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Ameliorative effects of Musa sapientum peel extract on acetic acid-induced colitis in rats
(The Egyptian German Society for Zoology, 2016) Adegoke, G. A.; Onasanwo, S. A.; Eyarefe, O. D.; Olaleye, S. B.
Ameliorative effects of Musa sapientum peel extract (MSPE) were studied on Acetic Acid (AA)-induced colitis in rats. From a dose response study, the effective and yet, safe for the treatment of AA-induced colitis in rats was determined, and also, a further study was carried out to determine the effective fraction(s) of MSPE that will be useful in the treatment of AA induced colitis in rats. Colitis was induced with 0.2 ml of 6% acetic acid through a lower abdominal laparotomy. Treatment with graded doses of methanolic extract of dried peel of Musa sapientum (MS) (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) for 7 days in AA induced colitis in rats showed 50 mg/kg as an optimal effective dose for the healing of AA induced colitis in rats. This dose (50 mg/kg) was further studied with fractions of MSPE in comparison to a standard drug (sulfasalazine) of the same dose (50 mg/kg) on AA induced colitis in rats for 18 days. Colitis was assessed using stool consistency, macroscopic gross score and histological studies. Normal stool consistency was seen early in treated animals as compared with control; MS peel (crude extracts and fractions) significantly reduced macroscopic and histologic colon tissue damage in a manner similar to that of sulfasalazine. The results from these findings suggests that MSPE fractions of ethyl acetate and methanol may be effective in reducing both macroscopic and histological damage in a manner similar to sulfasalazine, and that it may be helpful in the treatment of colitis
Ano-rectal malformations in pigs: a report of a striking case in an eight-week-old piglet (a case report)
(2011) Eyarefe, O. D.; Abiola, J. O.; Oguntoye, C. O.; Ayoade, G. O.
Anorectal malformations are rare congenital disorders in animals. In swine, atresia ani occurs with an incidence of 0.1—1.0 % and it is the most important cause of intestinal obstruction in that species. This paper reports a striking case of atresia ani et recti in an eightweek- old piglet. The surgical management and preventive measures are discussed
CHARACTERISATION, PATHOGENICITY AND ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE OF MYCOPLASMAS INVOLVED IN VULVOVAGINITIS IN GOATS.
(2013-04) OHIOMAH, JOHN IZEBERE
Vulvovaginitis is an inflammation of the vulva and vagina caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites and allergy. The condition results in reduction in mating ability, infertility, abortion and death of the affected animals with resultant economic loss to the livestock industry. Although mycoplasmas have been isolated from cases of vulvovaginitis, their role as sole causative agents and in the pathogenicity of the disease have not been investigated in goats in Nigeria. The aim of this study was to characterise mycoplasma isolates from cases of vulvovaginitis and also and determine the pathogenicity of mycoplasma-induced vulvovaginitis in goats. Two hundred and twenty-one vaginal swabs were obtained from identified cases of vulvovaginitis in goats aged 8- 11 months from markets in and around Lagos metropolis. Samples were analyzed bacteriologically and mycoplasmotologically. Mycoplasmas were identified biochemically using standard procedures and conventional polymerase chain reaction with specific primers. Antisera raised in rabbits using 0.5ml of 4.0 x107 CFU/ml of selected Mycoplasma species including M. bovis, M. capri, M. capricolum and M. arginini were used to group the mycoplasmas serologically by growth inhibition method. Sensitivity of the isolated Mycoplasmas and other bacteria to aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins and nitrofurans was carried out. Pathogenicity of the isolated M. bovis, M. capri, M. capricolum and M. arginini was evaluated using 2ml inoculum containing 4.0 x 10 7 CFU/ml of each isolate per vulva to reproduce vulvovaginitis over a six week experimental period. Four goats were used for each experimental group and the control group. Animals were observed for symptoms of vulvovaginitis such as hyperemia, vulva swelling and vaginal mucus discharges. Post-mortem gross and histopathological examination was carried out and findings reported. Other data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Two hundred and fifty-seven bacterial isolates were recovered from the 221 field samples as follows: Mycoplasma capricolum (1.6%), Mycoplasma arginini (1.6%), Mycoplasma capri (1.2%), Mycoplasma bovis (0.78%), Ureaplasma species (1.2%), Acholeoplasma species (0.8%). Other bacteria were Escherichia coli (35.4%), Streptococcus species (29.2%) and Staphylococcus species (28.4%). Mycoplasma isolates were confirmed with the production of specific 280bp bands. Isolated Mycoplasma species and other bacteria were sensitive to ciprofloxacin and nitrofurantoin. Six different combinations of antibiotic resistant patterns were observed with amoxicillin, norfloxacin and ampicillin having the highest level of resistance (100.0%) and nitrofurantoin the least (33.0%). Clinical symptoms, which included hyperemia, swollen vulva, vaginal mucus discharges with pyrexia (38.9 – 39.60 C), were first observed in the M. bovis- infected group on day three, ten and thirteen. Mortality was recorded on days 30, 33, 38 and 41 post- inoculation in the M. bovis, M. capricolum, M. arginini and M. capri- infected groups, respectively. M. bovis produced the most severe lesions marked by lymphoid necrosis of the vulva tissue, diffuse hyperaemia in the lung alveolar septa and massive alveolar infiltration with neutrophils while the mildest lesions were observed in the M. arginine-infected group. Vulvovaginitis was reproduced in goats with all the Mycoplasma species as the major infective agent and Mycoplasma bovis as the most pathogenic. Ciprofloxacin and nitrofurantoin were the most effective antibiotics against Mycoplasmas and other bacteria isolated.
