Scholarly works in Pharmaceutical Microbiology

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A preliminary investigation of prevalence of extended spectrum beta lactamases among enterobacteriaceae isolated from poultry farms in Ibadan, Nigeria
(Nigeria Association of Pharmacists in Academia (NAPA), 2015) Ayeni, F. A.; Olujobi, O. F.; Alabi, O. S.
Background: -Antibiotic resistance and extended spectrum beta–lactamase (ESBL) producing enterobacteriaceae are global health concerns and major problems for the treatment of different infections caused by enterobacteriaceae. Objective: -This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of phenotypically identified ESBL producers in enterobacteriaceae strains isolated from poultry farms in Ibadan. Material and Methods: Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from faecal samples of 45 chickens from 3 farms in Ibadan, Nigeria. The E. coli strains in the isolates were identified by biochemical methods. The susceptibility of all enterobacteriaceae strains to selected β lactam antibiotics were tested by disc diffusion method. ESBL production was tested by double disk synergy test and MIC determination (8–512 μg/ml) Results: - A total of 40 Enterobacteriaceae strains were isolated and 20 of the strains were identified as E. coli while 20 were tagged other Enterobacteriaceae strains. The E. coli strains were generally susceptible to tested antibiotics while other Enterobacteriaceae were relatively resistant. All the tested Enterobacteriacea were susceptible to cefepine. 15% of E.coli isolates were resistant to amoxicillin/clavulaniz and 38.9% of other Enterobacteriaceace isolates were resistant to cefoxitin. 5% of E. coli strains and 25% of other Enterobacteriaceae produced ESBL with concentration range of ˂8 μg/ml and >512μg/ml for antibiotics used singly and in combination with clavulanic acid respectively. Conclusions: - This study showed low occurrence of ESBL in E. coli strains but relatively high occurrence in other Enterobacteriaceae in poultries in Ibadan, Nigeria.. Therefore, there is need to control the use of antibiotics in poultry feeds and livestock production.
A study of bacteriological quality of street-hawked milk in Ilesha Metroplolis, Osun State, Nigeria
(Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), 2021) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Okanlawan, B. M.; Ojieabu, W. A.; Coker, E. M.
Milk, a nutrient-rich liquid food produced in the mammary glands of mammals, contains low bacterial counts when it leaves the udder, but it may get contaminated from the environment, exterior of udder, water, soil, milkers’ hands and utensils. Contamination can serve as a source of spread of certain harmful human bacterial diseases like tuberculosis, diphtheria, salmonellosis and food poisoning if consumed in raw form. This study, therefore, was designed to evaluate bacteriological quality of milk samples collected from various localities within Ilesha metropolis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty (20) samples of fresh raw milk were collected in sterilized bottles from various nomadic milk hawkers in Ilesha. Methylene blue reductase test, standard plate count on standard plate count agar and isolation of possible pathogens using selective culture media was carried out on the samples. RESULTS Of the 20 samples of raw milk collected for bacteriological analysis, 3 samples were found to be of excellent quality, 5 were very good, 4 were good, 5 were fair and 3 were of poor quality. The actual standard plate count for excellent and very good quality ranged between 33-54 and 62 - 80 colony forming units (cfu). The organisms isolated and biochemically characterized from the raw milk samples were found contaminated with Escherichia coli (4 strains), Staphylococcus aureus (8 strains), Streptococcus pyogenes (5 strains), Streptococcus agalactiae (3 strains) and Enterobacter aerogenes (5 strains). CONCLUSION The results obtained from this study showed that the milk sold in raw form could be hazardous to human health if sold without adopting hygienic measures.
A study of bacteriological quality of street-hawked milk in Ilesha metropolis Osun State, Nigeria
(Kenya Medical Research Institute, 2021) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Okanlawon, B. M.; Ojieabu, W. A.; Coker, E. M.
