Wildlife & Fisheries management

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Use of sesame seed cake as replacement for fishmeal in diets for catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822)
(APAS Institute of Scienctific Research and Development, 1998) Olukunle, O. A.; Falaye, A. E.
A 6-week feeding trail was conducted in glass tanks with juvenile Clarias gariepinus to examine the effects of partial and total replacement of fishmeal with sesame seed cake protein. Five semi-purified isonutrogenous diets (I,II, III, IV, V containing 40% protein) and isocaloric (3.9 Kcal gross energy/g of dry diet) were formulated to contain varying percentage of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% solvent extracted sesame seed cake in replacement for fishmeal. Diet 1 (0% sesame seed cake protein) was the control. Specific growth rate (SGR), food conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were not significantly different (P>0.05) from diets I,II,III,IV in weight gain, SGR, FCR and PER. The results of this study suggest that sesame seed cake cannot to totally replace fishmeal in diets for Clarias gariepinus. However, at 25% replacement of fishmeal by sesame seed cake will give similar SGR, FCR, and PER when compared to an all fishmeal diet, but was found to be richer in methionine and arginine.
Bilateral orchidectomy in west african dwarf (WAD) goats: effect on blood electrolyte levels
(2000) Olaifa, A. K.; Onwuka, S. K.; Oyeyemi, M. O.; Olaifa, F. E.; Utio, O. A.|; Adewoye, E. O.
Utilization of autoclaved solvent extracted sesame seed cake as a cheaper source of methionine supplementation to other plant protein sources in the feed of Clarias gariepinus.
(2000) Olukunle, O.; Falaye, A. E.
The study was designed to find the replacement value of fishmeal (Fm) by solvent extracted sesame seed cake (SSC) in relation to the amino acid supplementation. The fishmeal was replaced by SSC in five diets at 0%, 25%,50%, 75% and 100% inclusion levels. The diets were fed to Clarias gariepinus fingerlings for a period of 42 days. The trial concluded that solvent-extracted sesame seed cake (SESSC) is better fed to C. gariepinus fingerlings supplemented at 25% level. Economically SESSC diet had the lowest incidence of cost. THe fish feed production cost is reduced by at least 25% when SESSC replaces Fm in the diet of C. gariepinus.
Aquaculutre-promotion of rural technology for poverty alleviation
(2000) Olukunle, O. A.; Omitoyin, B. O.
A comparative assessment of growth performance, haematology and serum biochemistry of hybrid catfish fed non-conventional plant proteins in homestead concrete tanks
(2000) Olukunle, O.; Taiwo, V. O.; Adejinmi, J. O.
An 84-day experiment was carried out to evaluate the potentials of three non-conventional plant proteins groundnut cake (GNC), soyebean cake (SBC) and sesame seed cake (SSC) singly and combined in the diets of hybrid catfish grown in homestead concrete tanks. Triplicate groups of 30 juveniles average weight of 26.9+ 0.18g were fed four diets which were formulated to contain 30% crude protein with 25% of the GNC (diet 1) component replaced by SBC (diet 2), SSC (diet 3) and a combination of the three in diet 4. All the diets contained an equal amount of animal protein (25.43g). At the end of 84 days of feeding, growth parameters, feed and carcass proximate analyses, mortality, haematology and serum biochemical parameters were measured. The results showed that the diets affected the growth of the juveniles significantly (P<0.05). The percentage weight gain of the fish fed diet 1 was 204% of the initial weight, while those fed diets 2, 3 and 4 were 405%, 465% and 445% respectively. Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) was significantly higher (P <0.05) in diets 2, 3 and 4 than in diet 1, with diet 4 having the highest PER. The percent specific growth rate (SGR) recorded for each diet was not significantly different (P>0.05) from each other. Percentage mortality were 22.2%, 13.3%, 5.6% and 3.3% in fish fed diets 3, 4, 2 and 1, respectively. There were no significant variations in haematological parameters of fish fed all the various diets, except for those on diet 3 which exhibited lymphopenia and heterophilia (P<0.05). Similarly, there were no significant variations in serum biochemical parameters, except for hyperfibrinogenaemia, hypoglyeaemia and significantly increased AST activities (P<0.05) in fish fed diet 3 and 4. There were significant increases in the serum levels of cholesterol and triglyceride in fish fed diets 2 (P<0.05), 3 and 4 (P<0.01). The findings in this study showed that even though SBC and SSC inclusions in fish diet resulted in better growth performance than GNC inclusion, the relatively high levels of crude fat in these plants proteins especially SSC, may in fact be injurious to fish by causing fat deposition in tissues, fatty hepatic and renal damage, artherosclerosis and coronary heart disease both of which will predispose the fish to stress, innocuous disease and mortality.