CHARACTERIZATION AND COMPARATIVE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF HIGHLY PATHOGENIC AVIAN INFLUENZA H5N1 VIRUS INFECTIONS IN CHICKENS AND DUCKS
(2014-02) AKANBI, B. O.
Nigeria experienced outbreaks of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus in poultry between 2006 and 2008. Mixed poultry rearing have been postulated as factors responsible for easy spread, while inadequate diagnostic specimens and procedures have militated against prompt diagnosis of the disease. This study was designed to elucidate the comparative susceptibility and diagnosis of H5N1 virus infection in chickens and ducks. Clinical and pathological examinations, agar gel immunodiffusion and viral isolation were used to confirm 468 suspected chickens, ducks, turkey and geese from six (6) geopolitical zones submitted to the reference laboratory at National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom. Spatial data were mapped with Arc-view GIS. Fifty-six of the 80 confirmed H5N1-positive backyard poultry cases were compared for proportions (single and mixed species); the association was calculated by odds ratio using MedCalc Software. Immunohistochemistry (IHC), Real-time Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RRT-PCR), sequencing and alignment using the haemagglutinin cleavage site were used to detect and characterize H5N1 in Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) chicken tissues from ten of the outbreak cases. Comparative pathology; tissue virus predilection and titre were carried out using IHC and RRT-PCR in 10 Muscovy, 10 Pekin and eight Mallard 3-weeks old specific pathogen-free ducks each separately experimentally infected with clade 1 or 2.2 H5N1 virus genotypes. Twelve age-matched chickens served as in-contact sentinels. Clinical signs, lesions and mortalities were severe in older birds, while younger and free-range chickens showed minimal clinical signs and lesions. Lesions were multi-systemic and characterized by severe haemorrhages and necrosis. Mortalities in birds were: 20.6% (north-central), 16.5% (north-east), 15.9% (north-west) and 6.0% (south-west). Wetland areas in north-west and north-east had more positive cases. There were higher risks (OR=3.02) of infection and mortalities in mixed than in single species farms. H5N1 RNA virus detection in FFPE tissues was successful in 7 of 10 while gene sequencing was possible only in four. All the viral RNA characterized belonged to the sub-clade 2.2 with >96% homology to similar virus of European origin. Along the 154 nucleotides sequenced, amino acid exchange (mutation; Ala →Thr) occurred at position 544. Clade 1-infected Muscovy ducks shed more viruses, showed more severe nervous signs and mortality than Pekin and Mallard. Pekin ducks were moderately susceptible to clade 1 but insusceptible to clade 2.2. Mallard ducks were resistant to clinical disease from both viruses. Chickens exposed to infected ducks had 100% mortality four days post-exposure. Eyelids, combs, wattles, thymus, spinal cord, pancreas, cerebrum and bursa of Fabricius had higher RRT-PCR detection than the heart, lung, trachea, liver, spleen and intestine traditionally harvested for HPAI- H5N1 antigen detection. Co-rearing of Muscovy ducks with chicken posed greater risk of transmission of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza to the latter. Detection of H5N1 virus in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded chicken tissues was an important finding useful in retrospective diagnosis of HPAI.
