Human Nutrition and Dietetics

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VITAMIN A STATUS AND THE EFFECT OF ORAL SUPPLEMENTATION IN PREGNANT NIGERIAN WOMEN
(1991) ADEYEFA, I. O.
This study was designed to investigate vitamin A nutritional status of pregnant and non pregnant non lactating Nigerian women. The beneficial effects of oral vitamin A supplementation was also investigated in the pregnant women. The study was carried out in three one was the cross-sectional study carried out on 22, 88 and 61 pregnant women in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimesters. The controls were 35 non pregnant non lactating women in the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle. Their ages ranged from 18 to 45yrs with a mean age of 27.8+/— 6.82yrs. The subjects were randomly selected from both the University teaching and Adeoyo hospitals, Ibadan and the study lasted for a period of nine months. The result of the study showed that 11% of the subjects had plasma vitamin A levels in the deficient range << 20ug/dl) while 60% had marginal values (20 - 29ug/dl). Plasma vitamin A levels was observed to decrease as pregnancy progressed
Assessment of energy and selected nutrient intakes, Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) and body composition of female adolescents
(Nutrition Society of Nigeria, 2002) Cole, A. H.; Tomori, O. F.; Odunbaku, S. O.; Aminu, F. T.
There have been scanty reports on the adolescences' energy intake (EI), selected nutrients intake (SNI) and body composition (BC) in the subjects of developing countries. The relationship between El and BC in adolescence is important because the adolescence years are periods of great physical and emotional changes during which a child develops and enters adulthood Cole et. al. (1997). The aims of the present study were first to obtain information on El, SNI and BC of thirty four apparently healthy Nigerian female adolescents aged 11-17 years residing in a residential institutionalized boarding school and to compare the information obtained with international standards or with other countries in the industrialized world. The food intake (FI) of the individual subjects was assessed b direct weighing for seven consecutive days including weekends, and its energy value (EV) was determined by means of ballistic bomb calorimeter. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) values were calculated according to standard equations of Food and Agriculture Organization. World Health Organization/United Nations University FAO/WHO/UNU, (1985). Percentage total body using population specific equations. The subjects means daily El was found to be 6.9 MJ/d or 0 15 My/kg body weight, which is lower than the calculated energy requirements (ER) of 8.8. Mj/d for female adolescents aged 12-14 years FAO/WHO/UNU, (1985). The contributions of the specific nutrients and cach meal to the total El were carbohydrate, protein and fat 13.0, 17.0 and 10.0% and breakfast. lunch and supper 20.5, 56.4 and 23.1% of energy. However, the mean BMR was 5.5 Mj/d, which is comparable with that given by FAO/WHO/UNU, (1985) for female adolescents aged 13-14 years and that reported by Cole et al., (1997) for female adolescents aged 11-17 years. The mean TBF % was found to be 22.2 and the mean body mass index (BMI kg/m2) was 19.2 kg/m2 respectively. The study shows that the comparatively low mean El of the female adolescents in the present study may be indicative of energy deficiency in their meals. This assumption is also reflected in their BC values Therefore, the study suggests more extensive studies in Nigerian population of El, energy expenditure (EE) and BC, which take into account differences in methodology, social status, education, age, sex. ethnicity and geographical region.
Adequacy of nutrients intakes among pregnant Women in Ibadan, Nigeria
(African Journals Online, 2010) Ariyo, O.; Omosebi, M. O.
Action to reduce infant and child mortality must incorporate maternal health including ensured adequate nutrients intakes before and during pregnancy. Adequate nutrition during pregnancy is a strong determinant of pregnancy outcome as well as the health, well being, development and quality of life of the unborn child. This study is crosssectional in design and evaluated the adequacy of nutrients intakes of Nigerian pregnant women. 72 pregnant women attending ante-natal care clinic had their nutrients intakes assessed using a structured 24-hour dietary recall questionnaire. The age of the respondents ranged from 17 to 45 years with a mean of 26.4±4.1 years and the gestational age ranged from 12 to 36 weeks with a mean of 28.5±3.6weeks. Percentages RDA met in the first trimester of pregnancy were 135.5%, 82.6%, 84.5% and 40.0% for energy, protein, iron and calcium respectively. In the second trimester of pregnancy, percentages met were 145.4%, 82.6%, 89.3% and 43.5%. The respondents in the third trimester of pregnancy met 138.7% of the energy RDA while percentages protein, iron and calcium met were 77.4%, 76.5%, and 57.5% respectively. There were inadequacies in all the nutrients evaluated except in energy intake. The result calls for the need to increase nutrition education/counseling among women of child bearing age. Efforts should be increased to ensure adequate nutrients intakes among pregnant women.