INTRODUCTION: Milk, a nutrient-rich liquid food produced in the mammary glands of mammals, contains low bacterial counts when it leaves the udder, but it may get contaminated from the environment, exterior of udder, water, soil, milkers’ hands and utensils. Contamination can serve as a source of spread of certain harmful human bacterial diseases like tuberculosis, diphtheria, salmonellosis and food poisoning if consumed in raw form. This study, therefore, was designed to evaluate bacteriological quality of milk samples collected from various localities within Ilesha metropolis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty (20) samples of fresh raw milk were collected in sterilized bottles from various nomadic milk hawkers in Ilesha. Methylene blue reductase test, standard plate count on standard plate count agar and isolation of possible pathogens using selective culture media was carried out on the samples. RESULTS: Of the 20 samples of raw milk collected for bacteriological analysis, 3 samples were found to be of excellent quality, 5 were very good, 4 were good, 5 were fair and 3 were of poor quality. The actual standard plate count for excellent and very good quality ranged between 33-54 and 62 - 80 colony forming units (cfu). The organisms isolated and biochemically characterized from the raw milk samples were found contaminated with Escherichia coli (4 strains), Staphylococcus aureus (8 strains), Streptococcus pyogenes (5 strains), Streptococcus agalactiae (3 strains) and Enterobacter aerogenes (5 strains). CONCLUSION: The results obtained from this study showed that the milk sold in raw form could be hazardous to human health if sold without adopting hygienic measures.
A Study of microbial infestation of currency notes in circulation from selected handlers with specific professions in Sagamu community of Ogun State
(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (CNRST), 2022) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Okanlawon, B. M.; Adejumo, O. E.; Alao, I. O.; Adeyemo, O. M.; Ayedun, J. S.
Bacteria are ubiquitous and the ease of survival, adaptation and transmission of some nutritionally non-exacting species amongst the microbes had made it a force to be reckoned with. This study evaluated bacterial contaminants on selected naira denomination, officially recognized currency of transaction in circulations and determined the resistance of the isolates to conventional antibiotic in use. A total of 160 samples of currency notes 20 each of 8 existing denomination were collected from selected subjects of various professions for bacteriological examination and antibiogram determination with a view to identifying possible risk factors associated with these contaminated notes. Equal percentage of polymers to paper currency was collected, the microbial load was found to be higher in lower denominations irrespective of their polymer status. The total bacterial count per milliliter variedbetween 2.28x104 and 4.20x107. The ratios of percentage distributions of isolates;Staphylococcus aureus (36.8%), Escherichia coli (31.5%), Bacillus spp (3.7%) andPseudomonas aeruginosa (27.5%) and varied resistance to antibiotics used were recorded. The alarming resistance of bacterial of clinical status obtained from thisstudy to conventional antibiotics, serves an indication of potential threat of contaminated currency notes to the public health.
A study of microbial infestation of currency notes in circulation from selected handlers with specific professions in Sagamu community of Ogun State.
(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (CNRST), Burkina Faso, 2022) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Okanlawon, B. M.; Adejumo, O. E.; Alao, I. O.; Adeyemo, O. M.
Bacteria are ubiquitous and the ease of survival, adaptation and transmission of some nutritionally non-exacting species amongst the microbes had made it a force to be reckoned with. This study evaluated bacterial contaminants on selected naira denomination, officially recognized currency of transaction in circulations and determined the resistance of the isolates to conventional antibiotic in use. A total of 160 samples of currency notes 20 each of 8 existing denomination were collected from selected subjects of various professions for bacteriological examination and antibiogram determination with a view to identifying possible risk factors associated with these contaminated notes. Equal percentage of polymers to paper currency was collected, the microbial load was found to be higher in lower denominations irrespective of their polymer status. The total bacterial count per milliliter varied between 2.28x104 and 4.20x107 . The ratios of percentage distributions of isolates; Staphylococcus aureus (36.8%), Escherichia coli (31.5%), Bacillus spp (3.7%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (27.5%) and varied resistance to antibiotics used were recorded. The alarming resistance of bacterial of clinical status obtained from this study to conventional antibiotics, serves an indication of potential threat of contaminated currency notes to the public health.
A study of skin sepsis amongst abattoir workers in Moniya, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
(Association of Resident Doctors, University College Hospital, Ibadan, 2022) Okunye, O. L.; Babalola, C. O.; Adeleke, O. E.; Idowu, P. A.; Coker, E. M.; Ayedun, J. S.; Durowaye, M. T.
