DEPARTMENT OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES EDUCATION

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A contextual analysis of the emergence of social studies education and the advancement of cybercrime (yahoo- yahoo) in the Nigerian society
(Social Studies Educationists Association of Nigeria, 2020-06) Omoniyi, T. O.; Salaudeen, T. A.
Technology has merged nations of the world into a global village and has made the socioeconomic and cultural activities of many nations are easily accessible. With its advent, there has been positive internet revolution as well as many maladies and atrocity which threaten social order and tranquility enjoyed in the society. Nigeria is now known as hotspot for cybercrimes with new waves of engaging in criminalities. The focus of Social Studies discipline is to correct the abnormalities in the society as well as create a new reaction to the inadequacies of past practices with particular reference to inculcation of desirable norms, skills, knowledge, values and rights attitudes for sustenance of individual and societal growth But with the emergence of the discipline and its lofty objectives, the menace of cybercrime is still unmatched by every standard and measure. Findings show that most Nigerian youths are now rooted and grounded in criminality and have vast experience in defrauding people using the internet mechanism. However, it is not peculiar to Nigeria alone in Africa or the world at large but its embrace is significantly greater than what anyone can ever imagine. The study carefully perused qualitatively literature in journals, textbooks, and oral interviews. The study therefore recommends that Social Studies as a school discipline on corrective journey must live up to expectations in terms of national orientations, incorporation of cybercrime concepts, themes and topics in creating teenagers and youths awareness of the nefarious act, advocating dignity of labour and de-emphasizing the get-rich-quick syndrome. It also advocate for strong measures, viable policies and programmes on poverty reduction and eradication mechanism which must be judiciously backed by actions and measure. The study finally reminded that unemployment has to be dealt with to get rid of this cybercrime.
Abandoning wealth for scarcity": a critical discourse of youth's orientation of rural-urban migration in Southwestern Nigeria
(Department of Educational Management, University of Ibadan, 2024) Omoniyi, T. O.; Matthew, A. M.
This study critically examined the underlying factors driving this migration trend and its socio-economic implications. The study adopted mixed methods research design. Population comprised all youths in Southwestern Nigeria. The multi-stage sampling procedure was adopted. From each of the state simple random sampling was used to select three Local Government Areas (LGAs) each. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 35 participants from each of the LGAs making a total of 315 participants. The participants were purposively selected based on some criteria which are - he/she must have migrated to current location, must be within the age range of 30 and 49 years old; must be willing to participate in the study. In-depth interviews were conducted with key participants (two per LGA). Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. Findings showed that youths have positive orientation towards rural-urban migration and are not aware of potentials in rural areas; the Lack of infrastructure development in rural areas, lack of, support system and healthcare were rated as factors predisposing rural urban migration. It is also discovered that there was persistent decline in the population of the host communities, even the available ones comprise of aged men and women, people are running away from farming. Results show various plausible solutions however, recommended that youths need to explore rural wealth with modern technological approach. There is need for critical investments in rural community for multiple wealth creation and development.
Adopting howard gardner’s multiple intelligence theory (MIT) into the 21st century social studies classroom
(Social Studies Educationists Association of Nigeria, 2020-01) Omoniyi, T. O.; Omoyajowo, V. O.
Social Studies came as a corrective study with staunch commitment of grooming and repositioning citizens to acquire required knowledge, skills, attitude and values necessary for active participation in societal activities. The purpose of the Social Studies curriculum is to allow students become smart thinkers who proffer plausible solution to personal, community and world problems. Traditional Social Studies classroom is identified with concepts and themes like multidisciplinary field, learner as empty slate (tabula rasa), teacher-centered approach, convergent learning and so on. With the introduction and adoption of Howard Gardner’s multiple intelligence theory in the 21s1 century Social Studies classroom, the conventional means of teaching and learning will fizzle into oblivion. The resultant effect tends to be integrated approach of teaching-learning, learners as pathfinders, teachers as facilitators, and above all experiential learning. This study therefore advocates for modern Social Studies classroom which addresses core issues around human beings and places learners at the centre of all that transpires in classroom setting. Students should be shown the world, not just talk about it, but a restoration of joy of learning into the 21s' century Social Studies classroom where there is curriculum of role plays, simulations, and demonstrations that can bring alive social dynamics within the classroom. Modern Social Studies classroom should be entrusted in the hands of professionally trained Social Studies educationists.