Preliminary nutritional evaluation of cashew nuts from different locations in Nigeria
(Wilolud Journals, 2011) Ologunde, M. O.; Omosebi, M. O.; Ariyo, O.; Olunlade, B. A.; Abolaji, R. A.
Cashew nut samples from three geographical locations of Nigeria viz: Anambra state, Oyo state and Kogi state were obtained and analysis were carried out on the nuts and oil. The proximate composition of the cashew nuts was determined. The extracted oil was analyzed for both physical (colour, specific gravity and refractive index) and chemical (saponification value, iodine value, peroxide value and free fatty acid value) properties. The vitamin content of the samples was also determined. The protein content ranged from 23.42% – 26.39%, the moisture content ranged from 5.66% - 6.17%, ash content ranged from 3.03% - 3.18% and the crude fibre content ranged from 5.60% - 6.12%. The fat content of the cashew nut from Oyo state was the highest (42.03%) followed by the cashew nut from Kogi state (40.72%) while the cashew nut from Anambra state had the least value (40.15%). The refractive index ranged from 1.452 – 1.463nD 20ºC and specific gravity ranged from 0.848 – 0.860g/cm3. The oil from the three samples had a light yellow colour. The saponification value ranged from 233.19 – 237.00mgKOH/g oil; iodine value 83.65 – 86.93mgKI/100g oil; peroxide value 19.75 – 20.34meqO2/Kg oil and free fatty acid 0.05046 – 0.05601%. The mineral content of the samples correlated with the values from literature. Statistical analysis was carried out using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at 95% confidence limit and Duncan test. There was significant difference between the Vitamin A and B12 content, Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium, Phosphorus, moisture, fat, fibre, ash, carbohydrate and free fatty acid content of the samples while there was no significant difference in the Vitamin B12 and B6, Iron, Zinc, Iodine value and Saponification value of the samples. The cashew nuts from the different locations demonstrated high potential as industrial materials.
Effects of soaking on shelflife of soybean full fat flour
(MedDocs Publishers, 2011) Ologunde, M. O.; Omosebi, M. O.; Ariyo, O.; Olunlade, B. A.; Otite, E. A.
Background: Soy products are gaining popularity as economical protein sources and nutritional or health foods. Processing that ensures improved shelf life is essential to enhance its use in alleviating malnutrition. Shelf life studies were carried out on Soybean full - fat flour samples produced from soybean soaked in different solutions. Methods: Soybean seeds were soaked, drained, steam bleached (100ºC) for 45 minutes, dehulled, dried in a cabinet drier and subsequently milled. The flour samples were stored and quality parameters (moisture content, ash content, protein content, crude fibre content, fat content, carbohydrate content and free fatty acid content) were determined at an interval of four weeks over a period of 12 weeks. Result: The crude fibre content of the chemically treated samples ranged from 5% to 12% over the 12 - week storage period. The moisture content of the control sample was 14% at the end of the storage period while that of the chemically treated samples were 12%, 6%, 8% for sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate and sodium chloride respectively. Soaking in 5% w/v sodium bicarbonate solution yielded a shelf stable soybean full fat flour. Sodium bicarbonate treated sample had the least free fatty acid content. Conclusion: Soaking sobean seeds in chemical solutions before processing reduced peroxidase action on the samples which was evident in the low free fatty acid content of the samples towards the end of the shelf life period.
Sterols of sunflower seeds from different locations in Nigeria
(2012) Olunlade, B. A.; Ariyo, O.; Ologunde, M. O.; Omosebi, M. O.; Igbabul, B. D.; Olajoju, K. C.
