FACULTY OF DENTISTRY

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A 5-year retrospective study of rampant dental caries among adult patients in a Nigerian Teaching Hospital
(Wolters Kluwer - Medknow, 2015) Ajayi D. M; Abiodun-Solanke l. M. F.; Gbadebo S. O
Background: Rampant caries in adults has not been a focus of many researches unlike the childhood form of the disease. The disease is an interesting finding in an adult patient. When the condition occurs ill children, it has been described as nursing bottle caries, baby bottle tooth decay, and the most recently adopted term, "early childhood caries”. Aim: The aim was to determine the prevalence of rampant caries among adult patients. Materials and Methods: Cases of rampant caries were identified from the records of all the patients treated during a 5-year period. Variables considered included the socio-demographic data, frequency of consumption of cariogenic diet, social habits, decayed, missing, filled teeth (DMFT), socioeconomic status (SES), and oral hygiene (OH), etc. Data were analyzed using student’s f-test and one-way ANOVA for continuous variables, while Fishers exact test was adopted for categorical variables. Level of significance was set at P 5 0.05. Result: Less than 1% (21 out of 3458) of patients treated during the period had adult rampant caries, but only 17 patients with complete data were analyzed. The age range of the patients was 22-61 years with a median of 36 years. The number of teeth with open carious cavities ranged from 8 to 18, with a mean of 11.6 ± 3.3 teeth, A statistically significant difference was found in the number of open carious cavities and gender [P = 0.03), and between the SES and OH (P = 0.001). Patients in low SES had the poorest OH, The number of open carious lesion was higher in those that consumed refined sugar regularly. Conclusion: Occurrence of rampant caries was low and related to low socioeconomic status and regular consumption of cariogenic diet.
A comparison of clinical and radiographic caries diagnosis on posterior teeth of children seen at a Nigerian Teaching Hospital.
(2010) Popoola, B.O.; Denloye, O.O.; Ajayi, D.M.; Sote, E.O.
caries is the most effective means of ensuring resolution of the condition and its sequelae. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of clinical and radiographic (using bitewing radiograph) methods of caries diagnosis in children. The subjects were 172 children within the age range of 5-12 years attending the Paedodontic Clinic of the University College Hospital for the first time. They were clinically examined for the presence of dental caries using the WHO criteria. Left and right bitewing radiographs were taken following the clinical examination to detect dental caries. Clinical examination found additional 4 occlusal caries (incipient caries) that were not diagnosed radiographically and radiographic examination revealed additional 20 approximal surface caries that were not evident clinically in deciduous teeth. In permanent teeth, 3 additional occlusal caries were diagnosed clinically while only one additional approximal caries was diagnosed radiographically. These observations revealed the additional diagnostic value of bitewing radiograph in the diagnosis of approximal caries in children and the importance of clinical examinations in diagnosis of early occlusal caries (incipient caries) which are difficult to see on dental radiographs. In view of these findings, the use of bitewing radiographs combined with careful clinical examination will be of great advantage in early detection of caries in children
A Health Education Video in an Indigenous Nigerian Language to Dispel Misconceptions Associated with Reversal of Eruption Sequence of Anterior Teeth
(2019) Bankole, O.O.; Ibiyemi, O.; Lawal, F.B
Research findings conducted in Nigeria have revealed grave misconceptions regarding eruption of maxillary anterior teeth before the mandibular ones in children as affected individuals are believed to be evil, carriers of misfortune and their families are deemed cursed. Such children are stigmatized, abandoned and may be gotten rid of. A twenty three minute culturally appropriate video in the Yoruba language titled “Baba Yoyin” (meaning male tooth extractor -traditional dentist ) was developed to demystify the Nigerian community about misconceptions associated with reversal of eruption sequence of teeth and educate them about hazards associated with patronizing traditional dentists and the need to visit a dentist/doctor for advice. In the pre -production stage, the video was designed and planned and the cast , crew and appropriate locations for shooting the film shooting were selected . In the production stage, filming was done with several wide, medium and close shots. At post production, the film was edited with a sound mix comprising of sound effects and music. Computer graphic effects were added digitally. This video was produced in Yoruba, an indigenous Nigerian language to serve as a culturally appropriate community dental health education tool targeting nursing mothers, pregnant women, and traditional birth attendants from the lower social class in south western Nigeria. The storyline in this video tape will be translated into Igbo and Hausa , the two other major Nigerian languages. This videotape can be repeated in other African settings whose societies experience similar misconceptions about tooth eruption