Appraisal of harmful traditional practices in Nigeria: magnitude, justifications and interventions
(2020) Omoniyi, T. O.
Purpose: The study did an appraisal of harmful traditional practices (HTPs) in Nigeria despite global, regional, national laws, policies and programmes, women and girl-children are still being subjected to dehumanising treatments. Research methodology: Systematic search in literature, personal experiences, archival materials, and oral interviews were used in data collection, while thematic analysis was used to interpret oral confessions carried out on thirty-six (36) elderly persons who were purposively selected. Results: There is high prevalence of HTPs across the Nigeria which the cultural and secular laws are silent about. It was discovered that many children (underage 10-15years of age) in Hausa/Fulani lands are prone to marriage by adoption, force or early marriage of girls between, while in the Eastern part, the is high magnitude of child hustling, outrageous dowry payment, separatist theory as practiced in Osu caste system, servitude (Maid) etc, and in the West are practices of scarification, wife battery, polygamy. They rely on socio-cultural, psycho-sexual, spiritual and aesthetic justifications. The study recommends action-related studies followed by proper education interventions. Limitations: The study covered HTPs across Nigeria with 36 participants. Further studies should concentrate on tribe or region basis with larger participants. Contribution: This study did an appraisal of harmful traditional practices in Nigeria; magnitude, justifications and interventions
Assessment of household awareness of, attitude to and practice of environmental sanitation exercise and waste disposal management in Oondo city, Ondo State
(Department of Social Science Education, Faculty of Education, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria, 2018) Timilehin, O. O.
The study identified the gap in household awareness of, attitude to and practice of waste disposal system and environmental sanitation exercise in Ondo city, Ondo state. The survey was conducted using 660 respondents. A self-constructed questionnaire with a Cronbach Alpha Reliability co-efficient of 0.71 (household awareness), 0.79 (house attitude) and 0.80 (household practice) was used for the study. An observation checklist was also used to elicit information. SPSS version 21.0 was used for percentage, mean, and standard deviation. It revealed householders have low level of awareness of waste management system, moderate attitude to environmental sanitation and poor waste disposal system as well as moderate practice. It is therefore, important for all and sundry across profession and divides in Nigeria, most especially in Ondo city to realize the importance of taking care of their environment in terms of sanitation and proper waste disposal method. The study recommended that there is need for “culture of waste disposal skills” which individuals should imbibe for a suitable environmental living via symposium, health talk and seminars across profession. It also recommended staunch punishment for environmental law breakers. There is need for sign post, bill boards and other media which should bear “Pro-bono” information and its penalties at market areas, streets and other crucial areas to caution excesses in Ondo city.
Civic-related factors as determinants of NCE students' attitude to citizenship education
(Department of Arts and Social Sciences Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, 2024) Olusegun, A. A.; Omoniyi, T. O.; Amosun, P. A.
This study examines the relative and composite contributions of civic engagement, civic values and political attitudes to pre-service teachers' attitudes to citizenship education in colleges of education in Oyo State, Nigeria. The survey research design of correlational type was adopted for the study. One Federal and one State-owned colleges of education located at different towns in Oyo State were purposively selected. Two hundred and fifty NCE II pre-service teachers were randomly selected from each of the institution. The instruments used were: civic engagement questionnaire (r = 0.78), civic values questionnaire (r = 0.81), political attitude scale (r - 0.75), and citizenship education attitude scale (r = 0.76). Data were analysed using Pearson Product Moment Correlation and Multiple Regression Analysis at 0.05 level of significance. There was a positive significant relationship between each of students' civic engagement (r = .108, p<.0I5) and students' civic value (r = .102. p<.05) and students' attitude towards citizenship education. The civic-related factors made a significant (F3.49; Adj. R2 = .016; p<.05) joint contribution (R = . 149', R2 = .022) to students' attitude to citizenship education. Students' civic engagement (β .112, t = 2.533, p<.05) and students' civic value (β = .096, t = 2.170, p<.05) made significant relative contributions and predicted students' attitude towards citizenship education, while students' political attitude did not. It is concluded that civic engagement and civic value determined pre-service teachers' attitude towards citizenship education. It is recommended that strategies which promote civic engagement and inculcation of civic values should be adopted to enhance NCE students' attitude towards citizenship education in colleges of education.