Sunflower (Helianthus species) is cultivated for oil production. Analysis of sterol components of sunflower seeds from different locations in Nigeria is presented. Sterols were separated from unsaponifiable fraction by Thin-layer Chromatography and analyzed with gas chromatograph. The result shows the oil and the unsaponifiable oil contents by location, Benue (37.32±0.07;0.82±0.01), Kano(34.57±0.10;0.72±0.01), Bida(34.06±0.09;0.70±0.00), Kaduna (33.92±0.08; 0.68±0.00) and Minna(31.91±0.05;0.64±0.04) in descending order. There was no significant difference in the oil content of the seed samples but significant difference occurs in the percentage of unsaponifiable oil content. Cholesterol (71.50) was predominant in the leaves surface while β-sitosterol (30.40) was the most abundant sterol in the intracellular portion of the leaves. The combined concentration of unknown sterols varied between 9.4 and 12.03 for the free sterol and between 2.84 and 5.81 for the sterol ester. Cholesterol/stigmasterol and cholesterol/ β-sitosterol ratios were found to be agronomically and geographically related. Significant difference occurred in unknown sterol esters/known sterols esters ratio. This study showed that the chemistry of sunflower seeds is not agronomic and geographically dependent and that the stigmasterol, campesterol and β-sitosterol are significant phytosterols in sunflower. Unidentified sterols component is abundant enough to influence the health benefits of the sunflower oil positively or negatively.
Calcium nutriture of Nigerian elderly in Ibadan South east local government
(Wilolud Journals, 2012) Ariyo, O.; Keshinro, O. O.; Akinyemi, A. O.
Calcium is an important mineral in human health, adequate intake is associated with higher bone mineral density, reduced risks of osteoporosis, fractures and falls among the elderly. This study assessed the adequacy of calcium intake and relationship with incidences of bone aches and fractures. 150 elderly people from 100 households selected by cluster sampling technique in Ibadan South East Local Government constituted the study population. Dietary assessment was conducted using 24-hour dietary recall and analysed for calcium intake. Consumption pattern was assessed using food frequency questionnaire, blood pressure was taken using aneroid sphygmomanometer, lifestyles and sociodemographic characteritics were obtained using a semi-structured questionnaire. The mean calcium intake was 1569.8±1209.8mg diaggregated as 1782.4±1353.4mg in males and 1432.0±1092.6mg in females. 39.3% disaggregrated as 44.1% in males and 36.3% in females, met the recommended intakes of 1500mg/day. Roots and tubers were the most consumed food, followed by vegetables and then cereals and grains. Milk and dairy as well as fish and meat products were the least consumed foods. 47.3% rarely consumed milk and dairy products and 42.7% rarely consumed fish and meat products throughout the week. 56.7% had normal diastolic blood pressure and 64.7% had normal systolic pressure. 65.3% reported havin pains and bone aches, sites of pain were back (44.7%), knee and ankle (9.3%), hip joint (6.7%), and wrist (4.7%). There were no significant differences (p>0.05) in the calcium intake by age, systolic blood pressure and incidence of bone pains and aches. However, income and the diastolic blood pressure showed significant relationship (p>0.05) with calcium intake. The results show that many elderly Nigerians have inadequate calcium intake, however, calcium intake does not affect incidence of pains and aches. There is a need to promote increased consumption of calcium rich foods.
Serum Ascorbic acid levels in the third thrimester of pregnancy and ascorbate content of maternal breast milk
(Wilolud Journals, 2012) Ariyo, O.; Keshinro, O. O.
Micronutrient deficiencies affect breast milk composition and nutritional status of the infant. Supplementation can increase the secretion of certain nutrients in breast milk, and improve infant nutritional status. Maternal deficiency of ascorbic acid (AA) without clinical symptoms is common during pregnancy and could precipitate infantile scurvy. This study assessed the relationship between AA status during the third trimester of pregnancy and levels of this vitamin in colostrum breastmilk (day 1-2 of lactation) and transition milk (day 13-14 of lactation) among middle-aged Nigerian women. The pregnancies and lactation periods of forty-two healthy women between 17 and 48 years of age (mean 27.2 ± 6.5 years) were monitored. Maternal serum AA level in the third trimester of pregnancy was determined by spectrophotometer. The subjects were grouped into two, the first group’s diet was supplemented with a daily dose of 100mg of Ascorbic acid while the second group continued their normal dietary intake without supplementation. AA levels in maternal colostrum and transition milk samples were determined. There was no significant difference between the colostrums AA level of the test and the control group, however, the control group subjects showed lower levels of AA in colostrum (3.07 ± 0.56 mg/100ml) than did the test group subjects (4.73± 0.89 mg/100ml). The transition milk also showed no significant difference. The result shows that ascorbate content of breastmilk respond to maternal intakes of ascorbic acid, but the difference is not statistically significant. Strategy to promote adequate intake of ascorbic acid among pregnant and lactating women should be incorporated into pre-natal care.
