FACULTY OF DENTISTRY

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A Study of dental caries prevalence in 12–14 year old school children in Ibadan, Nigeria
(2005) Denloye, O.; Ajayi, D.; Bankole, O.
The aim of the study was to determine dental caries prevalence among a representative sample of 12–14 year old school children in Ibadan, Nigeria with a view of determining Restorative Index and Met Need Index of the studied population. Dental caries was diagnosed according to the WHO method. Out of the 577 children in the age group, 65 children (11.2%) had dental caries experience as expressed with the DMFT index. More than 85% of the children were caries free. A mode of one DMFT was the highest score for the children although a 14-year-old pupil had DMFT score of 6. Female children had higher mean DMFT score of 2.03 1.13 compared with 1.78 1.0 for males (P 0.05). The Restorative Index (RI) and Met Need Index (MNI) for the children were very low as only the 14-year-old children had an RI of 3.45% and MNI of 0.11. Restorative Index reﬂects the restorative care of those who have suffered the disease and it is measured as a ratio of ﬁlled to ﬁlled plus decayed teeth percent that is F/F D percent. Met Need Index is an indication of treatment received by an individual and it is measured by the ratio of the mean missing plus ﬁlled teeth to mean decayed, missing and ﬁlled teeth that is M F/DMF. Since cost of management, which may be out of the reach of these children, has been identiﬁed as one of the factors militating against their receiving treatment, the result of this study suggest that oral health education with emphasis on correcting snacking habits of school children is desirable.
Prevalence of Additional Canals in Maxillary First Molars in a Nigerian Population
(2006) Abiodun-Solanke, I.F; Dosumu O.O.; Shaba, P.O.; Ajayi,D.M
Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of additional canals in maxillary first molars in a selected population in Nigeria. Methods and Materials: One hundred extracted teeth were collected from the Pedodontic and Oral Surgery clinics of the University College Hospital in Ibadan, Nigeria. The teeth were identified and their root planed to remove adherent soft tissues. Each tooth was sectioned at the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) and then again at 2 mm below the CEJ. The number of canals present in each root was noted. For the clinical aspect of the study, 30 patients with clinical and radiological evidence of pulpal involvement participated in the study. These patients had root canal therapy performed on their maxillary first molars and the number of canals was confirmed with periapical radiographs. Results: In the laboratory phase of the study 77% of the teeth sectioned had three canals while 22% had four canals with the fourth canal being a second mesiobuccal canal. Only one tooth had five canals with two canals in the palatal root, two canals in the mesiobuccal root, and the remaining canal in the distobuccal root. For the clinical phase of the study, 29 (96.7%) out of 30 patients treated had three canals while only one (3.3%) had four canals with the fourth canal being a second mesiobuccal canal. Conclusion: Clinicians should assume there are additional canals in each root when performing endodontic therapy on the maxillary first molar. Only after a thorough search for extra canals and after it is determined
Causes and pattern of fracture of acrylic dentures among patients seen in a Nigerian teaching hospital
(2007) Ogunrinde,T.J.; Ajayi, D.M.; Dosunmu, O.O
There is little information on the causes and pattern o f fracture of acrylic dentures in Nigerian patients despite being the most frequently employed design in Nigeria. The aim of this study was to determine the average life span o f acrylic dentures before fracture, the causes and pattern of fracture o f acrylic dentures in a Nigerian population. A ll consecutive patients that presented with fractured acrylic dentures at the Dental Centre, University College Hospital, Ibadan between January and July 2006 and were willing to participate were recruited into the study. A structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to record data from the patients. The questionnaire focused on patients’ demographic data, age of acrylic denture as at the time of fracture, causes and pattern o f fractures. The data were analysed using SPSS Version 11. A total of sixty-two patients were included in the study. They presented with sixty-nine fractured dentures. Five were complete dentures while 64 were partial dentures. The average life span was 7.4years ± 6.6 (SD) years. Early fracture was seen in 9 (13.4%), intermediate fracture in 29 (42%), and late fracture in 3 1 (44.9%) cases. The commonest cause o f fracture was mastication as seen in 30.4% of the cases while the least cause was fight (4.3%). The commonest site of fracture (34.8%) was the palatal plate around the crest o f the edentulous ridge while fracture of wrought metal clasps was the least, occurring in 1.4% o f cases'. We recommend proper design with balanced articulation and more emphasis on compliance to post insertion instructions by patients to prevent early fracture of acrylic dentures. Also, reinforcing the acrylic denture base especially in stress bearing area may prolong the life span of these prostheses.