Correlates of adolescents' involvement in gambling-related behaviour in Ondo city, Nigeria: advocating educative programmes to curb the act
(Departmet of Adult Education, Univerrsity of Ibadan, 2023) Omoniyi, T. O.; Matthew, A. M.
The study assessed the correlates of adolescents' immersion in gambling- related behaviour in Ondo city. The study adopted the survey design of correlation type. It will help to understand association between identified variables. The population of the study comprised all adolescents, who are within the age of 13 and 19 years, in Ondo city. Ondo city comprised two local govemrnment areas of Ondo West and East. Simple random sampling was used to select 800 adolescents from schools and community centres, while structured questionnaire was developed comprising validated scales to measure Variables- Media Influence r= 0.72; Childhood Experience r= 0.78); Gambling Venue Accessibility r= 0.72; Cognitive Bias r= 0.72; and Peer Influence r= 0.91; were used for data collection. Finding revealed that the rating of gambling-related behaviour among adolescents was high (x?= 2.64:2.5). Also, there are positive significant relationships between adolescents' involvement in gambling behaviour and media influence (r = -.073, p (.040) <.05); gambling venue accessibility (r=-.087*, p (.014) <.05), peer influence (r =. 110**, p (.002) <.05) but had no significant relationship with childhood experience (r = -.032, p (.370) >.05) and cognitive biases (r = -.049, p (. 171) >.05). It is recommended that there is need for implementing comprehensive educational programmes in schools and community to curb media influence, peer pressure as well as indiscriminate siting of betting centres in and around the neighbourhood.
Democratic competence and secondary school prefects’ interest in politics in Akure city
(Faculty of Education, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, 2024) Omoniyi, T. O.; Bello, O. S.
This research work is geared towards unravelling the composite factors as determinants of secondary school prefects’ interest in politics in Akure city. The researchers adopted descriptive survey research design. The multi-stage sampling procedure was used for this study. The balloting approach was used to select 20 schools from each of the two LGAs in Akure City, making a total of 40 schools. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 10 school prefects, making a total of 400 school prefects. However, only 390 students responded by filling the instruments appropriately. Structured questionnaires were used as instrument of data collection while mean and standard deviation and t-test statistical tools were used in analysing the data collected from the respondents. According to the findings of this study, there were significant differences in the means of school prefects’ interest in politics and each of democratic competence factors (Knowledge: t= -2.639; df: 389, P< (.009); Skills: t= 12.533; df: 389, P< (.000), Values: t= 58.005; df: 389, P< (.000); Attitude: t= 12.533, df: 389, P< (.000) at 0.05 level of significance. The implication of the findings of this research is that school prefects with adequate democratic knowledge, skills, values, and attitude tend to develop interest in politics. Therefore, the study recommended that the school prefects should be incorporated into the school decision making committee as the students are the major stakeholders in the education business, the school prefects should be exposed to democratic political activities both within and outside the school such as writing articles on political topics, attending political parties’ meeting etc. More importantly, schools should adopt secret ballot system in electing prefects by the generality of the students as this will make the prefects to be accountable to the students’ community not only to the school management alone.
Environmental knowledge and attitude as catalysts to promoting environmental practices among senior secondary students in Ondo West Local Government Area, Nigeria
(Jointly Published By Departments of Arts and Social Sciences Education, Early Childhood and Educational Foundations, and Science and Technology Education, University of Ibadan, 2020-06) Omoniyi, T. O.
This study investigated the relationships between environmental knowledge, environmental attitudes and environmental practice. The survey was conducted involving three hundred (300) Students from ten (10) Senior Secondary Schools (both private and public). A self-constructed questionnaires on Environmental knowledge Test (EKT r—0.71), Environmental Attitude Scale (EAS r=0.78) and Environmental Practice Scale (EPSr~0.73) were used to elicit information from student. The data obtained were analyzed using SPSS Windows version 22.0 for Percentage, Mean, Standard Deviation, and Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC). The findings showed that there was students ’ environmental knowledge (r--.022) and environmental attitude positively and negatively correlated with environmental practice, respectively. It was recommended that Environmental Education should be introduced into school curriculum, while a progressive climb of Environmental Ladder Chari should be embraced by campaigning for environmental literacy.