Evaluation of effects of processing on levels of selected pollutants in gari
(2012) Ologunde, M. O.; Ariyo, O.; Olunlade, B. A.; Igbabul, B. D.; Ayotola, T. M.
Human health is an outcome of the trio of the environment, individual susceptibility and time. Contamination of Cassava (Manihot esculenta) roots by the environment or during processing presents health hazards. This study evaluates the effects of processing on the level of selected pollutants in Gari diet and the effect on selected organs of albino rats. Cassava tubers from Kokori and Ogbomoso were varied in the method of processing to produce Gari. Gari and fish samples sundried in the vicinities of flared gas were used to produce four nutritionally similar Gari/fish diet regimen. Twenty-four, 28-day old male albino rats were divided into four groups of six each to fit into four diet regimen and acclimatized for a 7-day period on commercial rat feed. The four groups were afterward placed on different diet regimens for 13 weeks during which the body weight and food intakes were measured weekly. Result shows that the least percentage weight gain (27.9%) occurs in Diet IV-Kokori/SPDC followed by Diet IIKokori (37.4%), Diet III-Kokori/Ogbomoso (44.7%) and Diet I-Ogbomoso (55.3%) in ascending order. Albino rats on Diets II and IV had a negative food utility index and high concentrations of nickel, lead, cadmium and chromium were found in the feed formulation. The levels of toxicants differ with the processing method and protein efficiency ratio varied with the processing method. Examination of selected organs shows clinical anomalies. The study reveals that pollutants load in gari-diet depend on the environment of cultivation and the method of processing.
Quality of life of People living with HIV and AIDS attending the Antiretroviral Clinic, University College Hospital, Nigeria
(AOSIS OpenJournals, 2012) Folasire, O. F.; Irabor, A. E.; Folasire, A. M.
Background: Quality of life (QOL) is an important component in the evaluation of the well-being of people living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA), especially with the appreciable rise in longevity of PLWHA. Moreover, limited studies have been conducted in Nigeria on how PLWHA perceive their life with the World Health Organisation Quality of Life Brief Scale (WHOQOL-Bref) instrument. Objective: This study assessed the QOL of PLWHA attending the antiretroviral (ARV) clinics, UCH Ibadan, Nigeria. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted from June to September 2008 that involved 150 randomly selected HIV-positive patients who were regular attendees at the antiretroviral clinic, UCH Ibadan. An interviewer administered questionnaire was used to collect information on sociodemographic data, satisfaction with perceived social support, medical records, and QOL was assessed with WHOQOL-Bref. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 38.1 ± 9.0 years and the male : female ratio was 1:2. The mean CD4 count was higher in female patients than in male patients, 407 cells/mm3 : 329 cells/mm3 (p = 0.005). The mean QOL scores on the scale of (0–100) in three domains were similar: psychological health, 71.60 ± 18.40; physical health, 71.60 ± 13.90; and the environmental domain, 70.10 ± 12.00; with the lowest score in the social domain, 68.89 ± 16.70. Asymptomatic HIV-positive patients had significantly better mean QOL scores than symptomatic patients in the physical (74.04 ± 16.85 versus 64.47 ± 20.94, p = 0.005) and psychological domains (76.09 ± 12.93 versus 69.74 ± 15.79, p = 0.015). There was no significant difference in the mean QOL scores of men compared to those of women, in all domains assessed. Conclusion: High QOL scores in the physical, psychological and environmental domains may be reflective of the effectiveness of some of the interventions PLWHA are exposed to at the ARV clinic, UCH Ibadan (on-going psychotherapy, free antiretroviral drugs). Relatively low social domain scores may suggest ineffective social support networks, because PLWHA are still exposed to stigmatisation and discrimination. An improvement in social support for PLWHA, therefore, will improve their quality of life further.
KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE RELATING TO NUTRITION AMONG PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) IN IBADAN AND SHAKI, OYO STATE, NIGERIA
(2012-05) ADENIJI, T. A.
Nutrition plays a critical role in promoting the health of People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Nutritional problems strongly predict illness or death among PLWHA. However, the knowledge, attitude and practices relating to adequate nutrition by this group of people have not been adequately explored in Nigeria. This study was therefore carried out to determine the knowledge, attitude and nutritional practices among PLWHA who were attending Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) clinics in Ibadan and Shaki, Oyo State, Nigeria. The study was cross-sectional in design. A total of 350 respondents were selected from two ART clinics: Adeoyo Maternity Hospital, Ibadan (200) and State Hospital, Shaki (150) using systematic random sampling technique. A semi-structured questionnaire consisting of information on socio-economic characteristics, a 58-point knowledge scale [classified as poor (score < 29 points), fairly good (score 29 – 34 points), good (score 35 – 40 points) and very good (score ≥41)], Likert scale for attitude and a 22-point nutritional practice scale [classified as adequate (≥50%) and inadequate (<50%)] was used for data collection. Weight, height and Body Mass Index (BMI) of the respondents were also measured. Nutritional status of the respondents was defined as underweight (BMI <18.5kg/m2), normal weight (BMI=18.5–24.5kg/m2), overweight (BMI=25.0–29.9kg/m2) and obese (BMI ≥30.0kg/m2). Data were analysed using, descriptive statistics, t-test and Chi-square test. Mean age of respondents was 35.7 ± 11.4 years and majorities (70.9%) were Yoruba. The females (68.3%) were more than males (31.7%). Only 17.4% of respondents had no formal education while 19.4%, 27.1%, 16.9% and 36.1% had primary, secondary, post-secondary and tertiary education respectively. Majority of the respondents (76.0%) earned less than N10,000.00 per month. All the respondents were aware that adequate nutrition is crucial for their health and survival. The mean nutritional knowledge score of the respondents was 43.0 ± 4.6. There was no significant difference in the mean nutritional knowledge scores between male (42.4 ± 4.7) and female (43.2 ± 4.5). Majority (86.5%) agreed that malnutrition accelerates the progression from HIV to AIDS. More than half (63.7%) agreed that PLWHAs need better nutrition than those without HIV. Many of the respondents (64.0%) had normal weight, and a significant difference was observed in the prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity between the female (6.6%, 13.4% and 9.7%) and male (1.7%, 3.1% and 1.4%) respondents respectively (p<0.05). There was a significant relationship between nutritional status and education, occupation, monthly income and housing facility of the respondents. In other hand, there was no significant relationship observed between the nutritional status and either the nutritional knowledge or practices of the respondents. People Living with HIV/AIDS had very good nutritional knowledge and positive attitudes, but adequate nutrition was only practised by about half of them. There is need to sustain awareness of and support for them to improve the practice of adequate nutrition which is crucial for their health and wellbeing.
Comparative study on nutrient composition, phytochemical, and functional characteristics of raw, germinated, and fermented Moringa oleifera seed flour
(Wiley Periodicals, Inc., 2013) Ijarotimi, O. S.; Adeoti, O. A.; Ariyo, O.
Moringa oleifera seeds were processed as raw M. oleifera (RMO), germinated M. oleifera (GMO), and fermented M. oleifera (FMO), and were evaluated for proximate, minerals, amino acids, fatty acids, phytochemicals/antinutrients, and functional properties. Protein content of GMO (23.69 0.11 g/100 g) was higher than FMO (21.15 0.08 g/100 g) and that of RMO (18.86 0.09 g/ 100 g) (P < 0.05), respectively. Energy value of FMO (465.32 0.48 kcal) was higher than GMO (438.62 0.12 kcal) and that of RMO (409.04 1.61 kcal), respectively. Mineral contents in GMO were significantly higher in iron, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and copper, while FMO were higher in calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium, and both were significantly lower than those in RMO (P < 0.05). Total essential amino acids (TEAAs) in FMO (31.07 mg/g crude protein) were higher than in GMO (26.52 mg/g crude protein), and were higher than that in RMO (23.56 mg/g crude protein). Linoleic acid (58.79 0.02– 62.05 0.01 g/100 g) and behenic acid (0.13 0.00–0.20 0.06 g/100 g) were the predominant and least fatty acids, respectively. Phytochemical/antinutrient compositions in FMO samples were significantly lower than GMO, and both were significantly lower when compared with RMO samples (P < 0.05). The bulk density (pack and loose), foaming capacity, swelling capacity, and water absorption capacity (WAC) of FMO were significantly higher than those of GMO, and there was no significant difference between GMO and RMO samples. The study established that fermentation processing methods increased the protein content, essential amino acid, and polyunsaturated fatty acid profiles, and reduced antinutrient compositions of M. oleifera seed than germination processing techniques; hence, fermentation techniques should be encouraged in processing moringa seeds in food processing.