Comparison of total intravenous ketamine and propofol anaesthesia in acepromazine- dexmedetomidine sedated cats
(2019-01) Afolabi, O.O.; Oguntoye, O.C.; Eyarefe, O.D.; Adetunji, A.
Total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) refers to the induction and maintenance of general anaesthesia with drugs administered solely by the intravenous (IV) route. Presently, ketamine and propofol are popular and in use for TIVA in small animals. This study compared ketamine and propofol anaesthesia in cats premedicated with acepromazine-dexmedetomidine combination. Six indigenous Nigerian local cats were premedicated with intramuscular injection of acepromazine (0.2mg/kg) and dexmedetomidine (40μg/kg) mixture, followed by induction of anesthesia with either bolus propofol (1mg/kg) or ketamine (0.5mg/kg) IV 20 min later. Maintenance of anesthesia for 2h was achieved with continous fl uid administration using dose of 0.5ml/8ml and 0.05ml/8ml in lactated Ringers solution for propofol and ketamine respectively. One week space was allowed between protocols in the crossover experiment. Anesthetic indices, cardiopulmonary parameters, and rectal temperature were recorded at 5 min intervals for 2 h. Duration of anti-nociception with ketamine protocol was not signifi cantly (p<.05) different from the corresponding propofol protocol value while recovery time and standing time were signifi cantly (p<.05) different between either protocol. Systolic arterial pressure, Diastolic arterial pressure and mean arterial pressure were significantly (p<0.05) lower for propofol protocol than ketamine protocol, while SpO2 responses were significantly (p<0.05) higher for propofol protocol than ketamine protocol. There was no statistically significant difference between other physiological variable means recorded for both protocols. It was concluded that ketamine and propofol protocols produced satisfactory anaesthetic induction and maintenance in healthy cats premedicated with acepromazine-dexmedetomidine. Used in the same manner however, Ketamine produces better anaesthetic quality than propofol
Cosmetic tail docking: an overview of abuse and report of an interesting case
(Cross Mark, 2016) Eyarefe, O. D.; Oguntoye, C. O.
Background: This paper presents an overview of the global controversies surrounding cosmetic tail docking in puppies, some observed inconsistent practices among dog breeders and Veterinarians in West Africa, and the need for the African Veterinary Profession to take a decisive position on the cosmetic docking procedure. Case presentation: An interesting report of observed complications associated with cosmetic tail docking in a 3 week old male Boerboel is reported alongside the management of the ensuing complications. Conclusion: This paper highlights the still prevalent practice of cosmetic tail docking and seeks to enlighten clinicians towards stemming its abuse in Africa
Dog breeds acquisition and owners’ awareness of associated surgical conditions in Nigeria
(Academic Journals, 2018-07) Eyarefe, O. D.; Adetunji, A. G.
The study evaluated dog owners’ awareness of breed-associated surgical conditions in Nigeria as indices for breed choice with structured pre-tested questionnaires administered to dog owners in 17 states of Nigeria. Alsatians (36.8%) and Rottweiler (13%) breeds were mostly possessed by owners. The majority of the respondents were females (60.4%) owners. Lagos (53.4%) and Oyo (52.1%) states had the highest number of respondents while Kaduna (1.25%), Enugu (1.25%), Ekiti (1.25%), and Plateau (1.25%) states had the lowest. Most of the respondents (84.8%) are within the age bracket of 16 to 30 years, while 46.6% were University graduates and 90.8% had kept dogs previously. Factors that influenced dogs’ breed choices included: Body size (66.6%), coat colour (78.6%), natural intelligence (96.4%), information on the internet about the breed (54.6%), breed type possession by a close relative (53.4%), information regarding animal care from the Veterinarian (39. 2%), and recommendation by friends (42.6%). Respondents routinely visited the veterinary health centre for a general check-up and disease prevention (79.6%), vaccination and routine worming (79.2%), and treatment of diseases (79.8%). Respondents had varying knowledge of common surgical diseases: Cruciate ligament rupture (13.6%), gastric dilation/volvulus (13.6%), portosystemic shunt (15.0%), entropion (17.7%), ectropion (17.7%), osteochondrosis dessicans (17.7%), tracheal collapse (17.7%) etc. Only 10.9% of the respondents were aware of persistent health challenges in their dogs, while 84.4% of the respondents were uninformed of their dog breed predisposition to certain health challenges, and 82.3% of respondents were not aware of their dogs’ predisposition to any surgical disease. These findings imply a need for veterinarians’ input in dog choices, for recommendation of legislation mandating potential owners to seek out information about health care conditions of prospective dog breeds from authorized sources before possession to forestall frustrations, and avoidance of ultimate pet abandonment associated with management cost and social adjustment following surgical diseases
Effects of honey, glutamine and their combination on canine small bowel epithelial cell proliferation following massive resection
(Physiological Society of Nigeria, 2012-12) Eyarefe, O.D,; Emikpe, B.O.; Akinloye, S.O.; Alonge, T.O.; Fayemi, O.E.