Background: Skin sepsis is a pyodermal infection caused by Lancefield’s group streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus. It is characterized by discolored and mottled skin, cellulitis, impetigo and multi-systemic collagen muscularitis and can be transmitted from person to person. Objective: This study sampled the skin of consented abattoir workers in Moniya Ibadan, for clinical sepsis, with a view to establishing a causal relationship between the infection obtained and the abattoir workers examined. Methodology: A total of 100 meat handler’s hands and forearms were examined. Swabs were taken from lesions which appeared clinically to be infected and then propagated on selective culture media designed for staphylococci and streptococci. Conventional biochemical tests and Lancefield determination were carried out as considered appropriate. Results: Of the 100 swabs from the categories of abattoir workers examined, 43 streptococci (35 from lesion 8 from wound) and 36 Staphylococcus aureus (20 from lesion and16 from wound) were obtained. The regression analysis from the grouping of gender, causative agents and specific infection as a predictor of infection were recorded to be significant ( = 0.18; t = 1.74; p < 0.05) for the nature of but non-significant ( =-0.067; t =-0.649; p> 0.05) for the gender. In-vitro antigen antibody reaction on StreptexM kit elicited varied reactions to Lancefield’s serological grouping (A (56%), B (9%) C (7%) G (22%) and L (7%). Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in varying percentages (Tetracycline and gentamicin 62%, meropenem and ceftriaxone 100%, amikacin, 10%, and vancomycin 80%) to conventional antibiotics were observed. Conclusion: From this study point of view, the causal relationship between the infection and the infected has been establish from the pathogens of pyodermal origin contacted from cows, that causes sepsis across all the category of abattoir worker studied. There is a need to provide an ideal functioning abattoir fully equipped with required facilities for safety and ease of execution of duties.
A study of skin sepsis amongst abbatoir workers in Moniya, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
(Association of Resident Doctors (ARD), University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan, 2022) Okunye, O. L.; Babalola, C. O.; Adeleke, O. E.; Idowu, P. A.; Coker, E. M.; Ayedun, J. S.; Durowaye, M. T.
Background: Skin sepsis is a pyodermal infection caused by Lancefield’s group streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus . It is characterized by discolored and mottled skin, cellulitis, impetigo and multi-systemic collagen muscularitis and can be transmitted from person to person. Objective: This study sampled the skin of consented abattoir workers in Moniya Ibadan, for clinical sepsis, with a view to establishing a causal relationship between the infection obtained and the abattoir workers examined. Methodology: A total of 100 meat handler’s hands and forearms were examined. Swabs were taken from lesions which appeared clinically to be infected and then propagated on selective culture media designed for staphylococci and streptococci. Conventional biochemical tests and Lancefield determination were carried out as considered appropriate. Results: Of the 100 swabs from the categories of abattoir workers examined, 43 streptococci (35 from lesion 8 from wound) and 36 Staphylococcus aureus (20 from lesion and16 from wound) were obtained. The regression analysis from the grouping of gender, causative agents and specific infection as a predictor of infection were recorded to be significant ( = 0.18; t = 1.74; p < 0.05) for the nature of but non-significant ( =-0.067; t =-0.649; p> 0.05) for the gender. In-vitro antigen antibody reaction on StreptexM kit elicited varied reactions to Lancefield’s serological grouping (A (56%), B (9%) C (7%) G (22%) and L (7%). Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in varying percentages (Tetracycline and gentamicin 62%, meropenem and ceftriaxone 100%, amikacin, 10%, and vancomycin 80%) to conventional antibiotics were observed. Conclusion: From this study point of view, the causal relationship between theinfection and the infected has been establish from the pathogens of pyodermal origin contacted from cows, that causes sepsis across all the category of abattoir worker studied. There is a need to provide an ideal functioning abattoir fully equipped with required facilities for safety and ease of execution of duties.