Crude oil, women and the environment: a case study of Delta state of Nigeria
(2001) Olaifa, F. E.; Olaifa, A. K.; Lameed, G. A.
The study of effects of petroleum pollution on the general environment with peculiar relevance to women in Delta State was carried out for a period of nine months, by using structured questionnaire and personal observations. The study was basically focused on women of all age groups and generalized all sources of pollution in the area. Among all, oil spillage to the rivers, streams, and farmlands (44.8%) was most rated, while other sources like fish (62.1%), and effect their occupational status that is based on peasant farming (33.7%) and fishing (52.1%). However, there is high significant effect (P<0.05) of the sources of pollution to the environment related tow omen livelihood in the area. While responses to the effect were in form of cooperative (2.3%), individual (2.1%), the oil companies compensation (41.9%) and sometimes government assistance (33.2%). It was therefore suggested that women should be given advantage of both formal and informal education, adequate supply of funds in form of loan, with other amenities such as good source of water, alternatives to fishing and farming to alleviate the poverty conditions that oil spillage had caused.
Latest technologies in fish stocking, sorting and marketing
(2002) Olukunle, O.
Game production and utilization
(Andrian Publication Series, 2002) Faturoti, E. O.; Akinyemi, A. F.
The nutritional value of cow blood meal and its effects on growth performance, haematology and plasma enzymes of hybrid catfish
(2002) Olukunle, O. A.; Ogunsanmi, A. O.; Taiwo, V. O.; Samuel, A. A.
The nutritional potential of sun-dried cow blood meal (CBM) was investigated for its effect on growth performance, haematology and plasma enzyme activities in hybrid catfish fingerlings (Clarias gariepinus Male x Heternbrunchus longifilis Female), in an assay that lasted for twelve weeks. Six graded diets containing 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 percent of CBM were compounded. Ten fingerlings (mean weight 4.23+0.64g) per tank were reared under laboratory conditions in eighteen plastic tanks, each containing 12 liters of water. The fingerlings were fed 3% of their body weight daily, with bimonthly adjustments. At the end of the 84-day experiment, growth performance parameters such as weight gains, specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were determined. Blood samples were pooled from each treatment on days 0, 42 and 84 for haematotogical and plasma enzyme analyses. The specific growth rate and the feed conversion ratio were best in the fish fed the control (0% sun-dried CBM) diet and poorest in the fish fed 25% CBM diet inclusion. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) between mean daily weight gains, specific growth rate and feed conversion ratios of fish fed diet 2 (5% CBM) and the control diet. The higher the inclusion level of the sun-dried CBM in the experimental diets, the poorer the nutrient utilization and growth performance. Hematological and pIasma enzyme analyses revealed progressively severe macrocytic normochromic, anaemia, leucocytosis and high enzymatic activities of plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and-aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in fish fed increasing levels of sun-dried CBM. These enzymatic changes imply liver, kidney and/or cardiac damage, and opportunistic systemic bacterial infection. It can be inferred that for optimum growth performance, best nutrient utilization and unimpaired haematological and plasma enzyme activities in hybrid Clarias, a 5 % level of sun-dried CBM inclusion in their diet is recommended.
Toxic stress of lead on clarias gariepinus (African catfish) fingerlings
(2003) Olaifa, F. E.; Olaifa, A. K.; Lewis, O. O.