The effects of honey, glutamine and honey/glutamine combination on the healing and adaptive process of the bowel following massive small bowel resection were studied in some Nigerian non-descript breeds of dogs. 24 dogs (3-4months old) of mixed sexes with mean body weight of 4.42±0.70 kg were studied. They were randomized into four treatment groups following 70% small bowel resection. Group A dogs were placed on glutamine treatment, Group B on oral glutamine/honey and group C on honey and group D normal saline (control). Their body weights were evaluated for 15 days and the pre- and post-treatment gut biopsy samples were obtained and processed for morphometric evaluation. All groups exhibited signs of small bowel adaptation (Glutamine/honey>glutamine > honey > control) at the end of the experiment (4 weeks). Glutamine/honey combination, glutamine and honey had gradual increase in body weight from days 3-15 of weight evaluation. The control group, however, had a remarkable drop in body weight compared with other groups. Oral glutamine/honey combination showed the best overall effect based on body weight gain, intestinal mucosal growth and adaptation, evidenced by increased in residual bowel Villi height (27.71μm), Villi weight (14.51μm), Crypt depth (11.25μm), and Villi density (3.40μm). Glutamine showed a better result than honey with a significant increase in villi height (38.08μm), width (8.48μm) and crypt depth (40μm). Histologically, an improved villi branching was observed with glutamine/honey combination. Our results showed that honey/glutamine combination had comparative therapeutic advantage over glutamine or honey and may be a preferred treatment for short bowel syndrome patients
Effects of tahitian noni juice on ketamine anaesthesia in some local rabbits
(Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2010) Bayo, N.O.; Eyarefe, O.D.; Arowolo, R.O.A.
Tahitian Noni Juices (TNJ) from Morinda citrifolia is known with some therapeutic properties that include; anxiety and stress relief, production of calm and relax state, improvement of mood and sense of well being, and sleep restoration. This study attempt to evaluate TNJ effects in some ketamine sedated local rabbits. Six adult rabbits (1.5-1.7 kg) were given intramuscular injection of 5% ketamine hydrochloride (40 mg/kg), following which the quality of sedation w as evaluated using: muscle relaxation/rigidity, presence or loss of pain sensation, quality of amnesia as well as heart rate, respiratory rate and temperature as control values. TNJ was administered orally at 2 mL/kg twice daily for 28 days during which period ketamine injection was repeated at 7 days interval. Presence of muscle relaxation or rigidity, presence or absence of pain sensation, quality of amnesia as well as heart rate, respiratory rate and temperature were evaluated. Duration of sleep before and after noni administration was 40.7±9.6 and 46.8±13.7 min, respectively. There was improved quality of amnesia and behavioral responses. Rough induction and recovery gave way to smooth induction and recovery, and spontaneous movement during anesthesia was minimized. Salivation w as abolished in all except one rabbit. Mean basal heart rate before and after administration of noni were 204.8±48.4 and 264.4±35.6 beats per min, respectively. Basal respiratory rate also increased from 192±46.3 to 317.6±66.4 breaths per min. TNJ produced appreciable level of calmness, muscle relaxation, and loss of anxiety, and could be useful for premedication prior to aneasthesia
Effects of varying doses of tramadol on ketamine anaesthesia for laparocaecectomy in layer chickens
(Academic Journals, 2015-12) Eyarefe, O. D.; Oguntoye, C. O.
