Wildlife & Fisheries management
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Item Hormonal and haematological responses of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822) to nitrite toxicity(Medwell Journals, 2007) Ajani, F.; Olukunle, O. A.; Agbede, S. A.Study on hormonal and haematological responses of Clarias gariepinus to nitrite toxicity was carried out to know the magnitude of the effects of this stressor on fish physiology. Haematological responses of C. gariepinus to sub-lethal levels of nitrite (0.1 g L-1) at different exposure h (0, 6, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h) were carried out. Blood samples of C. gariepinus were collected at each exposure h and evaluated for primary and secondary stress indicators. Data obtained were subjected to simple descriptive analysis, analysis of variance and Pearson Product Moment correlation analysis. When exposed to nitrite, there was progressive increase in plasma cortisol level of C. gariepinus from 0 h (101.00± 0.10 ng dL-1) to 48 h (161.00± 1.20 ng dL-1), this later decreased at 72 h (107.00±1.60 ng dL-1), it increased in 96 h to 136.00±1.00 ng dL-1. PCV and Hb were elevated after 6 h of exposure and decreased significantly (p<0.05) at 48, 72 and 96 h of exposure in fish exposed to sub-lethal level of nitrite. From the value of 3.69±0.01 106/l recorded at 0 h, RBC level decreased significantly (p<0.05) at 6 h, this was followed by significant increase (p<0.05) at 24 h. The RBC value later decreased gradually to 2.20±0.56 106 L-1 at 96 h. The study shows that hormonal and haematology balances of C. gariepinus was affected on short term exposure to nitrite toxicity.Item Growth changes associated with feeding Clarias gariepinus with mouldy feeds(TAPAS Institute of Scienctific Research and Development, 2007) Aworh, M. K. F.; Alaka, O. O; Olukunle, O.; Olabode, H. O. K.This study was undertaken to determine the effects of consumption of mouldy feeds on the growth of the African catfish CIarias gariepinus. Forty-five juvenile fishes were maintained on mouldy feed ration while another forty-five served as controls. The control fishes remained healthy and steadily gained weight, reaching about 68% of their starting weight on the last day of the feeding trial. The test fishes in all the groups showed a significant decrease in weight gain comparable to the control fishes by the 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's multiple range test at 95% confidence interval (p<0.05). The study showed that feeding mouldy rations to Clarias gariepinus would result in decrease weight gain. This could be associated with the fact that many fungi elaborate mycotoxins and potent anti nutritional factors. Wholesome, dry and freshly compounded rations is advocated for intensively managed fishes.Item Nutritive potential of sweet potatoes peel meal and root replacement value for maize in diets of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) advanced fry(Scientific Research Public Company, 2006) Olukunle, O.This study was carried out to evaluate the potential of Sweet Potato Peel (SPP) meal as a cheaper replacement for maize in the diet of Clarias gariepinus. Triplicate groups of 20 fish per plastic tank with average weight of 0.64±0.1 g per fish were fed four (4) diets, which were formulated to contain graded levels of sweet potato peel meal replacing 0, 25, 50 and 75 % of maize. The feeding trial lasted 6 weeks. The results showed that the diets did not significantly (p<0.05) affect fish performance within the treatments. Percentage Weight Gain (PWG) was 101.54% in fish fed with the control diet (0% sweet potato peel meal). The highest (PWG) of 150.77% was recorded in fish fed diets containing 25% sweet potato peel meal followed by a consistent decrease in PWG with increasing inclusion of sweet potato peels meal. However, diets containing 25, 50 and 75% SPP meal performed better than the control experiment with PWG of 150.77, 132.31 and 127.6%, respectively. The highest Feed Conversion Efficiency (FCE) was observed in the diet containing 25% SPP meal. A steady decrease in FCE was observed with increasing inclusion of SPP meal at 50 and 75%. Meanwhile, all the diets with SPP meal inclusion performed better than the control diet containing 0% SPP. The data indicated that Clarias gariepinus effectively tolerated diets containing sweet potato peel meal at low levels of concentration while fish growth performance and utilization decreased with increase in the sweet potato peel meal inclusion. The SPP meal based diets were cheaper than the control diet. The consequent better FCE and PWG of fish fed SPP diets showed that cost can be reduced while maintaining a high yield.Item Evaluation of haematological responses of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822) to ammonia and nitrite levels in some selected fish farms in ibadan, Nigeria(2005) Ajani, F.; Olukunle, O. A.; Olaniran, T. S.This study evaluated the levels of ammonia and nitrite in Clarias gariepinus in some selected fish farms in Ibadan. Twelve active fish farms were selected on the basis of their cultural practices and environments: extensive 4 each from semi-intensive and intensive systems. Ammonia and nitrite levels and their sources to the farms were studied. Blood samples of randomly selected 20 C gariepinus were collected in each of these farms and evaluated for primary and secondary