A Pilot Trial of the Impact of Financial Incentive on the Utilization of Dental Services among Civil Servants in Ibadan, Nigeria
(2019) Alade, O.T.; Lawal, F.B
Financial constraints have been reported as major barriers to utilization of dental Services in developing countries. It is however unknown if financial incentives will improve dental Service utilization among civil servants in Nigeria. To evaluate the effect of financial incentive on the utilization of dental Services among civil servants in Ibadan, Nigeria. This was a pilot trial among two clusters of civil servants in Ibadan, Nigeria. In both groups, the civil servants participated in an oral health education programme, a dental screening exercise and referral for dental treatment. In addition to this, the experimental group got a financial incentive to present for treatment. The two groups were followed up for a period of twelve weeks. Data were analysed using SPSS. A total of 109 civil servants participated in the study. There were 62 in the control group and 47 in the experimental group. The mean age of the study participants in the control group was 42.1+8.75 years, mean DMFT was 0.95 + 1.87 and 94% of them had an unmet dental need. Similarly, in the experimental group the mean age was 44.7—11.68 years, mean DMFT was 0.45+0.95 and 98% of them had an unmet need. There was no significant difference between the two groups at baseline. At twelve weeks, none of those referred for treatment in the control group presented for treatment while only 3 (6.4%) experimental group presented for dental treatment. No statistical difference was observed (p=0.077). In this study financial incentive did not result in significant increased utilization of dental care Services among adults
A report on oral health delivery to rural underserved communities oyo state using the mobile dental clinic
(2018) Balogun, A.O.; Taiwo J.O.; Ipeaiyeda O.J.; Lawal F.B.; Ibiyemi O.
In Nigeria, the distribution of health care facilities particularly oral health facilities is urban based. Consequently, the rural people have no access or minimal access to oral health care. Various studies have called attention to the increasing trend of oral diseases in Nigeria, especially in the rural areas. Mobile dental clinic transcends all barriers to oral health care including physical and cultural barriers through community outreach, to rural underserved areas. Therefore, this project set out to determine the oral health needs of poor underserved rural communities in Ibadan and to deliver oral health care at their doorsteps. Using the services of a mobile dental clinic, inhabitants in selected rural communities namely; Akufo, Olosun, Aremo and Ilaju were given oral health talk and treatment after their needs were determined using dental mirror, natural light, CPITN probe, caries probe. One hundred and thirty one people were examined and treated. Majority were from Yoruba tribe. More females (58.0%) participated in the study. Mean age of the participants was 42.4years (+10.4). Many (61.8%) of the participants had periodontal disease, tooth wear 24.4%, dental caries 16.0%. Majority of the participants had scaling and polishing (61.8%) as treatment, while 3.1% had atraumatic restorative treatment. Extraction was done for 6.8% of participants, while 27.5% were referred. Oral diseases, especially periodontal disease, tooth wear and caries are quite prevalent in underserved rural communities
A retrospective study of traumatic injuries to teeth at a Nigerian tertiary hospital
(2011) Ajayi,D.M.; Abiodun‑Solanke,I.M.; Sulaiman, A.O; .Ekhalufoh, E.F.
Background: Various aspects of dental trauma have been studied worldwide. Most of these were among children and adolescents. However, studies involving the adult population with traumatized anterior teeth are few. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to report the pattern of trauma to anterior and posterior teeth among the late adolescent and adult patients seen at the Dental Centre, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria, the time lapse between trauma and patient presentation, reasons for dental consultation, and the type of treatment received. Materials and Methods: Data were extracted from the dental records of 146 patients with dental trauma that presented between May 2001 and June 2006. Results: One hundred and forty six patients were studied (87 males, 59 females) Males sustained injury more than females. The highest occurrence of trauma was in the age group of 25-34 years and least in the >65 years. Falls accounted for 34.3% of causes followed by RTA (19.2%). Enamel-dentine fracture was the most common type of injury, seen in 73 (38.6%) of the traumatized teeth, 5 were avulsed and 20 posterior teeth had cuspal fracture. All the cases of avulsion and most (83.3%) of root fracture presented within 1 week of injury while teeth that presented late had pulpal necrosis. 22% of the patients presented within 1 week of injury while 13.7% came after 10 years. Conclusion: There was late patients’ presentation with average duration of trauma before presentation being 4.6 years; however the more severe the outcome of trauma, the earlier the presentation. Poor esthetics followed by pain were the main complaints at presentation.