The effects of a high ketamine dose (15 mg/kg) and a low ketamine dose (10 mg/kg) combined with two separate doses of tramadol (10 and 5 mg/kg) were studied in chickens. Seventeen layer chickens (Isa brown breed) presented for laparo-cecectomy associated with feed trials were randomized into Ketamine-Lignocaine (KL) group (15 mg/kg ketamine)- 5 chickens, Tramadol-Ketamine-Lignocaine (TKL) group (10 mg ketamine plus 5 mg/kg tramadol)- 5 chickens and Tramadol-2-Ketamine-Lignocaine (TTKL) group (10 mg ketamine plus 10 mg/kg tramadol)- 7 chickens. All chickens had 2% lignocaine incision site infiltration to provide additional analgesia. Onset of drug action (OAN), Duration of recumbency (DR), heart rates (HR), respiratory rates (RR) and cloacal temperature (CT) were evaluated as anaesthetic monitoring indices. The trend for OAN was KL (3.3±0.4 min) >TKL group (4.0±3.0 min) > TTKL group (8.2±2.5 min). DR was KL group (110.3±20.8 min) > TTKL group (81.2±5.5 min) > TKL group (62.6±4.7 min). The mean variation of pre-anaesthetic and anaesthetic values of HR was not significant, although the KL group had the lowest HR. Observed fall in RR with TTKL < TKL< KL was not significant (P>0.05) among the groups. A statistically none significant (P>0.05), none life threatening fall in temperature was also observed among the groups. In the absence of inhalatory anaesthesia, 10 mg/kg ketamine combined with tramadol (5-10 mg/kg) and lignocaine infiltration may be a preferred anaesthetic protocol for non-protracted surgical procedures in chickens
Enhanced electroscalpel incisional wound healing potential of honey in Wistar rats
(Elsevier, 2017) Eyarefe, D. O.; Kuforiji, D. I.; Jarikre, T. A.; Emikpe, B. O.
Electrosurgery reduces surgical bleeding, and delays wound healing. This study evaluates incisional wound healing potential of honey in wounds created with electroscalpel and cold scalpel. The study used twelve (12) adult male albino rats (130 ± 20 g), randomly grouped into Electro-cautery (n = 6) and Cold scalpel (n = 6). Each rat had three full thickness (6 mm diameter) skin wounds (a, b and c) created on its dorsum with either Electroscalpel (ES) or Cold blade scalpel (CS), and treated topically with Silver sulphadiazine (SSD, wound a), untreated (control, wound b) and Bee honey (H, wound c). The wounds were evaluated for gross (exudation, edema, hyperemia, contraction), histologic (granulation, angiogenesis, fibroplasia, epithelialization) and immunologic healing indices using standard techniques. Data were analyzed with Chi-square, Two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Duncan Multiple Range tests (DMRT) at a = 0.05. Wound hyperemia and edge edema were prominent in the ES group from day 4 to 6 (P = .000). Percentage wound contraction was higher in the CS than ES group from days 5 to 7 (P = .006) and in the CS treated with honey than ES treated with honey from days 7 to 14 (P = .000). Granulation tissue reduced in ES group treated with SSD than in honey and control wounds. Fibroelastic tissue increased in SSD and honey treated wounds of ES group, and higher in honey treated wounds of CS group (P < .05). Fibroplasia was sustained in honey and SSD treated wounds than control. Honey can be applied to electroscalpel surgical wound to facilitate rapid healing during surgical management of tumours having vascular network
Enterologic and gynaecologic complications of ovariohysterectomy in the bitch
(2012) Akinrinmade, J.F.; Eyarefe, O.D.
The enterologic and gynaecologic associated complications post ovariohysterectomy (OVH) in bitches were evaluated. Medical records of 53 bitches with mean body weight of 15.2kg presented at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH), University of Ibadan between 1990-2010 were reviewed. Enterologic complications after OVH were observed in 11 (20.7%) of the cases studied. These include: Chronic vomiting 9 (81.8%), weight loss 9 (81.8%), anorexia, 8 (72.7%), diarrhea, 6 (54.5%) and pyrexia, 5(54.5%). Nine of the 11 dogs (81.8%) had extensive intestinal and uterine stump adhension. Gynaecologic complications 0bserve in 23 (43.3%) of the 53 bitches included vulva discharge 21(91.3%), incomplete extirpation of the ovaries 14(60.8%), recurrent estrus 9(39.1%), pseudopregnacy 8(34.7%), inflammation of the uterine cervical tissue and stump 4(17.4%) and non-resorbable ligature 3(13.0%). The study shows that enterologic and gynaecologic complications occur following OVH in bitches and strongly advice that bitches with gastrointestinal symptoms following OVH should be suspected of intestinal adhesions and incarcerations
Epidemiology and Public Health Implications of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and Non-tuberculous mycobacteria in Cattle and Humans in Oyo State, Nigeria
(2015-05) AGADA, C. A.