Anthelmintic principles from the tuberous roots of Neorautanenia mitis (A. Rich) Verdcourt (Papilonaceae)
(Chemical Society of Nigeria (CSN), 2018) Lasisi, A. A.; Adeyi, E. O.; Adebisi, S. A.; Idowu, M. O.
In Nigeria, Neorautanenia mitis is used for treating intestinal parasites caused by tapeworm. Pulverised tuber of N. mitis was exhaustively and successively extracted using the n-hexane, chloroform and MeOH. Extracts and isolated compounds were evaluated for anthelmintic activity against dwarf tapeworms (Hymenolysis nana) and the larva of hookworm using the in vivo and in vitro models. In-vivo anthelmintic activity of the crude n-hexane, CHCl3 and MeOH extracts of N. mitis exhibited 100 % paralysis of the worms at 100 mg/kg. LD50 of the cude extracts and Albendazole (anthelmintic drug) were 188. 5 and 45.25 µg/mL respectively. Isolated compounds from N. mitis: Neoraudiol (1), neoduline (2), neotenone (3), rautandiol (4), pachyrrhizine (5) and 12a-hydroxy neotenone (6) displayed concentration-dependent anthelmintic activities against the tapeworm (Taenia solium) at 25, 50, 80 and 100 mg/mL. Structure-activity relationship was established. The results of the study provide scientific justification for the use of N. mitis in combating anthelminthes in Nigeria.
Anthelmintic principles from the tuberous roots of Neorautanenia mitis (A. Rich) Verdcourt – Papilonaceae
(Chemical Society of Nigeria, 2018) Lasisi, A. A.; Adeyi, E. O.; Adebisi, S. A.; Idowu, M. O.
In Nigeria, Neorautanenia mitis is used for treating intestinal parasites caused by tapeworm. Pulverised tuber of N. mitis was exhaustively and successively extracted using the n-hexane, chloroform and MeOH. Extracts and isolated compounds were evaluated for anthelmintic activity against dwarf tapeworms (Hymenolysis nana) and the larva of hookworm using the in vivo and in vitro models. In-vivo anthelmintic activity of the crude n-hexane, CHCl3 and MeOH extracts of N. mitis exhibited 100 % paralysis of the worms at 100 mg/kg. LD50 of the cude extracts and Albendazole (anthelmintic drug) were 188. 5 and 45.25 μg/mL respectively. Isolated compounds from N. mitis: Neoraudiol (1), neoduline (2), neotenone (3), rautandiol (4), pachyrrhizine (5) and 12a-hydroxy neotenone (6) displayed concentration-dependent anthelmintic activities against the tapeworm (Taenia solium) at 25, 50, 80 and 100 mg/mL. Structure-activity relationship was established. The results of the study provide scientific justification for the use of N. mitis in combating anthelminthes in Nigeria.
Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of hippocratea indica root bark and poga oleosa fruits
(2007) Ogbole, O. O.; Ekor, M. N.; Oluremi, B. B.; Ajaiyeoba, E. O.; Gbolade, A. A.; Ayoola, M. A.; Adeyemi, A. A.
The methanolic extracts of Hippocratea indica root bark and Poga oleosa fruits were investigated for anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. Both extracts inhibited carrageenan-induced paw oedema significantly in rats in a dose-dependent manner in 4 h. H. indica inhibited oedema significantly at the minimal dose (125 mg/ml, p< 0.05) from 2 h onward, and gave 100% inhibition in 4 h. at 250 mg/kg. It was shown to be a more potent anti-inflammatory agent than P. oleosa. Also, H. indica extract exhibited greater antimicrobial activity against tested bacteria, with Staphylococcus aureus being the most susceptible bacterium (MIC, 16 mg/ml). Both plants were inactive against Candida albicans. These results confirm the anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities of the two plants.
Anti-measles potential of selected compounds from uvaria chamae P. beauv: a molecular docking approach
(2024) Oluremi, B. B.; Osamudiamen, P. M.; Nwude, D. O.; Ajeoge, J. K.; Babatunde, A.