A short report on tooth replacement in an older suburban population in Nigeria
(2017) Ibiyemi, O; Lawal, F.B
To determine: the knowledge of the participants about removable dentures, importance of tooth replacement; prevalence of tooth loss and denture use; and factors associated with its non-use among an elderly population in Nigeria. Tooth loss without replacement can impact negatively on the quality of life of the elders, thus making use of denture a basic requirement for those with partial or complete edentulous arches in developed countries. It is, however, not known if this is the case among elders in suburban Nigeria. A cross-section of 392 consenting elderly participants aged ≥65 years residing at Idikan, Ibadan, Nigeria, were interviewed on their biodata, knowledge of removable denture and importance of tooth replacement, history of use of denture and reasons for non-use where applicable. Oral examinations for the presence of missing teeth and denture were conducted by an examiner. Data were analysed with SPSS and P value set at ˂.05. The mean age of the participants was 73 (SD = 9.2) years. About 39% of the participants believed that it was important to replace missing teeth, 56.0% had poor knowledge about tooth replacement options, and 47.7% had at least a missing tooth. Only 7.1% of those with missing teeth had them replaced and all were using removable acrylic partial dentures. Financial constraint was the main reason for non-replacement of missing teeth (80.1%). Age, gender, occupation before retirement, income, level of education and presence of physical impairment were associated with non-use of denture (P ˂ .05). Many elderly individuals had poor knowledge about removable dentures and the importance of tooth replacement. About half of the participants had full complement of teeth and only 7.1% of those with tooth loss reported denture wear. Major reasons for non-use of dentures were due to economic reasons.
A Study of dental caries prevalence in 12–14 year old school children in Ibadan, Nigeria
(2005) Denloye, O.; Ajayi, D.; Bankole, O.
The aim of the study was to determine dental caries prevalence among a representative sample of 12–14 year old school children in Ibadan, Nigeria with a view of determining Restorative Index and Met Need Index of the studied population. Dental caries was diagnosed according to the WHO method. Out of the 577 children in the age group, 65 children (11.2%) had dental caries experience as expressed with the DMFT index. More than 85% of the children were caries free. A mode of one DMFT was the highest score for the children although a 14-year-old pupil had DMFT score of 6. Female children had higher mean DMFT score of 2.03 1.13 compared with 1.78 1.0 for males (P 0.05). The Restorative Index (RI) and Met Need Index (MNI) for the children were very low as only the 14-year-old children had an RI of 3.45% and MNI of 0.11. Restorative Index reﬂects the restorative care of those who have suffered the disease and it is measured as a ratio of ﬁlled to ﬁlled plus decayed teeth percent that is F/F D percent. Met Need Index is an indication of treatment received by an individual and it is measured by the ratio of the mean missing plus ﬁlled teeth to mean decayed, missing and ﬁlled teeth that is M F/DMF. Since cost of management, which may be out of the reach of these children, has been identiﬁed as one of the factors militating against their receiving treatment, the result of this study suggest that oral health education with emphasis on correcting snacking habits of school children is desirable.
A Survey of Knowledge and Practice of Regenerative Endodontics Among Nigerian Dental Residents
(2014) Ajayi D. M.; Abiodun-Solanke I.M.F.; Gbadebo S.O.; Abu A.