The risks of humans contracting bovine tuberculosis (BTB) and other mycobacterial infections abound in Nigeria. This could be attributed to the close association between farmers and cattle, unhealthy meat processing practices by butchers, consumption of unpasteurized milk and milk products, and poor knowledge of the disease. The circulating Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and non-tuberculous mycobacteria in livestock workers and animals are largely unknown. Confirming the sources of exposure in humans will help to guide the direction of prevention and control of the diseases. This study aimed at determining the prevalence of tuberculosis and characterising the mycobacterial species in cattle, livestock workers as well as identifies risk factors associated with the infection in Oyo State. A cross-sectional study was conducted among cattle and livestock workers in the five local government areas (LGA) in Ibadan metropolis, Iwajowa, Ibarapa North, Kajola, Oyo West and Akinyele LGAs. These sites are characterised by cattle population and dairy activities.Fresh milk from 269 pastoral cattle; 295 cheese “wara”; 150 fermented milk “nunu”; 124 nasal secretions and 124 faecal samples of slaughtered cattle; with 93 sputum samples from livestock workers collected by multistage sampling were analysed for the presence of Mycobacterium species using conventional culture method, multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction enzyme analysis-hsp65. Furthermore, a survey to investigate the knowledge, attitude and practices with regards to BTB using pre-tested structured questionnaires was conducted on 124 livestock workers (Herdsmen = 42, Cattle traders = 42 and Butchers = 40) via multistage sampling technique. Data were analysed using chi square and odds ratio at P= 0.05 level of significance. Mycobacterium species were isolated from 8.3%, 0.3%, 5.7%, and 1.6% fresh milk samples, cheese, nasal swabs and faecal samples respectively then 2.2% from sputum. Multiplex PCR revealed five strains of M. africanum (fresh milk = 2; cheese = 1 and sputum = 2) and a high prevalence (86.8%) of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM): 24 from fresh milk, seven from nasal secretions and two from faeces. Diverse strains of NTM were also obtained (M. gordonae =16; M. fortuitum =12; M. senegalense =8; M. avium =1). Significant association was observed between isolation of mycobacteria and types of sample; with fresh unpasteurised milk being 26 times more likely to have mycobacteria isolated (OR: 26.2; 95% CI 3.5 – 195.7). Livestock workers were knowledgeable about BTB transmission, with their occupation significantly affecting their knowledge. However, most livestock workers (70%) consume unpasteurised milk, 30% of butchers consume raw meat, and all agreed to consumption, selling or sharing of suspected infected animal products to the public. The isolation of M. africanum and predominance of non-tuberculous mycobacteria highlight their significance in the epidemiology of tuberculosis. Also, the isolation of M. senegalense an emerging infectious agent in fresh milk and nasal secretion of cattle has been established. Public health enlightenment of livestock workers on risk of consuming unpasteurized milk or milk products, raw or undercooked meat and meat products and precautions when handling infected animals is recommended.
Evaluation of canine dental health problems in Ibadan, Nigeria
(2014-09) Eyarefe, O. D.; Oni, A.F.; Emikpe, B.O.
Clinical evaluation for Dental Disease Conditions (DDC) in companion animals is an integral aspect of routine dental health care procedure in veterinary practice which often is less practice in Nigeria. This study evaluated the occurrence of DDC and possible inciting causes with a focus of providing a meaningful basis for canine dental health care in Nigeria. Fifty-seven dogs (30 males and 27 females) made up of 10 different breeds and presented at 3 major Veterinary Hospitals in Ibadan, Nigeria were assessed for periodontal disease (PD), dental calculus (DC), dental abrasion (DA) and their association with other systemic diseases using Dental probe, Glucometer, Urinalysis strip and PD survey questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and correlation at > 0.05 level of significance. The prevalence of PD was the highest (82.46%) while DC was 80.70% and DA, 57.89%. PD was observed to be more common in male (83.33%) dogs, while calculus formation and dental attrition were more common in female dogs. The incidence and severity of dental disease conditions increased with age. There was a positive correlation (p=0.04) between PD and DC and between DC and DA (p=0.00). The order of nutritional inciting cause of PD, DC and DA is compounded food > home food > waste from eateries. This investigation showed a high incidence of DDC in dogs with no dental health care and nutrition could be an inciting cause. This showed that there is need for patients’ dental health care in veterinary practice in Nigeria
Healing potentials of oral moringa oleifera leaves extract and tetracycline on methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus infected wounds of wistar rats
(Physiological Society of Nigeria, 2015) Eyarefe, O. D.; Idowu, A.; Afolabi, J. M.