The toxic stress of lead on fish was tested employing a 96-hour bioassay test. The experimental fish used were Clarias gariepinus fingerlings. Lead in the form of lead chloride was used to prepare the stock solution. The concentrations of lead used for the experiment were 0, 1.8, 3.2, and 5.6, and10.0mg/l. The lethal concentration (LC50) was estimated using the logarithmic method and was found to be 0.6, 0.58 and 0.62mg/l for replicates1, 2 and 3 respectively.
Wildlife-human interface: a case study of Yankari national park Bauchi State, Nigeria
(2003) Akinyemi, A. F.; Ayodele, I. A.
Most of the serious problems facing protected areas in Africa today has a human component. Among the more common problems are human encroachment, unauthorized harvesting of resources, and the conflict between wildlife managers and local people. The study illustrates the major wild Animals, agricultural and livestock pest in the study area and the attitudes of the farmers/villagers to wild animal species. A land-use planning system that incorporate a floating zoning system which ultimately merge with a permanent zoning system with range of vegetation such as multipurpose trees and shrubs (MPTS) around the park will allow traditional grazing and avoid conflict with local people.
Prospect of conflict resolution between farmers and nomadic fulanis in Kainji lake national park
(2003) Akinyemi, A.F.
The study analysed the activities of Nomadic Fulanis in four villages; Banibafu, Mazakuka, Faje and Kere located within the buffer zone of the Kainji Lake National Park. The data was obtained by the administration of questionnaires and personal interviews with farmers, nomadic Fulanis and Park guards. The study clearly identified the routes of nomadic herdsmen from Kebbi to Oyo States and the need for a pasture corridor in other to ensure harmony between all the stakeholders. The nature of the property-rights regime under which the pasture was held was also found to provide sufficient basis for drawing valid conclusions concerning users behaviour, as well as, the consequence of such uses.
Toxicity of grasscutter (Thryonomys swinderianus temminck) faeces to Clarias gariepinus broodstock
(2003) Taiwo, V. O.; Omitoyin, B. O.; Ogunsanmi, A. O.; Olukunle, O.; Ogunmoye, K. A.
This study investigates the performance of Clarias gariepinus broodstock fed with grasscutter faccal droppings. The physiological effects and growth performance of the fish were assessed after 8 weeks experimental feeding followed by 4 weeks of feeding with normal formulated (control) diet for fish. Ninety test fish were maintained solely on grasscutter faccal organic manure, while 30 fish maintained on the control diet served as the controls. The test fish suffered significant (p<0.05) weight loss compared to initial (pre-treatment) values and those of the control fish, but exhibited increased (p<0.05) growth within 4 weeks of being fed the control diet. They also developed normocytic, normochromic anaemia and lencocytosis characterized by lymphocytosis and heterophilia after 8 weeks of feeding. Analysis of the plasma metabolites of the test fish revealed hyponatracmia, hypochloraemia,acidosis, hypocreatininaemia, hypoproteinaemia, decreased enzyme activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Elevated plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels were observed, while the levels of plasma calcium phosphorous, area, potassium cholesterol, triglyceride,albumin,globulin and albumin globulin ratio remain unchanged throughout the experimental period. The haematologic and plasma biochemical changes in the test fish may be attributed to hepatorenal dysfunction, decreased protein metabolism, deficient protein content of grasscutter droppings and possibly associated with toxic materials in grasscutter faces. All the haematological and plasma biochemical changes in the test fish returned to normal 4 weeks after reversion to normal diet showing that grasscutter droppings are nutritionally sub-optimal and probably toxic to Clarias gariepinus broodstock and hence not recommended for total conventional feed replacement in C. gariepinus fish farming.
Homestead fish production-prospects and constraints
(2004) Olukunle, O.
Response of concrete pond–raised Clarias gariepinus fed diets containing different inclusion levels of cow tripe epithelial waste
(2004) Olukunle, O.; Olawale, F. O.