The aim of this survey was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of regenerative endodontics among dental residents in selected Nigerian hospitals. A self-administered questionnaire was used for the survey. It consisted of three parts; part A asked questions about dentists profile and knowledge, part B sought the dentist’s opinion, beliefs and judgement regarding the use of RE procedures while part C consisted of questions based on clinical practice. The results shows that the majority (91.2%) have heard about REPs which was mainly through postgraduate training but 91.9% were willing to attend courses on REPs. Most (89.1%) of participants believed that stem cell banking will be useful to regenerate dental tissues, however only 42.4% claimed to have been using some type of regenerative therapy in their practice and 28.9% considered tribiotic paste and pulpal regeneration as optimal treatment for necrotic immature teeth while 36% considered CaOH +MTA+ obturation material as the best option. As a final conclusion we can say that these results reflect that dental residents are optimistic about the use of regenerative endodontic procedures; however, a need for more research and regular training was felt
Accessibility of young adolescents to information on dentai caries in Ibadan, Nigeria
(2019) Lawal, F.B
The prevalence of dental caries, which is on the rise among adolescents in Nigeria has been associated with poor oral health awareness. It remains unknown if information about dental caries is available to young adolescents. This study therefore, determined the accessibility of young adolescents to information on dental caries in Ibadan, Nigeria. A cross sectional study was conducted among 911 pupils aged 10 to 12 years in 12 randomly selected public primary schools in three Local Government Areas in the metropolis of Ibadan. Data were obtained with structured interviewer administered questionnaires. Data obtained was analysed using SPSS version 23. Statistical significance was set at p < 5%. Only 90 (9.9%) pupils had accessed information on dental caries prior to the interview. Information on dental caries were accessed through dentists, 66 (73.3%) and school teachers 24 (26.7%). Pupils who were males (OR = 1.7, CI = 1.0 - 2.7, p = 0.04), whose parents had tertiary education (OR = 3.4, CI = 1.7 - 6.8, p < 0.001), had consulted a dentist (OR = 6.0, CI = 3.5 - 10.6, p < 0.001), rated their oral health as poor (OR = 2.0. CI = 1.1 -3.5, P = 0.024) or perceived a need for dental treatment (OR = 1.5, CI = 0.8 - 2.7, p = 0.196) were more likely to have accessed information on dental caries previously. Very few pupils had prior access to information on dental caries and dentists were the major sources. Male gender, higher parental education, previous dental consultations and poor self-rating of oral health were significant predictors of prior access to information on dental caries
Advanced restorations in the elderly
(Research Signpost, 2012) Ajayi D.M
An audit of school oral health education program in a developing country
(2014) Lawal, F.B.; Taiwo, J.O
The increasing prevalence of oral diseases in children in developing countries is a major public health concern and creates the need to review various preventive strategies put in place on oral health promotion. In the absence of formal national programs, tertiary health institutions have adopted low-budget school oral education programs targeted at improving oral health awareness and behavioral changes in school children. The aim of this study was to review the school oral health education programs conducted by the Community Dentistry Unit of a tertiary hospital in a major city in Nigeria. An evaluation of the school oral health education programs conducted in the city over a 5-year period was done. Data collected included: venue of the program, the number of students and teachers educated in each school, screening and referrals, adequacy of teaching aids, desire for revisit, and barriers noted in its conduct. A total of 104 oral health education programs were conducted during this period involving 16,248 participants. The majority (80%) of the schools visited was primary schools and 54% were privately owned. Over half of the programs were conducted on assembly grounds, 21% in classrooms, and 13% in school halls. Challenges encountered included: lack of audiovisual aids, transportation problems, inadequacy of screening tools, and insufficient promotional materials. All the schools visited requested for (subsequent) regular visitation. Conclusion: The study showed the feasibility of low-budget oral health education and willingness of schools to benefit from such programs. There are barriers to effective communication, which can be mitigated in order to achieve an optimal school oral health education program in a low resource setting
Applicability and cross-cultural adaptation of the self-administered Child–OIDP in a rural Nigeria community
(2017) Lawal, F.B.; Dauda, M.A
The utilization of the Child Oral Impact on Daily Performances (Child–OIDP), one of the most widely used quality of life measures for children, in rural communities will require cross adaptation of the measure since rural communities in Africa are in no small way influenced by the prevailing cultural norms and values. The aim of this study was to assess the applicability of self administered Child–OIDP measure in a rural Community in Nigeria. A cross sectional study was conducted among 403 secondary school students in Igboora, Nigeria using self-administered Child–OIDP questionnaire translated into the local language. The mean age of the study participants was 12.4 (±0.7) years. The impact of oral health on their daily performances scores ranged from 0 to 66. Higher OIDP scores were significantly associated with perceived need for dental treatment (p < 0.001), satisfaction ratings of oral health condition (p = 0.001), satisfaction ratings of tooth appearance (p = 0.030) and pain (p < 0.001). The use of frequency or severity scales separately or combined exhibited similar and acceptable validity and reliability; however, the frequency scale alone had the highest Cronbach’s alpha value (0.876), while use of both frequency and severity scales was best for inter–item correlations (0.552-0.714). The translated version of the Child–OIDP measure is a valid and applicable tool in a rural community. Use of either the frequency or severity scale of this version of Child–OIDP is valid, cross-culturally adaptable and recommended
Attitudes and perception of Nigerian dentists about shortened dental arch therapy (SDAT)
(2009) Arigbede, A; Onyeaso, C.; Ajayi, D
Audit of Crowns and Fixed Partial Dentures in a Nigerian Teaching Hospital
(2017) Abiodun-Solanke I.M.F.; Ajayi D.M.; Sulaiman A. O.
