Wildlife & Fisheries management
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Item The growth performance and survival of Clarias gariepinus fry raised in homestead concrete tanks(Academic Journals Inc., 2012) Olukunle, O.Fertilizer application in earthen ponds has been used as a low-cost method of sustainable aquaculture production. This study was carried out to investigate the growth response of African catfish fry, Clarias gariepinus in three different culture media in homestead concrete tanks. The water in the control (T1) was not treated while T2 and T3 were treated with poultry droppings and soy bean milk filtrate, respectively. Nine hundred catfish fry weighing averagely 0.67-0.69 g were randomly allocated to the 3 treatments in equal number. In each tank (2x3x1.5 m) were suspended, 3 net cages each of dimension, 1x1x1 m containing 100 fry. The fish in tank 1 (control treatment) were fed fish meal from the start at 5% of their body weight and four times daily. The other treatments were not fed at all for the first 7 days. Feeding with fishmeal commenced for treatments T2 and T3 on the next 8-14 day. The weights of the feed were adjusted after weekly weighing of the culture media for phytoplankton composition. The best weight increase was recorded in T1 (2.33 g). The highest survival rate was in T3 (98%). Treatment T3 (11.56±1.14x103) generated higher concentrations of most of identified zooplanktons than treatments T1 (5.39±0.73x103) and T2 (12.78±0.98x103). These zooplanktons were absent in treatments T1 and T2. The result indicates that fertilizing the culture medium using soybean milk filtrate or poultry droppings improved the growth and of C. gariepinus.Item Toxicity of calcium hypochlorite on fingerlings of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)(Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Ibadan, 2014) Kolawole, A. S; Olukunle, O.The toxicity of calcium hypochlorite (containing 65% chlorine disinfectant) was investigated on fingerlings of Clarias gariepinus. Fish of mean weight of 5.5 ± 0.8g and total length of 7.8 ± 0.5cm were exposed to various concentrations (0.00, 0.011, 0.033, 0055 and 0.077 mg/I) of calcium hypochlorite resulting in residual chlorine of(0.00, 0.002, 0.006, 0.010 and 0.014 mg/l respectively) for 12, 24, 48 and 96h, adopting a static bioassay technique. The water quality, tolerance and behavioural responses, haematological and histopathological parameters of fingerlings of Clarias gariepinus were monitored and measured using standard methods. Blood samples were obtained from the caudal circulation and used for the measurement of Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Haemogolobin level (Hb), Red and white Blood cell count. Erratic swimming, excited competitive movements and gasping for air at the surface were the behavioural changes observed with increase in time of exposure and concentration of the chemical. The water quality parameters were measured during and after the experiment. Significant differences were observed. The PCV showed significant (P<0.05) decrease in values between 25% and 20% in all concentrations compared to the control value of 29% at 96h exposure. Haemoglobin levels were similarly significantly (P<0.05) lowered from the control value of 8.3g/dL to 6.7g/dL in the varying concentrations with increase in time of exposure. Deteriorating changes were observed in the liver, gill and brain of fingerlings of C. gariepinus exposed to calcium hypochlorite with increase in both concentration and time of exposure. It is therefore concluded that treated municipal water supply which usually contains residual chlorine of 0.20ppm is not suitable for aquaculture. It is recommended that the water should be exposed to light between 24 to 48 hours in order to allow for the evaporation of the residual chlorine present in it if it must be used at all. Calcium hypochlorite should not be used indiscriminately in aquaculture systems.Item Effects of maize cob on fish feed floatation, nutrient utilization and growth performance of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fingerlings(Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 2011) Olukunle, O.; Yusuf, O.This study was carried out to determine the effects of maize cob on fish feed floation, growth performance and nutrient utilization of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings as a replacement for wheat bran. Triplicate groups of 30 fish per treatment were stocked in 3 plastic bowls each containing 15 litres of water. The initial average weight of fish was 2.43 ± 0.01. The fish were fed with 5 different test diets. The control contained 100% wheat bran (treatment 1). The wheat bran was partially replaced with 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% maize