Measles is an extremely contagious viral infection, reported to be responsible for most global childhood death. Plants have been proven to be very effective against viral diseases with an added advantage of less toxicity. Previous studies have reported the activities of Uvaria chamae extracts against measles virus. This study investigated the in silico anti-measles activities of bioactive compounds from Uvaria Chamae leaves extract. The in silico docking studies were carried out using four compounds isolated from U. chamae (stigmasterol, chrysin, chalcone, and dihydrochalcone) reported in literature. The pharmacokinetic properties of these selected compounds were also evaluated using ADMET studies. The compounds were docked to the measles virus nucleoprotein (PDB ID: 5E4V) and they had binding affinities ranging from -6.4 to -8.2 kcal/mol. Stigmasterol (-8.2 kcal/mol) and Chrysin (-8.0 kcal/mol) showed the greatest affinities for the protein target. These two compounds passed the Lipinski’s Rule of Five for leadlikeness. Stigmastrol and Chrysin showed promising pharmacological properties that indicate that they could be investigated as viable lead candidates for further anti-measles drug development studies.
Anti-measles virus activity of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzaldehyde (Vanillin) isolated from xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. rich
(Elsevier B.V., 2023) Oluremi, B. B.; Osamudiamen, P. M.; Adeniji, J. A.; Aiyelaagbe, O. O.
Xylopia aethiopica is a plant used ethnomedicinally for the treatment of several infections in Nigeria. This study was carried out to isolate the active compound(s) in Xylopia aethiopica and evaluate their anti-measles virus activity. The Dichloromethane (DCM) fraction of Xylopia aethiopica was fractionated using chromatographic techniques, which led to the isolation of a compound characterized using spectroscopic techniques, FT-IR, 1D and 2D NMR in addition to in vitro anti-measles evaluation in adsorption and post-infection inhibition assays. The isolated compound characterized as 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxy benzaldehyde (Vanillin) was active on measles virus and has minimum nontoxic dose of 10 μg with cytotoxic and inhibitory activity of CC 50 = 84.18 μg/mL, IC 50 = 0.71 μg/mL and selectivity index (SI) = 118.56 (r 2 = 0.979) and interfered with viral attachment and fusion. This is the first report of the isolation of Vanillin from Xylopia aethiopica leaf and its high antiviral activity shows it could be developed further into a promising antiviral lead compound.
Anti-streptococcus mutans, anti-adherence and anti-acidogenic activity of uvaria chamae P. beauv
(Elsevier B.V., 2023-01) Madiba, M.; Oluremi, B. B.; Gulube, Z.; Oderinlo, O. O.; Marimani, M.; Osamudiamen, P. M.; Patel, M.
Ethnopharmacological relevance. Streptococcus mutans a key pathogen, produces biofilm, acids and extracellular polysaccharides in the oral cavity; which leads to the development of dental caries. Control of these pathogenic markers can prevent dental caries. Uvaria chamae P. Beauv. is a medicinal plant traditionally used for many ailments including oral infections. Root, leaves and bark extracts has proven antibacterial activity including activity against caries causing S. mutans. However, its effect on the virulence properties of S. mutans, responsible for the development of dental caries, has not been studied. Aim of the study This study investigated the phytochemical constituents, anti-S. mutans, anti-adherence and antiacidogenic activity of U. chamae root extract. Materials and methods Extracts were prepared and phytochemical analysis was performed. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined, and MIC and sub-MIC concentrations of the best solvent were selected for their effect on the virulence factors of S. mutans. The results were analysed using one-way ANOVA and Wilcoxon Rank Sum Tests. Results The ichloromethane extract, with proanthocyanidin as a major chemical constituent, produced an MIC of 0.02 mg/ml. At 6 h, exposure to 0.005, 0.01, and 0.02 mg/ml extract significantly reduced S. mutans adherence by 39, 59, and 77% respectively (p < 0.05). Uvaria chamae also significantly inhibited acid production in S. mutans at 10, 12, 14 and 16 h (p < 0.05). At ½ MIC, the plant extract caused remarkable downregulation of the virulence genes responsible for the adherence, biofilm formation, extracellular polysaccharide synthesis and acid production. Conclusions This suggests that U. chamae extract may potentially be used to inhibit the proliferation of S. mutans and silencing the expression of pathology-related genes, which will prevent the development of dental caries.