The fluoride content of drinking water and caries experience in 15 – 19 year old school children in Ibadan, Nigeria
(2008) Ajayi,D.M.; Denloye O.O; Dosumu O.O.
Fluoride, a trace element with anticariogenic benefit may either occur naturally or be added to drinking water sources. This study aimed at determining the fluoride level of the different drinking water sources in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria and to relate this with the caries experience of secondary school children in the city. Sixteen samples of the drinking water sources from various locations in the five local government areas of the city were analysed for fluoride concentration. The locations were selected around the vicinities of the secondary schools used for caries study. Nine hundred and fifty five students aged 15-19 years randomly selected from eleven secondary schools in Ibadan metropolis were examined for dental caries over a period of 4-5 months. Only teeth with obvious cavitations were recorded as being carious using the WHO standard method. Teeth grossly covered with calculus and third molars were excluded. No radiograph was taken. The fluoride level of the different water sources was between 0.02 and 0.03ppm. Forty-four (4.6%) of the children had dental caries. There was no statistically significant difference between either DMFT and gender (t = 0.67, p = 0.91) or DMFT and age (F=1.488, p=0.224). However, females had a slightly higher mean DMFT than males and the highest mean DMFT (2.67 + 1.15) was found among the 19- year- old children. Twenty-three (52.3%) of the students with caries had only one carious tooth while only two had four carious teeth each. In conclusion, both the fluoride level and caries prevalence were low.
Dental anxiety: investigative and management techniques often employed in a cross section of Nigerian Specialist Dental Clinics
(2009) Arigbede, A.O.; Ajayi, D.M.; Adeyemi, B.F.
Background: Information on the pattern of dental anxiety’ management in Nigeria is currendy not available. Aim: The study was designed to determine the awareness and frequency of application of dental anxiety assessment questionnaires as well as the current pattern in the management of dental anxiety’ in Nigeria. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted using structured questionnaires distributed among dental residents and house officers in Nigerian dental schools. Information requested included demographic variables, frequency of presentation of dental anxiety’, awareness and frequency of application of dental anxiety' questionnaires. The respondents were also asked to rate the frequency of application of the outlined dental anxiety’ management techniques on a 5-point Likert scale. The median score and the range for each technique was determined and compared between the male and female respondents. Results: A total of 96 questionaires were sent out to dental surgeons of all grades. Response was obtained from 86 giving a response rate of 90%. Only 23 (26.7%) respondents were aware of dental anxiety’ questionnaires while only 13 (15.1%) have seen the instrument applied. The percentage of patients with dental anxiety’ was estimated by the respondents to be <20%. Behaviour therapy was the most frequently employed dental anxiety management technique. The female respondents employ behaviour therapy and intramuscular sedation more frequently. Conclusion: The awareness and frequency of application of dental anxiety’ questionnaires appeared poor. Behaviour therapy was the most frequently employed dental anxiety’ management technique. It appears the female respondents employ behavior therapy and intramuscular sedation more frequently.
Attitudes and perception of Nigerian dentists about shortened dental arch therapy (SDAT)
(2009) Arigbede, A; Onyeaso, C.; Ajayi, D
The unmet treatment need of traumatized anterior teeth in selected secondary school children in Ibadan, Nigeria
(2009) Deborah Ajayi D.M.; Denloye,O.; Abiodun Solanke, I.F.