stress indicators. The mean PCV (37.1 ±7.3%), WBC (3.4 ± 3.21 103/mm3) of fish samples from farms with semi intensive system were the highest (P<0.05) when compared with the other culture systems. The mean values of plasma cortisol (70.29 ± 8.9ng/dl), plasma sodium (134.6 ± 8.0mg/dl), plasma chloride (104.7± 4.0ng/dt) and plasma glucose (88.9 ± 33.6mM) recorded in semi-intensive system were the highest and were significantly different (P<0.05) from values obtained from the other culture systems. Haematological and hormonal balances of adult C. gariepinus were affected under short-term exposure to nitrite and ammonia toxicity in culture environment.Item Economic, growth performance and heamatological implications of raising Clarias gariepinus advanced fry on high protein diets in concrete homestead ponds(2004) Olukunle, O.; Taiwo, V. O.The commercial production of fish in concrete homestead ponds is fast gaining acceptance in Nigeria, but the growth rate of such is constrained by the stocking of good-sized fingerlings and the availability of quality fish feed. Hence, this study was designed to investigate the economic analysis, growth performance and hematological changes in advanced fry raised on high protein diets in concrete tanks. The design of the experiment is completely randomized and the economic viability of the project was determined by comparing the cost: benefit ratio of the four feeding regimes. One thousand, two hundred Clarias gariepinus advanced fry with initial mean weight of 0.74+0.18g were randomly divided into 4 groups. Three 1m3 net cages were suspended in each tank of (3m x2m x1.5m) dimension. The treatments were fed practical diets containing 40% (control); 48%; 56%; 64% CP levels respectively for 12 weeks. The following parameters were monitored as stated: weight gains (bimonthly); water quality (weekly); haematology (initial and at end of the experiment). carcass analysis at (initial and at end of experiment). Feed conversion ratio, proximate analysis and cost: benefit ratio (were calculated at end of the experiment). Data generated were statistically analyzed using the 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's multiple range tests at 95% and 99% confidence limits as appropriate. The results of the study showed that raising of fingerlings in concrete tanks can be enhanced optimally through the feeding of a 48% CP inclusion as against the conventional 40% CP in practical diets used in earthen ponds. The incidence of cost showed that feeding advanced fry on 40% and 48% CP diet are not significantly different but both values are significantly better than fish fed on diet 56% and 64% CP. While the profit index showed that it is more profitable to feed the fish on diets containing either 40%, 48% and 56% CP. However, fish fed on the 48% CP diet in this study had optimum mean weight gain of (9.49g) and the highest PPV value (2.44), which was significantly different from fish, fed 40% (2.41), 56%(0.75) and 64% (1.15). In addition, this research further highlighted the fact that high CP inclusion beyond the optimum does not necessarily give high weight gains nor give the best economic reward because fish diets 3 (56%CP) and diets 4(64%CP) had lower weight gains and lower profit index. There were no appreciable derangements in hematological parameters in fish fed 40%CP and 48% CP. However fish fed 56%CP and 64% CP developed normocytic normochronic anemia and hypoproteinaemia conditions. This implies wastage of resources and confirms that inclusion of CP levels higher than 48% CP in diets of C gariepinus fry had negative effects on haemopoiesis and does not have growth, hematological nor economical advantage in raising advanced fry to fingerling in concrete tanks.Item Response of concrete pond–raised Clarias gariepinus fed diets containing different inclusion levels of cow tripe epithelial waste(2004) Olukunle, O.; Olawale, F. O.The study examined the effect of Cow Tripe Epithelial Waste (CTEW) on the growth performance, nutrient utilization and survival of advanced fry Clarias gariepinus raised in ten homestead tanks (3m x 1.5m x 0.06m) for ten weeks. Each tank was stocked with 100 advanced fry with initial average weight of 0.68±0.55g. The diets were isonitrogenous 40% crude protein and iso-caloric (3.47 ±1.24K cal/g). The fish were fed the equivalent of 5% of their body weight twice daily. The weights of feed were adjusted after bimonthly weighting. The water parameters were monitored at the commencement and weekly subsequenlty. The design of the experiment was completely randomized. The results show that percentage survival, Gross Efficiency Food Conversion (GEFCR) and weight gain were best in the fish fed diet with 25% CTEW replacement. The growth utilization (GEFCR) parameter evaluated was higher in fish fed the diet containing 25% CTEW replacement than those obtained in the control. The Food Conversion Ratio(FCR) of the advanced fry fed the control and diets 1, 2 and 4 were not significantly different (p<0.05). However, the percentage Specific Growth Rate (SGR) improved with increasing CTEW inclusion. It implies that the CTEW protein could qualitatively replace fishmeal in the diets of Clarias gariepinus advanced fry raised in homestead ponds. This is therefore recommended for inclusion in the diets of C. gariepinus for faster growth and better health management.Item Toxicity of grasscutter (Thryonomys