Anti-viral activity evaluation of selected medicinal plants of Nigeria against measles virus
(Sciencedomain International, 2015) Oluremi, B. B.; Adeniji, J. A.
This study was carried out as a preliminary investigation into selected medicinal plants of Nigeria with the aim of discovering and developing a drug with anti-measles virus activity as an alternative measure in disease control. Ten parts of seven plants (Diospyros barteri leaf, Xylopia aethiopica leaf and stem bark, Picralima nitida stem, Cajanus cajan, Argemone Mexicana, Morinda lucida, Uvaria chamae leaf, stem and root bark) were dried, powdered and extracted by cold maceration using absolute methanol, and maximum non-toxic dose (MNTD) of each extract to Vero cell was determined. The cytotoxic activity and ability of extracts to inhibit viral-induced cytopathic effect (CPE) in tissue culture were evaluated three days post-inoculation and incubation, by 3-(4,5- Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric assay. Cytotoxic concentration at 50% (CC50) and inhibitory concentration at 50% (IC50) were determined using graphpad prism, and selective index (SI) was calculated as ratio of CC50 to IC50. Out of the ten plant extracts screened, Xylopia aethiopica leaf extract with IC50 of 1.248 μg/mL, Uvaria chamae root and stem bark extracts with IC50 1.216 μg/mL and 3.281 μg/mL, respectively demonstrated significant in vitro anti-measles virus activity. Bioassay-guided fractionation and further screening of active extracts showed activity to reside in the hexane and dichloromethane fractions of X. aethiopica leaf and U. chamae root and stem barks. These results suggest that these two plants could possibly lead to anti-measles virus drug discovery and development.
Antibacterial activity against clinical isolate of Salmonella entrica serovar Paratyphi and Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay of Trichilia megalantha harms and Trichilia welwitschii C.DC
(Ethiopian Pharmaceutical Association, 2020) Idowu, P. A.; Adegbenle, T. A.
Increasing resistance of typhoidal Salmonella enterica to conventional antibiotics has caused more cases of typhoid, therapeutic failure, morbidity and mortality; creating the need to search for new and effective antimicrobial agents from medicinal plants. The present study aimed to detect antisalmonella activity and cytotoxicity (safety) status of the stem bark and leaves of two Nigerian medicinal plants, Trichilia megalantha and Trichilia welwitschii. Nine clinical isolates of Salmonella paratyphi, whose antibiogram were determined by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method were used. Antibacterial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extracts on the clinical isolates were done by agar cup diffusion and agar dilution methods, respectively. Acute toxicity of the extracts was determined using brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA). All the nine isolates of Salmonella paratyphi were resistant to p-lactam antibiotics (augmentin, cefuroxime, ceftazidime and ampicillin) but susceptible to fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin), nitrofurantoin and gentamicin. The crude extracts of the two plants elicited activity against the nine clinical isolates with the bark extracts being more active than the leaf extracts. T. welwitschii was slightly less active than T. megalantha. The MIC and MBC ranged 1.25 - 5.0 mg/ ml and 2.5 - 10 mg/ml, respectively for the plants. The antisalmonella activity of methanolic extracts of both plants were found to be less than that of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. With modal cytotoxicity values of 400 - 500 pg/ml, the plant parts were considered nontoxic. Therefore, T. megalantha and T. welwitschii could provide a potential source of antibacterial agent(s) for the treatment of Salmonella paratyphoid infections.
Antibacterial activity against clinical isolates of salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi and brine shrimp lethality assay of trichilia megalantha harms and trichilia welwitschii C. DC
(Ethiopian Pharmaceutical Journal, 2020) Idowu, P. A.; Adegbenle, T. A.