Explanatory analysis of graduates’ creative capacity, market orientation and entreprenuership intention in Southwestern Nigeria
(Department of Social Work, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 2022-06) Omoniyi, T. O.; Oderinde, O. C.
The study assessed the explanatory analysis of graduate entrepreneurship intention, creative capacity, and market orientation in southwestern Nigeria. The study adopted descriptive research design of the correlational type while multi-stage sampling procedure was adopted. The six states (LGAs) were enumerated while simple random sampling technique was used to select three states namely Lagos, Osun, and Ekiti States. Also, simple random sampling technique was used to select 2,000 graduates from the list officially obtained from government education agencies. Through, app-enabled survey, Survey Heart was used to deployed instruments used namely: Entrepreneurship Intention (r= 0.72); Graduate Creative Ability Scale (r=0.77) and Market orientation Scale (r=0.89). All the three instruments were placed on a rating range of extreme low (1) to Very high (5). The quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and Pearson product moment correlation at 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study revealed the levels and significant relationships of the two independent variables to graduate entrepreneurial intention in southwestern Nigeria. The implication of the findings and recommendations were made accordingly.
Exploratory analysis of core soft s for employability in Nigeria’s higher education
(2022) Omoniyi, T. O.
The study did an exploratory analysis of core transferable soft skills for employability in higher education programmes in Nigeria. Transferable soft skills for employability are of more importance in recent times. This is because the practical world requires both relevant knowledge and skills for human survival and productivity. Lots of rivalries abound due to the growing population of potential degree holders with the absence of consummate competencies in accordance with employment opportunities in the highly competitive labour market. This has caused unemployment on a huge scale and has further amounted to other rippling problems. Higher education is evolving and getting diversified but lacks the required competence of the 21st-century world of jobs which is necessary for employability and wealth creation. Several studies have affirmed that higher education in Nigeria has been fundamentally flawed with a wrong learning model. The need for core and transferable soft skills such as research and study skills, self-, time- and people-management, capacity building for managing interpersonal relationships, leading, and influencing others, Information and Communication Technology, financial literacy, and effective decision-making, is of paramount importance. It is a necessity required in higher education for the world of job survival. However, higher education is more vital than most people think because the more highly educated a country is, the more prosperous it becomes. The paper recommended the need for the curricular experience to accommodate the identified core transferable employability soft skills, as well as their application, in life situations.
Identified tripartite problems in nigeria elections: rectifying and reinforcing the new social studies’ roles
(Social Studies Association of Nigeria, 2022-10) Omoniyi, T. O.; Adebisi, M. O.
Instilling environmentally responsible behavior (erb) in adolescents in Akinyele Local Government area of Oyo State, Nigeria
(Tredition GmbH, Germany, 2021) Omoniyi, T. O.
Globally, environmental issues and challenges have been on for ages and are sprouting on a daily basis. This is evident in environmental disturbances which are caused by pollution (air, water and land), floods, litters, poor housing conditions, overcrowding, poor planning and ventilation, uncontrolled waste disposal dumping, unapproved industry set-ups, poorly structured cattle market and abattoirs. These have affected human, plant, animals and natural resources to a large extent. Residents and non-dwellers working in Akinyele Local Government Area of Oyo state are not exempted from this. The findings show that the adolescents are not equipped with enough environmental knowledge, skills and values which are capable of promoting required environmental behavior in them. Due to its urbanizing nature, there has been untoward hardship arising from lack of basic infrastructural facilities, open sewers, polluted environment. There is high level of unhealthy living conditions and hazardous locations as people living within the axis are facing filthy and unsafe environment. The study recommends instilling environmentally responsible behavior and values in young ones so to ameliorate the evil effects of non-challant attitude to the environment.
Migratory pattern and city slums in Lagos State, Nigeria
(Faculty of Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, 2021-06) Omoniyi, T. O.; Ajitoni, S. O.; Amosun, P. A.