swinderianus temminck) faeces to Clarias gariepinus broodstock(2003) Taiwo, V. O.; Omitoyin, B. O.; Ogunsanmi, A. O.; Olukunle, O.; Ogunmoye, K. A.This study investigates the performance of Clarias gariepinus broodstock fed with grasscutter faccal droppings. The physiological effects and growth performance of the fish were assessed after 8 weeks experimental feeding followed by 4 weeks of feeding with normal formulated (control) diet for fish. Ninety test fish were maintained solely on grasscutter faccal organic manure, while 30 fish maintained on the control diet served as the controls. The test fish suffered significant (p<0.05) weight loss compared to initial (pre-treatment) values and those of the control fish, but exhibited increased (p<0.05) growth within 4 weeks of being fed the control diet. They also developed normocytic, normochromic anaemia and lencocytosis characterized by lymphocytosis and heterophilia after 8 weeks of feeding. Analysis of the plasma metabolites of the test fish revealed hyponatracmia, hypochloraemia,acidosis, hypocreatininaemia, hypoproteinaemia, decreased enzyme activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Elevated plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels were observed, while the levels of plasma calcium phosphorous, area, potassium cholesterol, triglyceride,albumin,globulin and albumin globulin ratio remain unchanged throughout the experimental period. The haematologic and plasma biochemical changes in the test fish may be attributed to hepatorenal dysfunction, decreased protein metabolism, deficient protein content of grasscutter droppings and possibly associated with toxic materials in grasscutter faces. All the haematological and plasma biochemical changes in the test fish returned to normal 4 weeks after reversion to normal diet showing that grasscutter droppings are nutritionally sub-optimal and probably toxic to Clarias gariepinus broodstock and hence not recommended for total conventional feed replacement in C. gariepinus fish farming.Item Use of sesame seed cake as replacement for fishmeal in diets for catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822)(APAS Institute of Scienctific Research and Development, 1998) Olukunle, O. A.; Falaye, A. E.A 6-week feeding trail was conducted in glass tanks with juvenile Clarias gariepinus to examine the effects of partial and total replacement of fishmeal with sesame seed cake protein. Five semi-purified isonutrogenous diets (I,II, III, IV, V containing 40% protein) and isocaloric (3.9 Kcal gross energy/g of dry diet) were formulated to contain varying percentage of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% solvent extracted sesame seed cake in replacement for fishmeal. Diet 1 (0% sesame seed cake protein) was the control. Specific growth rate (SGR), food conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were not significantly different (P>0.05) from diets I,II,III,IV in weight gain, SGR, FCR and PER. The results of this study suggest that sesame seed cake cannot to totally replace fishmeal in diets for Clarias gariepinus. However, at 25% replacement of fishmeal by sesame seed cake will give similar SGR, FCR, and PER when compared to an all fishmeal diet, but was found to be richer in methionine and arginine.Item Heavy metal contamination of clarias gariepinus from a lake and fish farm in Ibadan, Nigeria(Ibadan Biomedical Communications Group, 2004) Olaifa, F. E.; Olaifa, A. K.; Adelaja, A. A.; Owolabi, A. G.Adult Clarias gariepinus (African Catfish) were purchased from Eleiyele Lake and Zartech fish farm in Ibadan. Water samples were also collected in February (dry season) and June (rainy season), 2002. Gill, bone, intestine, muscle and water samples were analyzed for five metals: manganese, copper, zinc, iron, and chromium by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) in two separate experiments. In each case, two tissues were compared with the levels of the metals in water viz: Gill, bone, and water; intestine, muscle and water. Generally, lower concentrations of the metals were recorded in water than fish tissues. Higher concentrations of zinc than recommended by the Federal Environmental Protection Agency were recorded in the fish during the dry season. Iron was the dominant metal in the muscle while Chromium was the least. Significant differences (p<0.05) were recorded in copper and zinc concentrations in the muscle, intestine and water during the dry and rainy seasons .In gill, bones and water, significant differences (p<0.05) were only recorded for the two stations for copper during the rainy season and only zinc was significantly different (p<0.05) in the dry season. It was concluded that though the heavy metals of interest were present in measurable quantities there were still within safe limits for consumptionItem Toxic stress of lead on clarias gariepinus (African catfish) fingerlings(2003) Olaifa, F. E.; Olaifa, A. K.; Lewis, O. O.The toxic stress of lead on fish was tested employing a 96-hour bioassay test. The experimental fish used were Clarias gariepinus fingerlings. Lead in the form of lead chloride was used to prepare the stock solution. The concentrations of lead used for the experiment were 0, 1.8, 3.2, and 5.6, and10.0mg/l. The lethal concentration (LC50) was estimated using the logarithmic method and was found to be 0.6, 0.58 and 0.62mg/l for replicates1, 2 and 3 respectively.