Increasing resistance of typhoidal Salmonella enterica to conventional antibiotics has caused more cases of typhoid, therapeutic failure, morbidity and mortality; creating the need to search for new and effective antimicrobial agents from medicinal plants. The present study aimed to detect antisalmonella activity and cytotoxicity (safety) status of the stem bark and leaves of two Nigerian medicinal plants, Trichilia megalantha and Trichilia welwitschii. Nine clinical isolates of Salmonella paratyphi, whose antibiogram were determined by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method were used. Antibacterial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extracts on the clinical isolates were done by agar cup diffusion and agar dilution methods, respectively. Acute toxicity of the extracts was determined using brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA). All the nine isolates of Salmonella paratyphi were resistant to ß-lactam antibiotics (augmentin, cefuroxime, ceftazidime and ampicillin) but susceptible to fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin), nitrofurantoin and gentamicin. The crude extracts of the two plants elicited activity against the nine clinical isolates with the bark extracts being more active than the leaf extracts. I. welwitschi was slightly less active than T. megalantha. The MIC and MBC ranged 1.25 -5.0 mg/ ml and 2.5-10 mg/ml, respectively for the plants. The antisalmonella activity of methanolic extracts of both plants were found to be less than that of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. With modal cytotoxicity values of 400- 500 ug/ml, the plant parts were considered nontoxic. Therefore, T. megalantha and T. welwitschii could provide a potential source of antibacterial agent(s) for the treatment of Salmonella paratyphoid infections.
Antibacterial activity against clinical isolates of salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi and brine shrimp lethality assay of trichilia megalantha harms and trichilia welwitschii C. DC
(Ethiopian Pharmaceutical Journal, 2020) Idowu, P. A.; Adegbenle, T. A.
Increasing resistance of typhoidal Salmonella enterica to conventional antibiotics has caused more cases of typhoid, therapeutic failure, morbidity and mortality; creating the need to search for new and effective antimicrobial agents from medicinal plants. The present study aimed to detect antisalmonella activity and cytotoxicity (safety) status of the stem bark and leaves of two Nigerian medicinal plants, Trichilia megalantha and Trichilia welwitschii. Nine clinical isolates of Salmonella paratyphi, whose antibiogram were determined by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method were used. Antibacterial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extracts on the clinical isolates were done by agar cup diffusion and agar dilution methods, respectively. Acute toxicity of the extracts was determined using brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA). All the nine isolates of Salmonella paratyphi were resistant to ß-lactam antibiotics (augmentin, cefuroxime, ceftazidime and ampicillin) but susceptible to fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin), nitrofurantoin and gentamicin. The crude extracts of the two plants elicited activity against the nine clinical isolates with the bark extracts being more active than the leaf extracts. I. welwitschi was slightly less active than T. megalantha. The MIC and MBC ranged 1.25 -5.0 mg/ ml and 2.5-10 mg/ml, respectively for the plants. The antisalmonella activity of methanolic extracts of both plants were found to be less than that of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. With modal cytotoxicity values of 400- 500 ug/ml, the plant parts were considered nontoxic. Therefore, T. megalantha and T. welwitschii could provide a potential source of antibacterial agent(s) for the treatment of Salmonella paratyphoid infections.
Antibacterial activity against clinical isolates of salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi and brine shrimp lethality assay of trichilia megalantha harms and trichilia welwitschii C. DC
(Ethiopian Pharmaceutical Journal, 2020) Idowu, P. A.; Adegbenle, T. A.
Increasing resistance of typhoidal Salmonella enterica to conventional antibiotics has caused more cases of typhoid, therapeutic failure, morbidity and mortality; creating the need to search for new and effective antimicrobial agents from medicinal plants. The present study aimed to detect antisalmonella activity and cytotoxicity (safety) status of the stem bark and leaves of two Nigerian medicinal plants, Trichilia megalantha and Trichilia welwitschii. Nine clinical isolates of Salmonella paratyphi, whose antibiogram were determined by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method were used. Antibacterial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extracts on the clinical isolates were done by agar cup diffusion and agar dilution methods, respectively. Acute toxicity of the extracts was determined using brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA). All the nine isolates of Salmonella paratyphi were resistant to ß-lactam antibiotics (augmentin, cefuroxime, ceftazidime and ampicillin) but susceptible to fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin), nitrofurantoin and gentamicin. The crude extracts of the two plants elicited activity against the nine clinical isolates with the bark extracts being more active than the leaf extracts. I. welwitschi was slightly less active than T. megalantha. The MIC and MBC ranged 1.25 -5.0 mg/ ml and 2.5-10 mg/ml, respectively for the plants. The antisalmonella activity of methanolic extracts of both plants were found to be less than that of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. With modal cytotoxicity values of 400- 500 ug/ml, the plant parts were considered nontoxic. Therefore, T. megalantha and T. welwitschii could provide a potential source of antibacterial agent(s) for the treatment of Salmonella paratyphoid infections.