Aim: The purpose of this investigation was to document the reasons for placement, and replacement of crowns and fixed partial denture in a Nigerian Teaching Hospital. Methods: a retrospective review of patients that had advanced conservative procedures. A data collection form was used to gather the relevant information from the patients’ case notes. Section A sought information on age , gender, educational level, patients’ occupation etc. Section B recorded information on tooth/teeth involved, reason for fabrication of prosthesis and material used. Results: Three hundred and twenty six had 398 crowns while 23 patients received bridges. Patients’ ages ranged from 16-85 years with a mean of 47.7 ± 17.2 years and a male to female ratio of 1:1.3. Thirty five percent of the crowned teeth were in the upper right quadrant, followed by the upper left quadrant with 29.4%. Upper right central incisors were the most frequently (15.6%) crowned teeth. Endodontics and esthetics were the most common reasons for initial crown placement and replacement respectively. About 60% of bridges fabricated were new, while 22.2% of replaced bridges were due to fracture of porcelain and unacceptable marginal adaptation. Conclusion: Endodontics and esthetics were the most common reasons for initial crown placement and replacement
Awareness of dental diseases and oral health behaviour among dental and medical students of a Nigerian university
(2016) Abiodun-Solanke,I.M.F.,; Opeodu, O.I.; Ajayi, D.M.
Aim of the study. To assess the effects of change in curriculum on the oral health knowledge and behaviour among the third and fourth year medical and dental students, and their use of dental services. Methods. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess, among other things, the knowledge of respondents of dental diseases and possible risk factors. Results. Two hundred and thirty-seven respondents filled and returned the questionnaires, out of which 125 (52.7%) were females (with male:female ratio of 1:1.1). About 50% of the respondents were in 300 levels, consisting of 99 (82.5%) medical students. A higher percentage of 300 level medical students have better knowledge of diseases such as pulpitis, oral cancer and scurvy as possibly occurring within the mouth than their 400 level counterparts. Conclusions. There is a need not only to integrate dentistry into the curriculum of medical students, but also to re-assess constantly the impact of such on the quality of output from various medical schools.
Barriers to oral health care utilization in Ibadan, South West Nigeria
(2012) Ajayi D.M.; Arigbede A.O.
Background: Barriers to oral health utilization are many, but those that are significant for our environment are not yet clear. The current study was designed to identify and graduate the barriers to receipt of oral health care among a cross-section of patients attending our centre. We also investigated the influence of socio demographic factors on the highly rated barriers. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among patients visiting UCH, Ibadan using a self-administered questionnaire. Socio-demographic variables and oral health care seeking behaviour were requested and in addition, the respondents were asked to rank 11 listed barriers to receipt of oral health care and any other barriers they may think of in order of strength. Factor analysis was employed in order to identify four factors with the highest loading. The mean scores were compared using t-test and one-way ANOVA and the level of significance was set at 0.05 Results: Only 400 questionnaires were properly filled (84.9%) out of the 471 that were administered. The mean age of these participants was 37.85±15.38 years. Most of the respondents (55.8%) consulted the dentists only when there was pain while 109(27.3%) had never visited the dentist. Fear of dental injection, cost of treatment, feeling of insecurity when the dentist is operating and disturbing noise from dental drill were the major barriers. There was a statistically significant association between age groups and feeling of insecurity (p=006). Conclusion: The major barriers to oral health care utilization among our patients were fear related.
