Wildlife & Fisheries management
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Item Hormonal and haematological responses of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822) to nitrite toxicity(Medwell Journals, 2007) Ajani, F.; Olukunle, O. A.; Agbede, S. A.Study on hormonal and haematological responses of Clarias gariepinus to nitrite toxicity was carried out to know the magnitude of the effects of this stressor on fish physiology. Haematological responses of C. gariepinus to sub-lethal levels of nitrite (0.1 g L-1) at different exposure h (0, 6, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h) were carried out. Blood samples of C. gariepinus were collected at each exposure h and evaluated for primary and secondary stress indicators. Data obtained were subjected to simple descriptive analysis, analysis of variance and Pearson Product Moment correlation analysis. When exposed to nitrite, there was progressive increase in plasma cortisol level of C. gariepinus from 0 h (101.00± 0.10 ng dL-1) to 48 h (161.00± 1.20 ng dL-1), this later decreased at 72 h (107.00±1.60 ng dL-1), it increased in 96 h to 136.00±1.00 ng dL-1. PCV and Hb were elevated after 6 h of exposure and decreased significantly (p<0.05) at 48, 72 and 96 h of exposure in fish exposed to sub-lethal level of nitrite. From the value of 3.69±0.01 106/l recorded at 0 h, RBC level decreased significantly (p<0.05) at 6 h, this was followed by significant increase (p<0.05) at 24 h. The RBC value later decreased gradually to 2.20±0.56 106 L-1 at 96 h. The study shows that hormonal and haematology balances of C. gariepinus was affected on short term exposure to nitrite toxicity.Item Recent developments on non-conventional fish culture media in Nigeria(Faculty of Agricuture and Forestry, University of Ibadan., 2007) Olukunle, O. A.Isolated successes have been recorded in fish farming in some African countries with observable potentials in Nigerian marine waters. In Nigeria, aquaculture is a recent development and it has been practiced in conventional cultural media which are land borne while non-conventional ones are mainly using the conventional culutre media. The fish farms constructed in the 1950's were constructed in isolated and far away from home locations hence, theft was rampant in these poverty stricken localities. Cultural land acquisition practices entrenched in the society also makes it difficult for non- indigenes, the youths and the poor who are interested in fish farming to acquire land for their fish culture projects. The acquisition of technical know- how requires the full and consistent support of government and financial institutions for bridging the deficiency between the supply and the demand of fish in the country. Both convectional and non-conventional culture media struggle with such constraints as in availiability of good feeds. Inadequate quantity and quality supply of fingerlings to stock the media and largely the under utilization of availabe water resources in Nigeria. Several countries in Asia and other parts of Africa have succeeded in improving the fish production and protein intake of their populations through the utilization of cheaper non-conventional culture media like the homestead pond, pens and cages. Nigeria can also do the same if the challenges and constraints highlighted are tackled.Item Evaluation of haematological responses of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822) to ammonia and nitrite levels in some selected fish farms in ibadan, Nigeria(2005) Ajani, F.; Olukunle, O. A.; Olaniran, T. S.This study evaluated the levels of ammonia and nitrite in Clarias gariepinus in some selected fish farms in Ibadan. Twelve active fish farms were selected on the basis of their cultural practices and environments: extensive 4 each from semi-intensive and intensive systems. Ammonia and nitrite levels and their sources to the farms were studied. Blood samples of randomly selected 20 C gariepinus were collected in each of these farms and evaluated for primary and secondary stress indicators. The mean PCV (37.1 ±7.3%), WBC (3.4 ± 3.21 103/mm3) of fish samples from farms with semi intensive system were the highest (P<0.05) when compared with the other culture systems. The mean values of plasma cortisol (70.29 ± 8.9ng/dl), plasma sodium (134.6 ± 8.0mg/dl), plasma chloride (104.7± 4.0ng/dt) and plasma glucose (88.9 ± 33.6mM) recorded in semi-intensive system were the highest and were significantly different (P<0.05) from values obtained from the other culture systems. Haematological and hormonal balances of adult C. gariepinus were affected under short-term exposure to nitrite and ammonia toxicity in culture environment.Item Consumption of aqueous extract of raw aloe vera leaves: histopathological and biochemical studies in rat and tilapia(Ibadan Biomedical Communications Group, 2005) Taiwo, V. O.; Olukunle, O. A.; Ozor, I. C.; Oyejobi, A. T"Forty-five juvenile tilapia and 30 weanling albino rats exposed to water containing 50, 100 and 150ppm of aqueous extract of Aloe vera leaves for 96 hours and 28 days, respectively were used for this study. Fifteen tilapia and 10 rats exposed to clean water (0 ppm A. vera) served as controls. Clinical signs, mortality, gross and histologic