Scholarly works in Pharmaceutical Microbiology

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Subject: search.filters.subject.antibiotic resistance

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    Prevalence and plasmid D NA profiles of antibiotic resistant bacterial isolates from mobile phones of volunteer University students in Sagamu Nigeria.
    (Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, 2021) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Okanlawan, B. M.; Idowu, A. O.; Oyinloye, E. O.
    Background: Mobile phones are devices that can receive and make calls over a radio frequency link while the user is moving within a telephone service area. They are indispensable devices for professional and social life. There is a potential for microbial colonization of this device from the users. This study evaluated the prevalence, resistance to conventional antibiotics and plasmid profiles of some selected bacterial isolates from the phones of volunteers’ students. Methods: A total number of one hundred (100) phone swab samples were collected and inoculated in peptone broth and incubated overnight. The inoculums were thereafter sub-cultured in different culture media for the isolation of various bacteria and their identity were confirmed using standard biochemical tests; catalase test, coagulase test, oxidase test, indole test, methyl red test, DNAse test, citrate utilization and haemolysis test. Antibiotic susceptibility using modified Kirby Bauer methods and plasmid profile analysis of some selected resistant isolates were determined. Results: The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus had the highest (62%) followed by Escherichia coli (50%),Pseudomonas aeruginosa (44%), Streptococcus spp (20%) and coagulase negative staphylococci (18%) respectively. The antibiogram of the biochemically characterized isolates showed varied patterns of antibiotics resistance and plasmid molecular weights profiles. Conclusion: The prevalence of pathogenic bacteria with remarkable resistance to a broad spectrum of antibiotics and with plasmids of varied molecular weights from the phones of the volunteers showed the potential of the phones as a possible agent of transmission of pathogenic infection.
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    Evaluation of some commercial antimicrobial ointments on selected bacterial and fungal strains of clinical importance
    (College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, 2020) Idowu, P. A.; Oguntifa, P. O.; Olaniran, O. B.
    Background: Resistance of Klebsiella species to conventional antibiotics is often implicated in increasing nosocomial infections, and is due in part to enzymatic hydrolysis either constitutively and/or inductively. Resistance plasmid factors readily spread mostly through Gram-negative bacterial isolates through conjugative plasmids. This study investigated the presence of extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBL), profiles of plasmids detected, and resistance to conventional antimicrobial agents among clinical isolates of Klebsiella species from three different sources. Method: Seventy Gram-negative bacterial and lactose fermenters from urine, wounds and sputum specimens from three hospitals in the South West region of Nigeria were studied after identificationwith microbial identification system. Antibiogram was determined using modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Phenotypic detection of ESBLproduction was carried out using double-disk synergy tests (DDST). Plasmid DNA were extracted by alkaline lysis method, electrophoresed, viewed by a UV-trans-illuminator, with plasmid size and number determined, following standard protocols Results: Twenty-nine (29) or 41% of the seventy clinical isolates were confirmed as Klebsiella species distributed as: Klebsiella pneumoniae 89.66% (26/ 29); Klebsiella oxytoca 6.89% (2/29) and Klebsiella ozanae 3.45% (1/29). Among the K. pneumoniae isolates, 13 (50%) were from urine, 8 (30.77%) from wounds and 5 (19%) from sputum. Multidrugresistance was observed with the isolates; as 28 (96.5%) were resistance to at least four (4) different classes of antibiotics. Among the 29 isolates, 14 (48.3%) Klebsiella species were ESBL-producers while 15 (51.7%) were non-ESBL producers. The ESBL-producers showed higher antibiotic resistance compared to non-ESBL producers, particularly with respect to β-lactam antibiotics. Plasmid DNA, with sizes range of O.78 - 23 kbp were detected in 17 (58.62%) of the isolates.Conclusion: Multidrug resistance (MDR) phenomenon was observed with Klebsiella species particularly among the ESBL-producers harbouring high-molecular weight plasmids. There is need for routine ESBL-production surveillance and the rational choice of antibiotics for infection management, reduction and containment of spread of antibiotic resistance in clinical settings.