Abstract – Treatment of traumatized anterior teeth is highly desirable to relieve pain, maintain esthetics and to preserve the balance of the anterior part of the mouth; however many may go untreated. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of damage to permanent anterior teeth in school adolescents, the average duration of trauma and to ascertain the level of the unmet treatment need. A total of 1532 secondary school children between the ages 12 and 19 years participated in the study. They were randomly selected from public secondary schools in ﬁve local government areas in Ibadan using a multistage sampling method. Participants were examined with the aid of mouth mirrors and probes under natural light. Traumatic anterior dental injuries were recorded by the same investigator (DMA) according to WHO classiﬁcation. One hundred and sixty-ﬁve participants sustained injuries to their anterior teeth. Their mean age was 15.47 ± 2.09 years, with a male to female ratio of 1.5:1. The commonest cause was fall (78.8%) with road trafﬁc accident being the least (1.8%). The tooth most commonly injured is the upper left incisor (48.0%) closely followed by upper right central (43.1%). Enamel fracture was seen in 46.5% and enamel–dentine in 42.6% of the traumatized teeth. Most (79.4%) of the children sustained injury to one tooth only. Of the participants, only 30 (18.2%) had previous dental consultation while only nine (5.5%) consulted the dentist following the trauma; however, none of the teeth had any form of restoration. Average time elapsed between trauma and dental examination was about 3.5 years. Many participants had had injury for about 2 years before dental examination. In conclusion, there is a high unmet treatment need of traumatized anterior teeth in the study population.
A comparison of clinical and radiographic caries diagnosis on posterior teeth of children seen at a Nigerian Teaching Hospital.
(2010) Popoola, B.O.; Denloye, O.O.; Ajayi, D.M.; Sote, E.O.
caries is the most effective means of ensuring resolution of the condition and its sequelae. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of clinical and radiographic (using bitewing radiograph) methods of caries diagnosis in children. The subjects were 172 children within the age range of 5-12 years attending the Paedodontic Clinic of the University College Hospital for the first time. They were clinically examined for the presence of dental caries using the WHO criteria. Left and right bitewing radiographs were taken following the clinical examination to detect dental caries. Clinical examination found additional 4 occlusal caries (incipient caries) that were not diagnosed radiographically and radiographic examination revealed additional 20 approximal surface caries that were not evident clinically in deciduous teeth. In permanent teeth, 3 additional occlusal caries were diagnosed clinically while only one additional approximal caries was diagnosed radiographically. These observations revealed the additional diagnostic value of bitewing radiograph in the diagnosis of approximal caries in children and the importance of clinical examinations in diagnosis of early occlusal caries (incipient caries) which are difficult to see on dental radiographs. In view of these findings, the use of bitewing radiographs combined with careful clinical examination will be of great advantage in early detection of caries in children
Prevalence of neck and back pain among dentists and dental auxillaries in South-western Nigeria
(2010) Abiodun-Solanke, I.M.F; .Agbaje,J.O.; Ajayi, D.M; Arotiba, J.T
Dental health workers like other workers have occupation related health problems and hazards which include neck and low back pain. Previous studies have shown that the prevalence and location of pain may be influenced by posture and work habits and as well as demographic factors. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of neck and back problems among dentists and dental auxillaries in private and government dental hospitals in south western Nigeria. Structured self administered questionnaire was sent to dentist and dental auxillaries by randomly selecting 3 out of the 6 state capital from the southwestern Nigeria. Participants included those in private clinics, teaching hospitals and general hospitals. The questionnaire was composed of respondents biodata, questions about specific information on neck and back pain and routine practice posture while working at chairside. The total number of properly filled questionnaire was 210 with a male to female ratio of 1.04:1. Respondents included 147 dentists, 37 dental surgeon assistants (DSA), 14 dental therapists and 12 dental technologists. Prevalence of back and neck pain among the respondents was 88.1% and 81.9% respectively. Among the male respondents, the prevalence of back pain was 86.9% and 89.3% in female while for neck pain , the prevalence was 83.2% in male and 80.6% in female. Within the different professional groups, the prevalence of back pain was highest among the DSA(89.2%), closely followed by the dentists(88.4%), then therapists(85.7%) and least among the technologists(83.3%). For neck pain, the prevalence was highest among therapists followed by technologists , dentists and least among the DSA. More females missed work due to back and neck pain than males. There is therefore the need to address ergonomic issues and change the way dentistry is practiced.
