Scholarly works in Pharmaceutical Microbiology
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Item Antibacterial activity of methanolic extract of Garcinia kola (Heckel) seed and standard antibiotics(African Society for Clinical Microbiology, 2006) Adeleke, O. E.; Ojo, O. P.; Idowu, P. A.The methanolic extract of Garcinia kola (Heckel) seeds and eight standard antibiotics were tested in-vitro for comparative activity against 10 isolates of each of six bacterial species: Escherichia coff. Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus albus. Streptococcus pyogenes, streptococcus pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, all from throat infections. The methanolic extract exerted activity against all the bacteria tested almost in similar manner as gentamicin. Of the remaining seven standard antibiotics, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and tetracycline showed activity against one organism or the other. Remarkably, augmentin, cloxaciilin and cotrimoxazole had no activity against any of the bacterial isolates. Amoxycillin was able to affect only 2 of die 8 isolates of Esch. coli. This has lent credence to the ethnopharmaceutical claims of the curative effect of raw-chewed Garcinia kola seeds on throat infections as well as highlighting the bacterial resistance to standard antibiotics, particularly, the ß-lactams.Item Antimicrobial activity of the crude extracts and isolated fractions of Garcinia kola Heckel stem bark(Science Association of Nigeria, 2006) Idowu, P. A.; Moody, J. O.; Odelola, H. A.The stem bark of Garcinia kola, commonly used for various ailments in traditional medicine in Nigeria was examined for antimicrobial activity. Crude chloroform and methanolic extracts and fractions isolated from the chloroform extract using column chromatography were screened for in-vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities. As tested using agar cup diffusion method on Staphylococcus aureus (NCTC 6571), Escherichia coli (NCTC 9001), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (NCTC 6750), Bacillus cereus (Lab. Stock), Candida albicans .(NCTC 7534) and Aspergillus niger (Lab. Stock), the crude extracts showed good activity at 10 and 20mg/ml respectively. The 14 fractions isolated from the column chromatography also showed varying but significant degree of activity on most of the tested organisms at lOOpg/ml. The study has shown that G. Kola bark has antimicrobial activities that justify its uses in traditional medicine in Nigeria as anti-infective agent. Also, the fact that most fractions showed antimicrobial activity is an indication that G. Kola bark has many antimicrobial constituents which are different but closely related.Item Phytochemical and antimicrobial screening of three Nigerian medicinal plants used to treat infectious diseases traditionally(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences at the University of Jos, Nigeria, 2005) Idowu, P. A.; Moody, J. O.; Odelola, H. A.Three medicinal plants: Carpolobia lutea, Curculigo pilosa and Strophanthus hispidus used in the treatment of infectious diseases and other ailments traditionally were screened for secondary metabolites and antimicrobial activity. All the three plants contained saponins; C. lutea and S. hispidus contained cardenolides, while only C. lutea contained alkaloid in detectable quantity. Using agar cup diffusion method the crude extracts of the plants inhibited most of the test organisms: Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 6571, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli NCTC 9001, Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCTC 6570, Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans at concentrations 10-100mg/ml. S. hispidus extracts were the most active. The study has demonstrated the antimicrobial potential of the plants and the basis for their inclusion in herbal preparations used to treat infectious diseasesItem Comparative Quality Assurance Studies of Sachet Packaged Drinking Water from Three States of South West Nigeria(Science Association of Nigeria, 2004) Adeniyi, B. A.; Idowu, P. A.; Oladeinde, F. O.; Adeyeye, G. T.Physicochemical and microbiological analysis of fifteen (15) samples of sachet-packaged drinking water procured from three states (Oyo, Lagos and Ogun) of South West of Nigeria were carried out to evaluate their suitability for drinking. Plijsiochemical analysis for metals concentration; hardness, pH, acidity, alkalinity and conductivity determined showed mat some of the samples were not within the recommended limits. Generally, the metal content of the samples was high as shown by iron in excess of 0.3mg/L in all the samples and lead in excess of 0.05mg/L in two of the samples. Microbiological examination for total counts of bacteria and fungi, the presence of faecal colifonn, Escherichia coli, Vibrio sp. Salmonella sp. Shigella sp: streptococci-and Staphylococcus aureus was performed. Coliforms counts 10-200cfu/ml; E. coli 0.2-8.Ocfu/ml; Staph,aureus 10-2000 cfu/ral and total plate count >100cfu/ml; were detected in 11, 4, 8 and 10 samples respectively out of the 15 tested: Using the standards supplied by National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and. Control (NAFDAC) in Nigeria and as specified by World Health Organisation (WHO), only 1.3% of the water samples were suitable for drinking. The research confirms the speculations about the impure state of the sachet packaged drinking water sold in Nigeria as “pure water”, about 50% of which had N AFDAC registration numbers.Item Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of hippocratea indica root bark and poga oleosa fruits(2007) Ogbole, O. O.; Ekor, M. N.; Oluremi, B. B.; Ajaiyeoba, E. O.; Gbolade, A. A.; Ayoola, M. A.; Adeyemi, A. A.The methanolic extracts of Hippocratea indica root bark and Poga oleosa fruits were investigated for anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. Both extracts inhibited carrageenan-induced paw oedema significantly in rats in a dose-dependent manner in 4 h. H. indica inhibited oedema significantly at the minimal dose (125 mg/ml, p< 0.05) from 