cob in treatment 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively. The treatments were fed to each group of experimental fish at 3% body weight. The feeding trial lasted for six weeks and the growth performance were recorded weekly. There were significant differences in most of the growth performance measured. The mean weight gain of the treatment 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 were 1.54g, 1.75g, 2.15g, 1.24g and 1.22g respectively. The fish fed treatment 3 had the highest percentage weight gain (PWG) value of 88.48% while those fed treatment 5 had the lowest value of 50.21%. The highest specific growth rate (SGR) was observed in fish fed treatment 3 (0.47), followed by treatment 2(0.33), treatment 1(0.23), treatment 4(0.15) and treatment 5(0.10) respectively. Fish fed treatment 3 had the highest protein efficiency ratio (PER) of 0.038 and the lowest was observed in treatment 5(0.026). The feed conversion ratio observed in treatment 5 was significantly higher than those fed with other treatments and the lowest was observed in treatment 3. There were significant differences in the nutrient utilization amongst the treatments at P<0.05. Treatments 1 and 3 had 20% floatability at the end of 10 minutes while treatment 2 had 10% floatability, treatment 4 and 5 had 0% floatability at the end of 10 minutes. This experiment shows that 20% inclusion level of maize cob has a greater potential as a partial replacement for wheat bran. This was because fish fed treatment 3(20% inclusion) had the highest growth parameters followed by treatment 2, treatment 1, treatment 4 and treatment 5 respectively. However fish fed treatment 3 and treatment 2 were observed to have better growth indices than the control treatment while the fish fed treatment 5 performed poorest. This further confirmed the better potential of maize cob over wheat bran which is commoner in Nigerian market.Item Growth performance and nutrient utilization of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fingerlings fed diets with differently fermented sesame seed (Sesame indicus)(Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 2011) Olukunle, O.; Onuegbu, C. G.An experiment was conducted to assess the Growth Response (GR) and Nutrient Utilization (NU) of differently processed fermented sesame seed (Sesame inducum) in the diets of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings. Three categories of Sesame Seed (SS) (undehulled, dehulled and prepressed) were fermented at room temperature. Their phytic acid and tannin content were determined pre and post fermentation. Four diets were then formulated at 40%, Crude Protein level; Diet 1 (control with 0% SS inclusion); Deit 2, Undehulled Fermented SS 25% inclusion); Diet 3 Dehulled fermented SS 25% (dehulled fermented SS 25%inclusion), and diet 4 (prepressed fermented SS 25% inclusion). These diets were fed to the fish at 3% of their body weight, two times daily for 8 weeks. Each treatment had three (3) replicates, with 10 individual fish average initial weight of 1.62g. At the end of the experiment, fish carcass (whole body) were analysed for proximate composition. Result showed that fish fed Diet 1 which is the control had the best growth performance and nutrient utilization values while fish fed Diet 2 had the poorest values for these parameters. Among the differently fermented sesame seed diets, Diet 4 had the best Growth Performance (GP) and Nutrient Utilization (NU) indicies. The Specific Growth rate and the Food Conversion Ratio of Diet 1 were better and significantly (p<0.05) different from the fermented sesame seed based diets while the protein intake of all the diets were not significantly (P<0.05) different from each other. The dehulled and prepressed based diets showed appreciable increase in GP and NU values when compared to other sesame seed fermented based diets. This observation was adjudged to be due to the reduction of tannin content from 0.066% (initial) to 0.056, 0.035 and 0.024% respectively and for phytic acid from 0.248% (initial) to 0.236, 0.216 and 0.187% in undehulled, dehulled and Prepressed Sesame Seed (PSS) based diets respectively. Fermented (PSS) based diet performed significantly (P<0.05) best when compared with other fermented sesame seed based diets, due to the fact that prepressing of the seed further reduced the concentration of the antinutritional factor.Item Growth changes associated with feeding Clarias gariepinus with mouldy feeds(TAPAS Institute of Scienctific Research and Development, 2007) Aworh, M. K. F.; Alaka, O. O; Olukunle, O.; Olabode, H. O. K.This study was undertaken to determine the effects of consumption of mouldy feeds on the growth of the African catfish CIarias gariepinus. Forty-five juvenile fishes were maintained on mouldy