Knowledge and Practice of Nigerian Dentists About Shortened Dental Arch Therapy (SDAT)
(2010) Arigbede, A.O.; Ajayi, D.M; Onyeaso, C.O.
Objecti ve: To determine the knowledge and practi ce of a cross-secti on of Nigerian denti sts about shortened dental arch therapy (SDAT). Method: A cross-secti onal study was conducted using a selfadministered structured questi onnaire. The questi onnaire requested for informati on on knowledge and practi ce of the respondents as regards to the SDAT. The questi onnaires were randomly distributed among general dental practi ti oners and residents (postgraduate doctors) in dental training insti tuti ons in Nigeria. Results: Only 47 (43.5%) respondents were aware of the concept of shortened dental arch therapy (SDAT). Most of the respondents were not aware of the age group indicati on and the suggested criteria for acti ve shortening of the dental arches. The percentage of pati ents with shortened dental arch was put at ≤ 5% by most of the respondents. About half of the respondents list the SDAT as a treatment opti on in ≤5% of cases. Most of the respondents have never applied acti ve and or passive shortening in their practi ce. Conclusion: The knowledge of the respondents about SDAT is generally less than sati sfactory. The applicati on of the concept in a developing country like Nigeria also appeared grossly inadequate at the moment.
Dental service utilization among junior secondary school students in Ibadan, Nigeria
(2010) Denloye,O.; Ajayi,D.; Bankole O.; Bamidele, P.
The study was carried out to determine factors affecting oral health care service utilization among a representative sample of junior secondary school children in Ibadan, Nigeria. The study was a cross sectional one in which self administered questionnaire was filled by each student. Data were collected on their socio-demographic characteristics, previous visit(s) to the dental clinic and reasons for the visit(s), reasons for non dental visits for those who have never visited the dentist, the students’ beliefs in regular dental visits and reasons for these beliefs. Only 457 students completed their questionnaires reasonably well and their responses were analysed. Their mean age was 13.04 1.10 years. Over 80% of the children claimed they have never visited the dentist and lack of perceived need accounted for 82.8% of the various reasons given for the non visit. Sixty eight point nine percent of the children believed in regular dental visits while 27.8% of them did not believe in regular dental visits. Equity in access and opportunity for disease prevention among young adolescents may be achieved by school oral health program whereby regular oral health talks/education is instituted.
Dental anxiety among patients visiting a University Dental Centre
(2011) Arigbede A.O.; Ajayi D.M.; Adeyemi B.F.; Kolude B
Objective: Fearful individuals often avoid care despite extensive dental needs and anxious patients feel more pain and of longer duration than less anxious patients. This study was designed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with dental anxiety among patients visiting a University Dental Centre in Nigeria. Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted using an anonymous structured questionnaire randomly administered to patients attending the University College Hospital Dental Centre, Ibadan. The questionnaire requested for socio-demographic data, dental visit behaviour, history of traumatic dental treatment and level of apprehension when anticipating a visit to the dentist and physician. The level of dental anxiety was determined using the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS). An MDAS score of 19 and above indicated high dental anxiety. Upon examination, DMFT of each patient was determined. Result: A total of 471 respondents of which 262 (55.6%) were females participated in the study. Only 7.43% of the participants had MDAS score >19. About 10% of the females had high dental anxiety compared with 4.94% recorded for the males (p=0.01). Dental anxiety was more common among the younger age group, irregular oral health care seekers and among those with history of traumatic dental treatment. The respondents were more relaxed when anticipating a visit to a physician. Only gender could be used to predict high dental anxiety. Female gender significantly displayed high dental anxiety (odd ratio=3.05 and p=0.04) . The mean DMFT score for the patients was 2.48±3.30. Conclusion: The prevalence of dental anxiety among the respondents in this study was 7.43% and only gender could be used to predict dental anxiety.
Self Reported Musculoskeletal Pain Among Dentists
(2011) Abiodun-Solanke I.M.F; Ajayi, D.M.; Agbaje J.O.; Arotiba J.T.