2 h onward, and gave 100% inhibition in 4 h. at 250 mg/kg. It was shown to be a more potent anti-inflammatory agent than P. oleosa. Also, H. indica extract exhibited greater antimicrobial activity against tested bacteria, with Staphylococcus aureus being the most susceptible bacterium (MIC, 16 mg/ml). Both plants were inactive against Candida albicans. These results confirm the anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities of the two plants.Item Susceptibility patterns of common bacteria and fungal species isolated from sexually transmitted diseased patients to xylopia aethiopica (annonaceae)(2003-09) Oluremi, B. B.; Adeniyi, B. A.The hexane and methanolic extracts of the leaves, stem, stem bark, and root bark of Xylopia aethiopica were investigated for their anti-microbial activities against some common bacteria and fungal strains isolated from sexually transmitted diseased patients and some standard organisms. The hexane and methanol crude extracts showed varying degrees of anti-microbial activities at varying concentrations while the stem bark exhibited significant broad-spectrum anti-microbial activity. The methanolic extract of the stem bark showed better activity than hexane, was fractionated and the four fractions collected were tested for their antimicrobial activity against the organisms implicated in STD at a concentration of 10mg/ml. The results suggest that the active fractions A and B contain constituents which can be isolated, characterized and identified for effective management of both bacterial and fungal STD’s. Preliminary Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids. sugars, cardiac glycoside and saponins and the absence of anthraquinones and tannins.Item Serum protein binding and the antimicrobial activities of garcinia kola, kola acuminata and kola nitida seed extracts on the agents of respiratory tract infections(West African Society for Pharmacology, 2009) Adeleke, O. E.; Alabi, O. S.; Coker M. E.The kinetics of bactericidal activity of the methanolic extracts of powdered seeds of Garcinia kola (Heckel), Kola acuminata and Kola nitida obtained by soxhlet extraction, were studied using two bacterial sensitive strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The study showed that the three extracts at the concentrations used against the two test organisms, Staphylococcus aureus OOUTH206 (0.5mg/ml for Garcinia kola, 4mg/ml for Kola acuminata and Kola nitida) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa UCH189 (8mg/ml for Garcinia kola, 15mg/mi for Kola acuminata and Kola nitida); had activity on the two microorganisms. There was a gradual reduction in the number of viable microbial counts as evident in the reduction in the cell number at the different time intervals. Similar procedure was carried out in the presence of 5% serum protein and it was observed that the activities of the various extracts were altered significantly indicating the effect of serum protein binding on the Constituents of Garcinia kola, Kola acuminata and Kola nitida seed extracts. The results were expressed in percentage viable count of the inoculum size and showed that the percentage viable count decreases with time in varying degrees. The reduction was more intense with G. kola extract than the other extracts on S. aureus as well as on P. aeruginosa towards the third and fourth hours. The effect of serum protein was seen to affect the activities of all the extracts in varying degrees as shown in the graphs plotted.Item Elixir formulations of methanolic extract concentrates of garcinia kola, kola acuminata and kola nitida seeds and their antimicrobial activity(West African Postgraduate College of Pharmacists, 2008) Adeleke, O. E.; Alabi, O. S.; Coker M. E.The crude methanolic extracts of Garcinia Kola (Gutiferae), Kola acuminata and Kola nitida (Sterculiaceae) seed powders were screened against some bacterial isolates consisting of six different Genera namely: Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Escherichia, Proteus, Klebsiella and Pseudomonas, most of which were isolated from the respiratory tract and the rest from other sources like wounds, vagina and urethra. The extracts were found to be active on all the Gram-positive bacteria and some of the Gram-negative bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The extracts Were then formulated into stable Elixir formulations at a concentration of 15mg/ml and screened against the same bacterial isolates. They were found to be active against all the selected Gram-positive bacteria used in were also susceptible to the three elixir formulations.Item Comparative antimicrobial activities of extracts of garcinia kola, kola acuminata and kola nitida seeds on isolates of respiratory tract and other infections(West African Postgraduate College of Pharmacists, 2008) Adeleke, O. E.; Alabi, O. S.The methanolic extracts of the powdered seeds of Garcinia kola (Guttilerae), Kola acuminata, and Kola nitida (Sterculiaceae) were tested individually for antimicrobial activity using isolates from respiratory tract infections and other sites of infection such as High vagina swab, wounds, urethra and skin. The isolates included Staphylococus aureus (5strains), Z strains each of Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis and Streptococcus pneumoniae; I strain each of Streptococcus viridians Entercoccus faecalis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus subtilis, Haemophillus influenzae, Candida albicans, Asp. Niger, Ap. Eumigatus and Trichophyton specie, and 3 strains each of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The antimicrobial susceptibility test of the extracts showed zones of growth inhibition ranging from 9mm to as large as 35mm, depending on the organism being tested. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by agar-diffusion method and ranged from 0.23mg/ml to 30mg/ml for the three extracts. The crude extracts of Garcinia Kola showed a stronger antimicrobial against most organisms particularly the Gram-positive bacterial isolates from the respiratory tract, than the other two extracts, while Kola nitida was the least active.