feed ration while another forty-five served as controls. The control fishes remained healthy and steadily gained weight, reaching about 68% of their starting weight on the last day of the feeding trial. The test fishes in all the groups showed a significant decrease in weight gain comparable to the control fishes by the 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's multiple range test at 95% confidence interval (p<0.05). The study showed that feeding mouldy rations to Clarias gariepinus would result in decrease weight gain. This could be associated with the fact that many fungi elaborate mycotoxins and potent anti nutritional factors. Wholesome, dry and freshly compounded rations is advocated for intensively managed fishes.Item Nutritive potential of sweet potatoes peel meal and root replacement value for maize in diets of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) advanced fry(Scientific Research Public Company, 2006) Olukunle, O.This study was carried out to evaluate the potential of Sweet Potato Peel (SPP) meal as a cheaper replacement for maize in the diet of Clarias gariepinus. Triplicate groups of 20 fish per plastic tank with average weight of 0.64±0.1 g per fish were fed four (4) diets, which were formulated to contain graded levels of sweet potato peel meal replacing 0, 25, 50 and 75 % of maize. The feeding trial lasted 6 weeks. The results showed that the diets did not significantly (p<0.05) affect fish performance within the treatments. Percentage Weight Gain (PWG) was 101.54% in fish fed with the control diet (0% sweet potato peel meal). The highest (PWG) of 150.77% was recorded in fish fed diets containing 25% sweet potato peel meal followed by a consistent decrease in PWG with increasing inclusion of sweet potato peels meal. However, diets containing 25, 50 and 75% SPP meal performed better than the control experiment with PWG of 150.77, 132.31 and 127.6%, respectively. The highest Feed Conversion Efficiency (FCE) was observed in the diet containing 25% SPP meal. A steady decrease in FCE was observed with increasing inclusion of SPP meal at 50 and 75%. Meanwhile, all the diets with SPP meal inclusion performed better than the control diet containing 0% SPP. The data indicated that Clarias gariepinus effectively tolerated diets containing sweet potato peel meal at low levels of concentration while fish growth performance and utilization decreased with increase in the sweet potato peel meal inclusion. The SPP meal based diets were cheaper than the control diet. The consequent better FCE and PWG of fish fed SPP diets showed that cost can be reduced while maintaining a high yield.Item Economic, growth performance and heamatological implications of raising Clarias gariepinus advanced fry on high protein diets in concrete homestead ponds(2004) Olukunle, O.; Taiwo, V. O.The commercial production of fish in concrete homestead ponds is fast gaining acceptance in Nigeria, but the growth rate of such is constrained by the stocking of good-sized fingerlings and the availability of quality fish feed. Hence, this study was designed to investigate the economic analysis, growth performance and hematological changes in advanced fry raised on high protein diets in concrete tanks. The design of the experiment is completely randomized and the economic viability of the project was determined by comparing the cost: benefit ratio of the four feeding regimes. One thousand, two hundred Clarias gariepinus advanced fry with initial mean weight of 0.74+0.18g were randomly divided into 4 groups. Three 1m3 net cages were suspended in each tank of (3m x2m x1.5m) dimension. The treatments were fed practical diets containing 40% (control); 48%; 56%; 64% CP levels respectively for 12 weeks. The following parameters were monitored as stated: weight gains (bimonthly); water quality (weekly); haematology (initial and at end of the experiment). carcass analysis at (initial and at end of experiment). Feed conversion ratio, proximate analysis and cost: benefit ratio (were calculated at end of the experiment). Data generated were statistically analyzed using the 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's multiple range tests at 95% and 99% confidence limits as appropriate. The results of the study showed that raising of fingerlings in concrete tanks can be enhanced optimally through the feeding of a 48% CP inclusion as against the conventional 40% CP in practical diets used in earthen ponds. The incidence of cost showed that feeding advanced fry on 40% and 48% CP diet are not significantly different but both values are significantly better than fish fed on diet 56% and 64% CP. While the profit index showed that it is more profitable to feed the fish on diets containing either 40%, 48% and 56% CP. However, fish fed on