Basic restorations in the elderly
(Research Signpost, 2012) Ajayi D.M; lyabode M.F; Abiodun-Solanke
Burden of Undergraduate Dental Training in Nigeria
(2014) Abiodun-Solanke, I.F.; Ajayi, D.M.; Dosumu,O.O.
Background: Training of dental students at all levels has been found to be far more expensive than what is required to train their medical counterparts. The extra cost is expected to be provided by the prospective students of which they are usually unaware of at the point of admission. Objectives: This study was designed to assess the sociodemographic status of dental students in Nigerian Universities as well as factors affecting the amount a dental student spent buying required instruments and other materials needed for their clinical training. Methods: A self-administered questionnaire which was a modified version of that used in Canada and United State to investigate students financial issues was used in this study. The modified structured questionnaire was sent to . the clinical (400-600levels) students in the oldest and well established dental schools in Nigeria. Results: The age range of participants was 19 to 36 years with a mean age of 25±2.7years; 57.3% were males, while 42.7% were females. More than a third (38.2%) of the respondents fathers were in the high class, while 42.2% of the respondents mothers belonged to the middle class. About forty five percent of the total respondents admitted to have spent greater than N30.000 buying their hand instruments out of whom 61.3% belonged to the middle socioeconomic class. The relationship between the amount spent in -purchasing instruments and the socioeconomic status was statistically significant (p=0.001). About half of the respondents admitted they had no idea of extra cost required for their clinical training. Conclusion: The financial burden for undergraduate dental training in Nigeria include tuition, costs of expensive dental textbooks, instruments and other consumables which many students were not aware of by the time they entered the program.
Capabilities, opportunities and motivations supporting oral health behaviour of adolescents in Nigerian schools
(2019) Lawal, F. B.; Oke, G. A.
Aims: To determine the oral health capabilities, opportunities and motivations supporting oral health behaviour among adolescents in schools in a low-income country. methods: In 2018, this cross- sectional study was conducted among 2097 students in the 10th and 11th grades of 30 randomly selected secondary schools in Ibadan, Nigeria after obtaining ethical approval from the Institution’s Ethics Review Board. Data were obtained with self-administered questionnaires to assess capabilities (oral health knowledge (K), attitude (A) and practices (P)) as well as motivation. A checklist was used to assess availability of oral health promotional activities/materials (opportunities) in the schools concerned. Data were analyzed with SPSS; bivariate analysis was performed using chi square and multivariate analysis with logistic regression. p value for significance was set at 0.05. results: The response rate was 99.5%. Poor oral KAP scores (<50%) were recorded among 2096 ( 99.9%) for K, 1288 ( 61.4%) for A and 1519 (72.4%) for P respectively. There were no oral health promotional materials in any of the schools and the only oral health promotional activity was oral health education in 8 (26.7%) schools; only 331 (15.8%) students had been educated about their oral health. About half 1161 (55.4%) were motivated and will participate in an oral health programme in school. Students; aged 12- 15 years (OR=1.6,95%CI=1.3-1.9, p<0.001), with skilled-worker parents (OR=1.9,95%CI=1.1- 3.3, p=0.020), had received previous oral health education (OR=1.6, 95%CI=1.2-2.0,p<0.001) or had consulted a dentist (OR=2.5,95%CI=1.6-4.0,p= <0.001) had better capabilities. Students who had ≥ 50% final KAP scores (OR=4.7,95%CI=3.3-6.7, p<0.001) had been educated about their oral health (OR =1.7,95%CI=1.1-2.4, p=0.011) were better motivated. conclusions: In the population studied there were gross inadequacies in the oral health capabilities, existing opportunities and motivations for positive oral health behaviour. There were disparities related to socio-demographic characteristics of the students and capabilities, opportunities, motivation influencing oral health behaviour. Oral health capabilities and opportunities were significant predictors of motivation for positive oral health behaviour.