organ pathology in the tilapia; weekly haematology, plasma biochemical parameters and organ pathology were monitored in the rats. Fish cultured in water containing A. vera exhibited erratic swimming patterns, rapid opercular movements, skin depigmentation and died within 24- 96 hours. Gross and histologic tissue lesions in the test fish include skin depigmentation, pale and shriveled gills, dull, opaque and sunken eyes, stunting and clubbing of gill filaments, vacuolar degeneration and necrosis of gill epithelial cells, hyaline degeneration and necrosis of myofibrils, calcification of vasa vasori, hepatocellular vacuolar degeneration and necrosis. Haematologic and plasma biochemical changes in test rats include moderate to severe normocytic normochromic anaemia, hypoproteinaemia, increased AST levels, and decreased cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Gross and histologic tissue lesions include mild to moderate pulmonary congestion, flabbiness of the heart, hepatomegaly, mottling of kidneys, vacuolar degeneration and necrosis of hepatocytes, Kupffer cell hyperplasia, periportal fibrosis, glomerular and tubular degeneration and necrosis, matting and clubbing of small intestinal villi, catarrhal enteritis and goblet cell hyperplasia. The severity of these changes increased with increasing concentrations of A. vera. No mortality, gross or histologic changes were observed in both control fish and rats. Results from this study show that consumption of water containing extracts of raw A. vera is very toxic to fish and rats. The serious health implication for human consumption of raw A. vera is discussed. "Item The nutritional value of cow blood meal and its effects on growth performance, haematology and plasma enzymes of hybrid catfish(2002) Olukunle, O. A.; Ogunsanmi, A. O.; Taiwo, V. O.; Samuel, A. A.The nutritional potential of sun-dried cow blood meal (CBM) was investigated for its effect on growth performance, haematology and plasma enzyme activities in hybrid catfish fingerlings (Clarias gariepinus Male x Heternbrunchus longifilis Female), in an assay that lasted for twelve weeks. Six graded diets containing 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 percent of CBM were compounded. Ten fingerlings (mean weight 4.23+0.64g) per tank were reared under laboratory conditions in eighteen plastic tanks, each containing 12 liters of water. The fingerlings were fed 3% of their body weight daily, with bimonthly adjustments. At the end of the 84-day experiment, growth performance parameters such as weight gains, specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were determined. Blood samples were pooled from each treatment on days 0, 42 and 84 for haematotogical and plasma enzyme analyses. The specific growth rate and the feed conversion ratio were best in the fish fed the control (0% sun-dried CBM) diet and poorest in the fish fed 25% CBM diet inclusion. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) between mean daily weight gains, specific growth rate and feed conversion ratios of fish fed diet 2 (5% CBM) and the control diet. The higher the inclusion level of the sun-dried CBM in the experimental diets, the poorer the nutrient utilization and growth performance. Hematological and pIasma enzyme analyses revealed progressively severe macrocytic normochromic, anaemia, leucocytosis and high enzymatic activities of plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and-aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in fish fed increasing levels of sun-dried CBM. These enzymatic changes imply liver, kidney and/or cardiac damage, and opportunistic systemic bacterial infection. It can be inferred that for optimum growth performance, best nutrient utilization and unimpaired haematological and plasma enzyme activities in hybrid Clarias, a 5 % level of sun-dried CBM inclusion in their diet is recommended.Item Use of sesame seed cake as replacement for fishmeal in diets for catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822)(APAS Institute of Scienctific Research and Development, 1998) Olukunle, O. A.; Falaye, A. E.A 6-week feeding trail was conducted in glass tanks with juvenile Clarias gariepinus to examine the effects of partial and total replacement of fishmeal with sesame seed cake protein. Five semi-purified isonutrogenous diets (I,II, III, IV, V containing 40% protein) and isocaloric (3.9 Kcal gross energy/g of dry diet) were formulated to contain varying percentage of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% solvent extracted sesame seed cake in replacement for fishmeal. Diet 1 (0% sesame seed cake protein) was the control. Specific growth rate (SGR), food conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were not significantly different (P>0.05) from diets I,II,III,IV in weight gain, SGR, FCR and PER. The results of this study suggest that sesame seed cake cannot to totally replace fishmeal in diets for Clarias gariepinus. However, at 25% replacement of fishmeal by sesame seed cake will give similar SGR, FCR, and PER when compared to an all fishmeal diet, but was found to be richer in methionine and arginine.Item Aquaculutre-promotion of rural technology for poverty alleviation(2000) Olukunle, O. A.; Omitoyin, B. O.