Antibacterial activity of crude extract Nauclea latifolia Smith (Rubiaceae) and some selected antibiotics on clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi
(Dental Consultants Association of Nigeria, OOUTH, Sagamu, Nigeria, 2020) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Kolade, T. T.
Background: Nauclea latifolia Smith (Rubiaceae) is a valuable medicinal plant used in folkloric medicine in the treatment of Typhoid fever. The public health significance of Salmonella typhi, the aetiologic agent in typhoid fever lies in the increasing resistance to antimicrobial agents. Objectives: To determine the antimicrobial potentials of the crude extracts of the leaves of Nauclea latifolia on clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi compared with some conventional antibiotics. Methods: Antibiogram was carried out on 25 biochemically confirmed clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi using disc diffusion method of Kirby Bauer. Nauclea latifolia leaves extracted with ethyl acetate and methanol in a Soxhlet apparatus were screened for secondary metabolites. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the extracts were determined by agar dilution method on the isolates. Results: The antibiogram of Samonella typhi showed the following resistance patterns: Augmentin (24.0%), amoxicillin (44.0%), chloramphenicol (32.0%), gentamicin (20.0%), cloxacillin (96.0%), ciprofloxacin (8.0%), erythromycin (60.0%), tetracycline (32.0%) and cotrimoxazole (60.0%). The extracts showed good antibacterial activity on the clinical isolates including those resistant to antibiotics. The MIC of methanol extract ranged from 1.56mg/ml to 6.25mg/ml and 3.13mg/ml to 25.0 mg/ml for ethyl acetate extract with the exception of isolates 11, 12, 19 and 20 with high MIC values as 50mg/ml. The methanol and ethyl acetate extracts gave a yield of 11.7% and 3.5% respectively. Bioactive secondary metabolites were detected from the extracts. Conclusion: The crude extracts of the leaves of Nauclea latifolia contained antimicrobial agents that were active on Salmonella typhi which could be used alone and in supportive with conventional antibiotics for therapeutic management of typhoid fever.
Antibacterial activity of crude extracts and Alkaloidal fractions of Argemone mexicana Linn. (Papaveraceae)
(Ibadan University Press for the Science Association of Nigeria, 2012) Idowu, P. A.
Emergence of multi-drug resistant pathogens has necessitated the need for continuous research to discover and develop new and more effective antimicrobial drugs. Medicinal plants have always been a potential source of antimicrobial drugs and varieties of lead compounds. Argemone mexicana, a tropical shrub traditionally used to treat eye infections, inflammation and infertility was investigated for antibacterial activity. Crude chloroform and methanol extracts of leaves and stems, as well as fractions and crystals from chromatographic column were screened for in-vitro antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (NCTC 6571), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633) Escherichia coli (NCTC. 9001) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (NCTC 6570) using agar-cup diffusion method. Phytochemical screening for secondary metabolites revealed the presence of alkaloids (opium and indole types) and tannins. The crude extracts showed good activity at 100mg/ml against the bacterial strains tested while at 10mg/ml only E. coli and B. subtilis were susceptible. Ten fractions were isolated from column chromatography (nine of which were alkaloidal in nature), and they all showed varying but significant degree of activity on most of the tested organisms at 100μg/ml. The needle-like crystals recovered from methanol extract showed weak antibacterial activity on some of the test organisms. The study has shown that A. mexicana leaves and stem bark has antibacterial activity which justified the use of this plant in traditional medicine as anti-infective agent. Further, the fact that most fractions showed antibacterial activity is an indication that Argemone mexicana leaf and bark has many antibacterial constituents that are mainly alkaloidal.