The study specifically did a situational analysis of the concept, causes, impact and the effectiveness of Lagos State Government Policies and Programmes on city slums and migratory patterns in Lagos State, with a view to making recommendations that will ameliorate its effects as well as sustain Lagos State. The study employed the qualitative analysis of secondary data related to Lagos State, while primary data were collected through personal interview and direct observation. Various factors ranging from economic, social, safety, environmental to political factors have been discovered to be responsible for the movement of people and resources from one place to another. It is categorized into push and pull factors. In Lagos State, Nigeria, high rent-fee, coastal lines, land-grabbing phenomenon, overpopulation and many other factors are found to be the immediate factors that propelled many people to reside in slums. Government made various efforts to curb the problems, however the problems persist. The study recommended that there is need for Government to build low-cost houses for people thereby digesting slums as well as curbing various nefarious acts by the downtrodden in the society.
Mobilization to revolution: stakeholders’ perception of Omoyele Sowore's #revolutionnow campaigns in Nigeria
(Department of Arts and Social Sciences Education, University of Ibadan. Ibadan, Nigeria., 2021-06) Omoniyi, T. O.
The study investigated stakeholders' perception of Omoyele Sowore's #RevolutionNow campaigns in Nigeria. The multistage sampling procedure was adopted. First stage, simple sampling technique was used to select three local governments each from the senatorial districts of Ondo State namely Owo (Ondo North), Ondo (Ondo Central) and Irele (Ondo South). In the second stage, the purposive sample technique was used to select 50 stakeholders with two main criteria of age (above 50 years old and above) and must have voted in the last two generation elections (2015 and 2019). A self-designed instrument titled Stakeholders' Perception of Omoyele Sowore URevolution Now (r=0.82) and Structured interview guide (S1G) were used. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, while qualitative data were content-analysed. The findings show that stakeholders have moderate perception of Omoyele Sowore's URevolution Now campaigns but with the understanding that it is a needless gesture. It is also discovered that there are several alternatives to revolution which can be subscribed to in a country like Nigeria. Thus, the study recommended the need for more awareness of the imports of joining Omoyele Sowore's Revolution Now campaigns as well as the need to adopt new strategies as suggested by stakeholders for the Nigerian project.
Multidimensional analyses of streetism based on recent evidence from urban cities in southwestern Nigeria: key indicators, causes and perceived age-long interventions
(Department of Early Childhood and Educational Foundations, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, 2024-03) Omoniyi, T. O.
Streetism is a phenomenon where children, typically under the age of 18, live and, or work on the streets, often without adult supervision or guardianship. This study, through multidimensional approach (OUAN, qual and document analysis), streetism based on recent evidence from urban cities in southwestern Nigeria. The study assessed key indicators, causes and perceived age-long interventions to streetism. Document analysis examined were from veritable sources such as Google scholar, Scopus, and African Journals Online (AJOL). The population comprised all stakeholders across various divides such as religion, occupation, community, law enforcement agencies, marketplaces, basic schools, and families. Purposive technique was used to select 530participants from six capital cities in southwestern Nigeria. Data were collected and analysed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. Findings revealed top three indicators of streetism to include negative past experiences, abandonment/neglect and rural-urban migration were rated as critical causes of streetism. Also, top three rated perceived age-long intervention were allocation of specific funds, social worker roles and adoption of vulnerable children. Qualitative result showed that several street children in the region have limited or no access to formal schooling, with barriers such as lack of documentation, school fees, and transportation costs hindering their enrollment and attendance. The implications of the findings were also discussed. It is recommended that concerted efforts must be made to improve access to education, social services, family support, and economic opportunities, as well as initiatives to combat poverty, promote child welfare, and strengthen child protection systems.
Parenting style and social media use as predictors of social studies students' value acquisition in Ondo West Local Government Area of Ondo State, Nigeria
(Department of Arts and Social Sciences Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, 2020-06) Omoniyi, T. O.
This study was carried out to examine parenting styles and social media use as predictors of Social Studies students' value acquisition. Five hundred students were randomly selected from 10 secondary schools (five private and five public schools). Three research instruments, namely; Scale of Parenting Style r= 0.78; Students' Social Media Use Questionnaire r-0.77; and Students' Value Acquisition Scale r=0.71 were used. Finding shows that authoritative parenting style has direct link with student's value acquisition while other variable may rely on some predictors to have direct links. All the five independent variables accounted for 15% joint contribution to students' value acquisition. The findings also revealed relative contribution of authoritative parenting style to students' value acquisition. It is recommended that authoritative parenting style should be employed in raising children to learn how to think and make responsible choices. There is the need to discourage negative use of social media by secondary school students both at home and in school.
