variables and drug resistant tuberculosis. Materials and methods: Nighty (90) consenting adults comprising 30 Drug Resistant Tuberculosis patients (DR-TB), 30 Drug susceptible tuberculosis patients (DS-TB) and 30 healthy participants were recruited in this study. Ethical approval was obtained from Oyo State Ministry of Health Institutional Review Board while patients' demographic data were collected using structured questionnaire. Five milliliters (5mL) of blood samples were collected in EDTA bottle. Haematological parameters were analysed using impedance technique and Mindary-BG5380 5-part automated system. Result: The mean hemoglobin levels were significantly lower in DR-TB patients (11.70 ± 2.73 g/dL) than in DS-TB patients (8.33 ± 9.56 fL), with a mean difference of -3.37 ± 12.29 g/dL. The mean MCH and MCHC levels were also slightly lower in DR-TB patients (26.17 ± 3.44 pg and 30.41 ± 1.92 g/dL, respectively), but the differences were not statistically significant. The WBC count was similar in both groups (8.20 ± 3.80 × 109 /L and 8.45 ± 3.63 × 109 /L, respectively). Conclusion: The mean hemoglobin levels were significantly lower in DR-TB patients than in DS-TB patients which may be due to the increased inflammation associated with DR-TB. The WBC count was similar in both groups, suggesting that the immune system is responding similarly to the infection in both DR-TB and DS-TB patients. Recommendation: In the meantime, healthcare providers should be aware of these potential differences and use them to inform their diagnosis and treatment of patients with tuberculosis. Keyword: Haematological parameters; drug resistant tuberculosis; Ibadan. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v24i1.3 Cite as: Adewole PD, Ogundipe TD, Alabi SO, Nuhu A. Haematological parameter among drug resistant tuberculosis patients in Ibadan. Afri Health Sci, 24 (1). 10-15. https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v24i1.3 cases worldwide are resistant to at least one anti-TB drug. The emergence of drug resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) In the year 2021, 450,000 cases of multidrug-resistant TB