Summary: The effects of oral dose of aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera and tetracycline antibiotics on cutaneous wounds infected with Staphylococcus aureus were studied in eighteen adult wistar rats (159±31.5g) randomized into three groups: Group A, n = 6, Moringa oleifera-(300 mg/kg). Group B, n = 6, tetracycline (9.4 mg/kg) and Group C, n = 6, Sterile water (control). Six millimetres diameter nape wound, created on each rat under 2% xylazine (5 mg/kg) and 5% ketamine (35 mg/kg), was contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus (108 Colony Forming Unit (CFU). Following infection, treatment was commenced with daily oral dose of test preparations and the wounds were evaluated every other day i.e., day 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15 for wetness (wound exudation), wound edge oedema, hyperaemia, granulation tissues and contraction (diameter). Severe wound exudation existed in all the groups between days 0-3 (p = 1.00). A significantly less (p<0.05) wound exudation was observed at days 3-5 (p = 0.000) and 5-9 (p = 0.003) (Control< Tetracycline Moringa> Tetracycline). Differences in wound diameter was not significant except at days 5-9 (p = 0.013) (Control> Moringa >Tetracycline). Oral doses of Moringa oleifera extract (300mg/kg) and tetracycline (9.4mg/kg) are not effective as antimicrobial or immune-boosting agents to enhance healing of wounds infected with Staphylococcus aureus and hence not recommended for rapid clearance of Staphylococcus aureus infected wounds
Honey, an unexplored topical wound dressing agent in Nigerian veterinary practice
(2016-12) Eyarefe, O.D.; Oguntoye, C.O.
This paper presents an overview of honey as a wound dressing agent, its mechanism of action, selected cases of wounds managed with honey and a survey of veterinarians’ perception and usage of honey for wound management in Nigeria. Structured questionnaires were administered to veterinary practitioners predominantly in Southwest Nigeria to evaluate their awareness, usage and concerns about honey as a wound dressing agent. Case reports of animal patients’ wounds managed with honey are presented in a logical fashion to showcase honey efficacy in wound management. There was remarkable healing with honey in the cases managed. Many of the respondents did not consider honey as first choice in wound management and availability of pure honey is a major concern expressed with honey use. More veterinarians in Nigeria should use honey for its high efficacy and cost effectiveness in the management of animal wounds
The incidence of intestinal obstructive diseases in selected veterinary clinics and hospitals in South Western Nigeria
(2011) Eyarefe, O.D.; Alonge, T.O.; Fayemi, E.O.
Intestinal obstructive diseases are medical and surgical emergencies which require precise diagnosis and rapid surgical intervention. They are characterized by severe hypovolemia and septic shock secondary to devitalization of the intestinal wall. The consequent surgical complications such as ileus, adhesions and short bowel syndrome with resultant death of the patients also pose management challenges to the clinician. This study investigated the incidence of intestinal obstructive diseases in some animals presented at selected Veterinary Hospitals and Clinics in southwestern Nigeria between 1998 and 2008. Records of surgical cases were grouped into 11 categories and further grouping of intestinal obstructive conditions in small and large animals were presented using descriptive statistics. Intestinal obstructive conditions ranked 8th among the 11 categorized surgical conditions, and 7.0 % of the surgical cases which were presented between 1998 and 2008. Most of the intestinal conditions such as intussusception, volvulus and torsion were strangulating obstructive conditions and occurred more in small than large animals. Hernia ranked highest among the surgical conditions, followed by intussusception, volvulus and rectal prolapse in that order. The intestinal conditions were more prevalent in post mortem records and in small animals than in large animals. The findings in this study showed that intestinal surgical conditions are not uncommon in Veterinary hospital and clinics in the study area. It further showed that the management of intestinal surgical conditions is still a major challenge in some Veterinary hospital and clinics in Nigeria
THE INFLUENCE OF GRADED DIETARY ENERGY ON DYNAMICS OF Trypanosoma congolense INFECTION IN WEST AFRICAN DWARF GOATS
(2011) AMEEN, S. K.