Potential graduates’ knowledge, readiness, and disposition to 21st century employability skills in the University of Ibadan, Ibadan Nigeria
(Department of Adult and Primary Education, University of Ilorin, Nigeria, 2023-11) Omoniyi, T. O.
The interplay between knowledge acquisition, readiness for practical application, and the disposition of graduates towards developing and utilizing these skills is of paramount importance in the 21st1 century world of works. This study assessed potential graduates ’ knowledge, readiness, and disposition to 21st century employability skills at the University of Ibadan (UI). The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The population comprised all undergraduate students in the university. Out of 17 faculties, balloting mechanism was used to select 12 faculties. A purposive technique was used to select 590 students. A questionnaire termed Potential Graduates Employability Skills (PGES) with four subsections, was used for data collection. A descriptive statistic of percentage, frequency count, mean and standard deviation were used to analysed data collected. Result revealed that potential graduates ' knowledge was average, readiness level was high and disposition to 21st century was positive. The findings shed light on the significance of cultivating a proactive mindset, adaptability, and a commitment to continuous learning as potential graduates of the 21s' century. Furthermore, there is need for educational institutions and policymakers to prioritize the integration of 21st century employability skills within curricula, foster culture that encourages graduates’ development of these skills. Critical curriculum reforms and pedagogical innovations to enhance students’ knowledge, readiness and foster a positive disposition towards acquiring the essential skills demanded by the modern workforce is necessary at this material time.
Re-imaging Nigeria value of safety through the discourse of security situations among community leaders in Akinyele Local Government Area of Oyo State
(2022-05) Omoniyi, T. O.
Insecurity in Nigeria has turned out to be a phenomenon which goes beyond insurgency, organised kidnapping and other socio-economic and political tensions. The aim of the study is to assess Nigeria value of safety through a critical discourse of some security Situation among community leaders in Akinyele local government area of Oyo state. The study adopted the qualitative research approach. The participants of the study comprised of 18 stakeholders holding key community leadership positions in Akinyele local government area of the state. The participants were selected using the intense-case of purposive sampling technique. Data were collected through audio-taped group interview. The credibility of this study was enhanced by expert review. The interview schedule reviewed by experts and the reliability was established using the formula proposed by Miles and Huberman which yielded 0.74. The data collected from the interview were examined using thematic analysis. The findings of the study showed that safety value is of paramount importance and should be inculcated in people at the early stage of life. The participants affirmed that community members are critical to upholding value of safety even when there are security apparatus such as Amotekun, Vigilante group within the axis. Thus, participants suggested that community fora should organise talks on good value acquisition as fundamental for safe living. Hence, it is recommended that security education should be allowed to thrive as course independent of any discipline and must be made compulsory in the school System and at all levels of education. There is need to adopt learner-centred methods to disseminate core values and tenet of security to students. Efforts should be geared towards making Nigeria a secured society through adult modeling of positive behaviours and exhibition of good conducts.
Secondary school prefects’ democratic competences in Akure City, Nigeria
(Publication of Faculty of Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, 2023) Omoniyi, T. O.; Bello, O. S.
This research work was carried out to unravel democratic cultural competence of senior secondary school students- prefects in Akure City, Ondo State, Nigeria. Three hundred and ninety (390) senior secondary school prefects from twenty-eight (28) secondary schools participated in this study and the data collected were analysed using simple tables, frequency count, graphs, percentages and mean deviation. According to the study findings, it was found that the school prefects possessed high level of democratic knowledge, values, attitude arid the school prefects' interest in politics was high while their democratic skills was moderate. This is not the focus of this paper. Therefore, this study recommended that secondary schools' administration should be all inclusive in such a way that it will afford students the opportunity of participating in the decision-making process, while teachers should create a friendly and democratic learning environment where the interest of the learners is the centre-piece of the learning activities by emphasizing students-centred methods of teaching.