Background: Musculoskeletal complaint is an important health issue among dentists. Given the significance of this topic, we considered it necessary to investigate the prevalence and impact of musculoskeletal disease among Nigerian dentists Aim/Objectives: To assess the work- related complaints among dentists with the specific objective of finding out the prevalence of neck and back pain among dentists Materials and Methods: A structured questionnaire was sent to tivo hundred and fifty practising dentists in 3states capitals which were randomly selected from South - Western Nigeria. Participants were drawn from general hospitals, private clinics and teaching hospitals. Participants included general practitioners, specialists in restorative dentistry, oral and maxillofacial surgery, child oral health (pediatric and orthodontists), period ontology and oral pathology. Results: The response to participate in the study was 66.7% out of which 60% correctly filled questionnaire was analyzed. The mean age of participants was 32.8 ± 6.8years (SD) with a male to female ratio of 1.4:1. Prevalence of back pain was 89.6% while that of neck pain was 81.3%. Back pain was found to be higher in females (91.7%) compared to males (88.1%) while neck pain was higher in males (82.1%) compared with to females (80.0%). Back and neck pain were highest in those who worked 8-12 hours per day. Back pain was highest(94A%) in those who had practiced for 6-10 years while those who had practiced for more than 20 years reported *the highest percentage of neck pain. Respondents in restorative dentistry all had back pain at one time or the other over a period of twelve months, while neck pain was highest among respondents in child oral health(91.7%) . 43% of respondents perform their procedures standing, while 38% use the sitting position and 19% alternate between standing and sitting position. Other work related complaints reported by the dentists include headache, shoulder pain, pain around the wrists and paresthesia of the fingers of the dominant hand More respondents missed work due to back pain irrespective of the gender. 17 respondents sought medical help due to neck pain out of which 8(47.1%)) received only analgesics while among those who sought medical attention due to back pain, 7(63.7%) received analgesics only. Conclusions: Occupational related health problems among Nigerian dentists were common. There is a substantial need and demand for further training in occupational health and safety among dentists.
Reattachment of Fractured Anterior Tooth: A 2-Year Review of a Case
(2011) Ajayi D.M.; Abiodun-Solanke I.M.F; Gbadebo, S.O.
Injury to anterior teeth is a relatively common occurrence. Dentists are confronted on regular basis with dental trauma and the management. Some clinical studies have reported reattachment of fractured tooth segment using adhesive resin cement and dentine bonding agent with or without intraradicular postplacement. Reattachment of tooth fragment is simple and can provide good functional and esthetic success. Case description: This article reports the reattachment of a fractured anterior tooth in a 17-year-old male patient with adhesive resin and a prefabricated metallic post. Result: Evaluation at 2 years revealed good reattachment, intact post, good esthetics (even after a repeat reattachment) and good periodontal health.
A retrospective study of traumatic injuries to teeth at a Nigerian tertiary hospital
(2011) Ajayi,D.M.; Abiodun‑Solanke,I.M.; Sulaiman, A.O; .Ekhalufoh, E.F.
Background: Various aspects of dental trauma have been studied worldwide. Most of these were among children and adolescents. However, studies involving the adult population with traumatized anterior teeth are few. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to report the pattern of trauma to anterior and posterior teeth among the late adolescent and adult patients seen at the Dental Centre, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria, the time lapse between trauma and patient presentation, reasons for dental consultation, and the type of treatment received. Materials and Methods: Data were extracted from the dental records of 146 patients with dental trauma that presented between May 2001 and June 2006. Results: One hundred and forty six patients were studied (87 males, 59 females) Males sustained injury more than females. The highest occurrence of trauma was in the age group of 25-34 years and least in the >65 years. Falls accounted for 34.3% of causes followed by RTA (19.2%). Enamel-dentine fracture was the most common type of injury, seen in 73 (38.6%) of the traumatized teeth, 5 were avulsed and 20 posterior teeth had cuspal fracture. All the cases of avulsion and most (83.3%) of root fracture presented within 1 week of injury while teeth that presented late had pulpal necrosis. 22% of the patients presented within 1 week of injury while 13.7% came after 10 years. Conclusion: There was late patients’ presentation with average duration of trauma before presentation being 4.6 years; however the more severe the outcome of trauma, the earlier the presentation. Poor esthetics followed by pain were the main complaints at presentation.