Malnutrition increases goats’ susceptibility to diseases thereby hindering their profitable production. Low calorie diet and infection have impact on health and survival of livestock. The influence of Graded Dietary Energy (GDE) on dynamics of Trypanosoma congolense (Tc) infection in goats is not fully elucidated. The influence of GDE levels on Tc infection in West African Dwarf (WAD) goats was therefore investigated. A preliminary survey for trypanosomes involving 675 goats was conducted during the dry and rainy seasons in Ogbomoso, Oyo State using standard techniques. Fifty four goats were randomly divided into three dietary groups A, B and C of 18 animals each and fed with 2426.7 or 2548.6 or 2670.4 kcal/kg isonitrogenous diet. After four weeks on the respective diet, 1.0 x 106/ml of Tc were administered intraperitoneally to 14 goats from each group AI, BI and CI , while four goats from each group served as non-infected controls AC, BC and CC. The animals were monitored for body weight changes post-infection, and after treatment with diminazene aceturate on week 5. Blood and serum samples collected weekly for 10 weeks, were assessed for changes in parasitaemia, haematology, serum biochemistry, complement levels and lymphocyte proliferation using standard methods. Data from the survey were analysed using descriptive statistics and Students’t-test, experimental data by ANOVA while parasite counts were correlated with haematology, serum biochemistry, and complement levels at p < 0.05. Dry season prevalence rate (4.5%) was significantly higher than that of rainy season (2.3%).While mean parasite count of group AI at weeks 3-5 was significantly higher than those of BI and CI, growth was retarded significantly in AI than BI and CI. Post-treatment growth acceleration was significantly higher in CI than BI and AI from weeks 7-10 but, CC grew at a significantly higher rate than BC and AC throughout the experimental period. Mean erythrocytic values fell with highest decline in AI than BI and CI from weeks 3-5 with normocytic normochromic anaemia. Mean serum Na+ , Ca2+, PO42- , globulin and transaminases increased from weeks 2-5 while mean serum K+, HCO3-, total protein, albumin, complement C3, total and alternative haemolytic complement levels decreased, being significant only in group AI. In all infected groups increased parasitaemia correlated negatively with erythrocytic values, serum K+, HCO3-, total and alternative haemolytic complement levels and positively with serum Na+, PO42-, total protein, globulin and transaminases. Mean lymphocyte count per minute within stimulated infected groups from weeks 1-5 were significantly increased in the order of CI > BI > AI, while unstimulated control cells maintained uniform response over a 72–hour period. Following treatment with berenil®, mean erythrocytic values and other parameters returned to pre-infective values by week 10, but earliest in group CI at Week 8. The prevalence of caprine trypanosomosis was higher in dry than rainy season. Increased dietary energy intake in goats increased their tolerance to Tc infection. It is recommended that dietary energy along with other nutrients be adequately provided for goats to reduce clinical effects of trypanosomosis.
Intersex piglet with bilobed urinary bladder in Kumasi, Ghana: a case report
(2017) Eyarefe, O. D.; Atawalna, J.; Emikpe, B. O.; Folitse, R.; Dei, D.; Duduyemi, B.; Okungbowa, S.; Okai, D.
This paper reports a case of a true intersex in a pig in Kumasi, Ghana. The diagnosis was based on gross and histomorphological assessment of the genital organs which consist of a left ovary, two uterine horns and body of uterus, along with a right testis without an epididymis. Vagina and vulva were also absent. A perineal scrotal pouch and a tubular tract connection with an intra-abdominal urinary bladder conducting urine through a miniature paraphimotic sigmoid shaped penis were observed. A rectal prolapse was consequent to rectal compression by the inadequately voided urinary bladder. Gonadal hormonal profiles were analysed and compared in the true intersex and those of the males and female siblings using standard techniques. The embryologic, reproductive, and swine production cost implications of intersex were discussed
Life saving tail amputation in an African lioness (Panthera leo L) in captivity
(2015) Eyarefe, O.D.; Oguntoye, C.O.; Olusa, T.A.; Morenikeji, O.A.
This paper reports surgical management of self- tail mutilation in an African lioness triggered by an irritation of unknown aetiology. The lioness was reported to have eaten up to two-third of its tail. Lack of darting facilities delayed quick intervention until the animal was lured with food bait into a restraint cage that enabled chemical restraint and surgical intervention. Tail amputation was performed as described for domesticated canine species. Healing was uneventful with animal returning to normal activities. Tail amputation is an uncommon procedure in wild species. Its curative indication was warranted in this case. There is need for storage of darting facilities in every zoological garden to aid quick intervention and preservation of animals especially endangered species in captivity