the 48% CP diet in this study had optimum mean weight gain of (9.49g) and the highest PPV value (2.44), which was significantly different from fish, fed 40% (2.41), 56%(0.75) and 64% (1.15). In addition, this research further highlighted the fact that high CP inclusion beyond the optimum does not necessarily give high weight gains nor give the best economic reward because fish diets 3 (56%CP) and diets 4(64%CP) had lower weight gains and lower profit index. There were no appreciable derangements in hematological parameters in fish fed 40%CP and 48% CP. However fish fed 56%CP and 64% CP developed normocytic normochronic anemia and hypoproteinaemia conditions. This implies wastage of resources and confirms that inclusion of CP levels higher than 48% CP in diets of C gariepinus fry had negative effects on haemopoiesis and does not have growth, hematological nor economical advantage in raising advanced fry to fingerling in concrete tanks.Item Response of concrete pond–raised Clarias gariepinus fed diets containing different inclusion levels of cow tripe epithelial waste(2004) Olukunle, O.; Olawale, F. O.The study examined the effect of Cow Tripe Epithelial Waste (CTEW) on the growth performance, nutrient utilization and survival of advanced fry Clarias gariepinus raised in ten homestead tanks (3m x 1.5m x 0.06m) for ten weeks. Each tank was stocked with 100 advanced fry with initial average weight of 0.68±0.55g. The diets were isonitrogenous 40% crude protein and iso-caloric (3.47 ±1.24K cal/g). The fish were fed the equivalent of 5% of their body weight twice daily. The weights of feed were adjusted after bimonthly weighting. The water parameters were monitored at the commencement and weekly subsequenlty. The design of the experiment was completely randomized. The results show that percentage survival, Gross Efficiency Food Conversion (GEFCR) and weight gain were best in the fish fed diet with 25% CTEW replacement. The growth utilization (GEFCR) parameter evaluated was higher in fish fed the diet containing 25% CTEW replacement than those obtained in the control. The Food Conversion Ratio(FCR) of the advanced fry fed the control and diets 1, 2 and 4 were not significantly different (p<0.05). However, the percentage Specific Growth Rate (SGR) improved with increasing CTEW inclusion. It implies that the CTEW protein could qualitatively replace fishmeal in the diets of Clarias gariepinus advanced fry raised in homestead ponds. This is therefore recommended for inclusion in the diets of C. gariepinus for faster growth and better health management.Item Toxicity of grasscutter (Thryonomys swinderianus temminck) faeces to Clarias gariepinus broodstock(2003) Taiwo, V. O.; Omitoyin, B. O.; Ogunsanmi, A. O.; Olukunle, O.; Ogunmoye, K. A.This study investigates the performance of Clarias gariepinus broodstock fed with grasscutter faccal droppings. The physiological effects and growth performance of the fish were assessed after 8 weeks experimental feeding followed by 4 weeks of feeding with normal formulated (control) diet for fish. Ninety test fish were maintained solely on grasscutter faccal organic manure, while 30 fish maintained on the control diet served as the controls. The test fish suffered significant (p<0.05) weight loss compared to initial (pre-treatment) values and those of the control fish, but exhibited increased (p<0.05) growth within 4 weeks of being fed the control diet. They also developed normocytic, normochromic anaemia and lencocytosis characterized by lymphocytosis and heterophilia after 8 weeks of feeding. Analysis of the plasma metabolites of the test fish revealed hyponatracmia, hypochloraemia,acidosis, hypocreatininaemia, hypoproteinaemia, decreased enzyme activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Elevated plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels were observed, while the levels of plasma calcium phosphorous, area, potassium cholesterol, triglyceride,albumin,globulin and albumin globulin ratio remain unchanged throughout the experimental period. The haematologic and plasma biochemical changes in the test fish may be attributed to hepatorenal dysfunction, decreased protein metabolism, deficient protein content of grasscutter droppings and possibly associated with toxic materials in grasscutter faces. All the haematological and plasma biochemical changes in the test fish returned to normal 4 weeks after reversion to normal diet showing that grasscutter droppings are nutritionally sub-optimal and probably toxic to Clarias gariepinus broodstock and hence not recommended for total conventional feed replacement in C. gariepinus fish farming.Item The growth performance and survival of Clarias gariepinus fry raised in hometead concrete tanks(Fisheries Society of Nigeria, 2010) Olukunle, O.