The study examined the effect of Cow Tripe Epithelial Waste (CTEW) on the growth performance, nutrient utilization and survival of advanced fry Clarias gariepinus raised in ten homestead tanks (3m x 1.5m x 0.06m) for ten weeks. Each tank was stocked with 100 advanced fry with initial average weight of 0.68±0.55g. The diets were isonitrogenous 40% crude protein and iso-caloric (3.47 ±1.24K cal/g). The fish were fed the equivalent of 5% of their body weight twice daily. The weights of feed were adjusted after bimonthly weighting. The water parameters were monitored at the commencement and weekly subsequenlty. The design of the experiment was completely randomized. The results show that percentage survival, Gross Efficiency Food Conversion (GEFCR) and weight gain were best in the fish fed diet with 25% CTEW replacement. The growth utilization (GEFCR) parameter evaluated was higher in fish fed the diet containing 25% CTEW replacement than those obtained in the control. The Food Conversion Ratio(FCR) of the advanced fry fed the control and diets 1, 2 and 4 were not significantly different (p<0.05). However, the percentage Specific Growth Rate (SGR) improved with increasing CTEW inclusion. It implies that the CTEW protein could qualitatively replace fishmeal in the diets of Clarias gariepinus advanced fry raised in homestead ponds. This is therefore recommended for inclusion in the diets of C. gariepinus for faster growth and better health management.
Lethal and sub-lethal effects of copper to the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) juveniles
(Ibadan Biomedical Communications Group, 2004) Olaifa, F. E.; Olaifa, A. K.; Onwude, T. E.
Lethal and sub-lethal effects of copper on Clarias gariepinus were studied using a 96-hour static bioassay. Copper (as copper chloride, CuCl2 . H2O) was used to prepare the stock solution from which five standard concentrations 0.0, 1.8, 3.2, 5.6, and 10.0 mg/L were prepared (coded A – E). 15 juvenile C. gariepinus fish having a mean weight and length 5.8g and 18 cm respectively were used. The 96-hour LC50 estimated using the logarithm method were 0.6, 0.71 and 0.7 mg/l for replicates 1, 2 and 3 respectively with mean as 0.67mg/l. Haematological changes were generally not significant (P> 0.05). Copper concentrations in bone and muscle-tissues were also determined. The mean copper concentration in bone ranged from 1.86 (treatment A) to 17.04 ppm (Treatment E) and muscle 1.29 (treatment A) to 55.5 ppm (treatment E). There were significant differences (p<0.05) in mortality among treatments
Homestead pond management
(Optimistic Printing Press, Mokola, Ibadan, 2004) Olukunle, O.
Water and sediment qualities of Ekole river, Bayelsa state, Nigeria
(2004) Olaifa, F. E.; Leilei, K. E.
A study was carried out to determine the physico-chemical characteristics and heavy metal contents of the water and sediment of Ekole river in Bayelsa state, Nigeria. Water and sediment samples were collected in the dry (december/ January) and wet (June/July) seasons during 2003 and 2004. Surface water up to 15cm depth and sediments were sampled at nine locations: 100, 200, 400, 500m upstream; 0, 100, 200, 300, 400m downstream of an oil flow station. The samples were anlyzed for total suspended solids (TSS), pH, chloride, dissolved oxygen, conductivity and heavy metals. These parameters were either measured in-situ using approriate meters or analysed in the laboratory using standard methods. The results obtained were compared with the baseline ecological data for 'Gbaran Extended Field'. upstream of the study of the area. World Health Organization and the Federal Environment Protection Agency's standards for water quality. The results showed increase TSS. pH and conductivity of the water over the baseline data. All heavy metals of interest: cadmium(Cd), lead (Pb), mangaese (Mn) zinc(Zn), nickel(Ni) copper, (Cu), iron (Fe) and chromium (Cr) were present in the water while Ni, Cd and Cr, absent in the baseline data were detected. Significant increases (p<0.05) were recorded for iron, zinc, copper and managese over baseline data. Higher concerntrations (p<0.05) of heavy metals were recorded in sediments than water and the dominant metal was iron. It was concluded that changes in water quality had occured in Ekole river near Obama flow station and the need to adhere to existing environmental laws and regular monitoring recommended.