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    Prevalence and plasmid DNA profiles of antibiotic-resistant bacterial isolates from mobile phones of volunteer university students in Sagamu Nigeria
    (Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Nigeria, 2021) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Okanlawon, B. M.; Idowu, A. O.; Oyinloye, E. O.
    Background: Mobile phones are devices that can receive and make calls over a radio frequency link while the user is moving within a telephone service area. They are indispensable devices for professional and social life. There is a potential for microbial colonization of this device from the users. This study evaluated the prevalence, resistance to conventional antibiotics and plasmid profiles of some selected bacterial isolates from the phones of volunteers’ students. Methods: A total number of one hundred (100) phone swab samples were collected and inoculated in peptone broth and incubated overnight. The inoculums were thereafter sub-cultured in different culture media for the isolation of various bacteria and their identity were confirmed using standard biochemical tests; catalase test, coagulase test, oxidase test, indole test, methyl red test, DNAse test, citrate utilization and haemolysis test. Antibiotic susceptibility using modified Kirby Bauer methods and plasmid profile analysis of some selected resistant isolates were determined. Results: The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus had the highest (62%) followed by Escherichia coli (50%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (44%), Streptococcus spp (20%) and coagulase negative staphylococci (18%) respectively. The antibiogram of the biochemically characterized isolates showed varied patterns of antibiotics resistance and plasmid molecular weights profiles. Conclusion: The prevalence of pathogenic bacteria with remarkable resistance to a broad spectrum of antibiotics and with plasmids of varied molecular weights from the phones of the volunteers showed the potential of the phones as a possible agent of transmission of pathogenic infection.
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    Plasmid profiles of extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) producing multidrug resistant Klebsiella species from different clinical sources
    (College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, 2020) Idowu, P. A.; Oguntifa, P. O.; Olaniran, O. B.
    Background: Resistance of Klebsiella species to conventional antibiotics is often implicated in increasing nosocomial infections, and is due in part to enzymatic hydrolysis either constitutively and/or inductively. Resistance plasmid factors readily spread mostly through Gram-negative bacterial isolates through conjugative plasmids. This study investigated the presence of extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBL), profiles of plasmids detected, and resistance to conventional antimicrobial agents among clinical isolates of Klebsiella species from three different sources. Method: Seventy Gram-negative bacterial and lactose fermenters from urine, wounds and sputum specimens from three hospitals in the South West region of Nigeria were studied after identification with microbial identification system. Antibiogram was determined using modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Phenotypic detection of ESBL production was carried out using double-disk synergy tests (DDST). Plasmid DNA were extracted by alkaline lysis method, electrophoresed, viewed by a UV-trans-illuminator, with plasmid size and number determined, following standard protocols. Results: Twenty-nine (29) or 41% of the seventy clinical isolates were confirmed as Klebsiella species distributed as: Klebsiella pneumoniae 89.66% (26/ 29); Klebsiella oxytoca 6.89% (2/29) and Klebsiella ozanae 3.45% (1/29). Among the K. pneumoniae isolates, 13 (50%) were from urine, 8 (30.77%) from wounds and 5 (19%) from sputum. Multidrug resistance was observed with the isolates; as 28 (96.5%) were resistance to at least four (4) different classes of antibiotics. Among the 29 isolates, 14 (48.3%) Klebsiella species were ESBL-producers while 15 (51.7%) were non-ESBL producers. The ESBL-producers showed higher antibiotic resistance compared to non-ESBL producers, particularly with respect to β-lactam antibiotics. Plasmid DNA, with sizes range of O.78 - 23 kbp were detected in 17 (58.62%) of the isolates. Conclusion: Multidrug resistance (MDR) phenomenon was observed with Klebsiella species particularly among the ESBL-producers harbouring high-molecular weight plasmids. There is need for routine ESBL-production surveillance and the rational choice of antibiotics for infection management, reduction and containment of spread of antibiotic resistance in clinical settings.