Quality of records keeping by undergraduate dental students in Ibadan, Nigeria
(2012) Dosumu, E.B..; Dosumu, O.O.|; Lawal, F.B.
Background: Recording the interaction between a patient and the dentist is of primary importance in dental practice. The completeness of recordings of undergraduate students, often inadequate, has been found to subsequently impact on the quality of dental care offered by professionals. Once identified, correcting the inadequacies has also been shown to improve the quality of dental practice. Objective: We aimed to evaluate the quality of records keeping by dental students in Ibadan, Nigeria. Method: A retrospective review of records of patients seen by dental students, at the clinics of the dental school in Ibadan, Nigeria, over a six months period was conducted. The charts were reviewed for: demographic data, medical and dental history, clinical findings, diagnosis, treatment plan and note on informed consent. Assessment of the quality of data obtained was done using a modified CRABEL’s scoring system. Results: A total of 318 case files were retrieved for this study. The median modified CRABEL score was 95%, with a range of 65 to 95%. Eighty-two recordings (25.2%) had a score < 90%, while 236 recordings (74.2%) had a score > 90%. The most frequently unrecorded data was written consent in all the charts, followed by procedure done with the documentation absent in 20.4%. All the supervisors signed at the end of the consultation. Conclusion: The quality of records keeping by dental undergraduates is fair but there is a need to emphasize deficient areas and improve upon the quality of record keeping
First aid treatment of dental emergencies
(Ola-Oluseye Enterprises, 2012) Lawal, F. B.
Diagnosis and clinical management of teeth with vertical root fractures: a literature review
(2012) Abiodun-Solanke I.M; Ajayi D.M
The diagnosis of vertical root fracture (VRF) is at times complicated for lack of specific signs, symptoms and/or radiographic features. It constitutes an important threat to the tooth’s prognosis during and after root canal therapy and may result in root or tooth extraction. Early detection and management of VRF remain a vexing issue that has caused needless stress for both the dentist and the patient. This paper presents an overview of the prevalence and multifactorial aetiology of VRF, the clinical and radiographic features of this disorder, the importance of correct diagnosis and treatment options available for both anterior and posterior teeth. An exhaustive review of literature was done using Medline to bring out various etiologic factors, clinical presentations, radiographic features and treatment alternatives available for VRF. There are, however, many specific clinical and radiological signs which when present, can alert clinicians to the existence of a fracture. Even though VRF are commoner in endodontically treated teeth, its occurrence in non-restored teeth has been described. Clinical signs and symptoms vary according to the position of the fracture, tooth type, duration after fracture, periodontal condition of the tooth and architecture of the bone adjacent to the fracture. The radiographic appearance of teeth with VRF is variable depending on the angulation of X-ray beam in relation to the plane of the fracture, the time after fracture and the degree of separation of the root fragments. It is important to recognize the sometimes subtle findings in VRF so that patient can be properly informed about the prognosis and the potential for successful treatment in affected tooth\teeth.
Oral health status of children seen at a paediatric neurology clinic in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria
(2012) Denloye, O.; Ajayi, D.; Lagunju, I.
The study was carried out to determine oral health status and oral health needs of children presenting at the paediatric neurology clinic of the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. Diagnosis of each child’s disability was performed by the Consultant Paediatric Neurologist. Data on socio-demographic characteristics and previous history of trauma to the o rofacial structures for each child were obtained and intraoral examinations were done using WHO guide lines. Sixty-one children were diagnosed within the period of study and highest proportion (44.3%) had epilepsy while 41.0% had cerebral palsy. Prevalence of dental caries and trauma were 11.5% and 39.3% respectively while 72.1% had good oral hygiene. Despite the relatively good oral health of the children under study, periodic dental recall appointments will be beneficial in order to supervise and evaluate oral health when early detection and prevention of lesions can be instituted.
Basic restorations in the elderly
(Research Signpost, 2012) Ajayi D.M; lyabode M.F; Abiodun-Solanke