Economic, growth performance and heamatological implications of raising Clarias gariepinus advanced fry on high protein diets in concrete homestead ponds
(2004) Olukunle, O.; Taiwo, V. O.
The commercial production of fish in concrete homestead ponds is fast gaining acceptance in Nigeria, but the growth rate of such is constrained by the stocking of good-sized fingerlings and the availability of quality fish feed. Hence, this study was designed to investigate the economic analysis, growth performance and hematological changes in advanced fry raised on high protein diets in concrete tanks. The design of the experiment is completely randomized and the economic viability of the project was determined by comparing the cost: benefit ratio of the four feeding regimes. One thousand, two hundred Clarias gariepinus advanced fry with initial mean weight of 0.74+0.18g were randomly divided into 4 groups. Three 1m3 net cages were suspended in each tank of (3m x2m x1.5m) dimension. The treatments were fed practical diets containing 40% (control); 48%; 56%; 64% CP levels respectively for 12 weeks. The following parameters were monitored as stated: weight gains (bimonthly); water quality (weekly); haematology (initial and at end of the experiment). carcass analysis at (initial and at end of experiment). Feed conversion ratio, proximate analysis and cost: benefit ratio (were calculated at end of the experiment). Data generated were statistically analyzed using the 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's multiple range tests at 95% and 99% confidence limits as appropriate. The results of the study showed that raising of fingerlings in concrete tanks can be enhanced optimally through the feeding of a 48% CP inclusion as against the conventional 40% CP in practical diets used in earthen ponds. The incidence of cost showed that feeding advanced fry on 40% and 48% CP diet are not significantly different but both values are significantly better than fish fed on diet 56% and 64% CP. While the profit index showed that it is more profitable to feed the fish on diets containing either 40%, 48% and 56% CP. However, fish fed on the 48% CP diet in this study had optimum mean weight gain of (9.49g) and the highest PPV value (2.44), which was significantly different from fish, fed 40% (2.41), 56%(0.75) and 64% (1.15). In addition, this research further highlighted the fact that high CP inclusion beyond the optimum does not necessarily give high weight gains nor give the best economic reward because fish diets 3 (56%CP) and diets 4(64%CP) had lower weight gains and lower profit index. There were no appreciable derangements in hematological parameters in fish fed 40%CP and 48% CP. However fish fed 56%CP and 64% CP developed normocytic normochronic anemia and hypoproteinaemia conditions. This implies wastage of resources and confirms that inclusion of CP levels higher than 48% CP in diets of C gariepinus fry had negative effects on haemopoiesis and does not have growth, hematological nor economical advantage in raising advanced fry to fingerling in concrete tanks.
Heavy metal contamination of clarias gariepinus from a lake and fish farm in Ibadan, Nigeria
(Ibadan Biomedical Communications Group, 2004) Olaifa, F. E.; Olaifa, A. K.; Adelaja, A. A.; Owolabi, A. G.
Adult Clarias gariepinus (African Catfish) were purchased from Eleiyele Lake and Zartech fish farm in Ibadan. Water samples were also collected in February (dry season) and June (rainy season), 2002. Gill, bone, intestine, muscle and water samples were analyzed for five metals: manganese, copper, zinc, iron, and chromium by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) in two separate experiments. In each case, two tissues were compared with the levels of the metals in water viz: Gill, bone, and water; intestine, muscle and water. Generally, lower concentrations of the metals were recorded in water than fish tissues. Higher concentrations of zinc than recommended by the Federal Environmental Protection Agency were recorded in the fish during the dry season. Iron was the dominant metal in the muscle while Chromium was the least. Significant differences (p<0.05) were recorded in copper and zinc concentrations in the muscle, intestine and water during the dry and rainy seasons .In gill, bones and water, significant differences (p<0.05) were only recorded for the two stations for copper during the rainy season and only zinc was significantly different (p<0.05) in the dry season. It was concluded that though the heavy metals of interest were present in measurable quantities there were still within safe limits for consumption