Lifestyle and nutritional status of urban school teachers in Ibadan, Nigeria
(Nutrition Society of Nigeria, 2014) Fadupin, G. T.; Adeoye, A.; Ariyo, O.
Objective: The study was designed to determine the lifestyle and nutritional status of urban school teachers in Ibadan. Methods: The study was descriptive and crosssectional in design. A random sample of 423 teachers (279 males and 144 females) aged 21 to 60 years from six public and six private secondary schools in Ibadan North Local Government Area constituted the study population. A semi-structured intervieweradministered questionnaire and a dietary diversity questionnaire were used to determine the sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics, as well as the dietary diversity of the respondents. Anthropometric indices such as weight (kg), height (m), hip (cm) and waist (cm) circumference of the teachers were measured using standard procedures to determine their Body Mass Index (weight/height,2 kg/m2) and waist to hip ratio respectively. Body composition was determined with a body composition monitor. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson's Chi-square test at 5% level of significance was applied to the data. Results: The mean age of the teachers was 41 ±7.7 years, of which 34.0% were males, 8.5% and 0.7% were alcohol consumers and current cigarette smokers respectively. Most (78.0%) of the teachers either had at least medium (≤5 food groups) while 22.0% had high (≥6 food groups) dietary diversity. 55.3% were either overweight or obese. Females were significantly more overweight or obese and had higher waist circumference and waist-hip ratio than the male teachers (p<0.05). Also, percentage body fat was twice as high in females as in males while the percentage muscle mass was 1.5 times higher in
Effect of blanching on nutrient and anti-nutrient content of pumpkin(Cucurbitapepo)leaves
(2014) Fadupin, G. T.; Osuoji, U.; Ariyo, O.
Background: Efforts to increase utilization of fruits and vegetables in human nutrition necessitate increased knowledge of their nutritive value. Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) grows wildly and is also widely cultivated for its leaf, fruit and seed. The effect of blanching on the nutrient and anti-nutrient content of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) was determined. Methods: Analysis was done on air-dried and blanched pumpkin leaves. Proximate, mineral and antinutritional composition were analysed using standard procedure. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at 5% level of significance. Results: There was significant reduction (p<0.05) in the protein, crude fiber, ash, sodium, potassium, -carotene and ascorbic acid content of pumpkin leaves while reduction in fat and iron content was not significant. Blanching increased the carbohydrate and calcium content though not significantly (p>0.05). The identified anti-nutrients content were saponin (35.0±0.00mg/100g), tannin (24.5±0.71mg/100g), oxalate (12.0±0.00mg/100g) and phytates (15.0±0.00mg/100g). Blanching was effective in reducing the level of identified anti-nutrients in pumpkin leaves significantly (p<0.05), thereby promoting the level of nutrient bioavailability. However, there is significant loss in the leaves micronutrients (p<0.05) hence, other methods of preparation that will reduce the loss of nutrients and effectively reduce the level of antinutrients need to be explored for better utilization of Cucurbita pepo by humans.
Perceived social support among HIV positive and HIV-negative people in Ibadan, Nigeria.
(Scientific Research, 2014) Folasire, O. F.; Akinyemi, O.; Owoaje, E.
Background: People living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA) are assumed to have poor social support. This study compared the satisfaction with perceived social support of people living with HIV and AIDS with HIV negative patients. Method: 150 HIV positive patients were age and sex matched with 150 HIV negative patients in a cross sectional comparative study. Information on socio-demography and social support was assessed with questionnaire including multidimensional scale of perceived social support (MSPSS). Chi square test, student t-test, and linear regression analysis were done at p = 0.05 level of significance. Result: Mean age of the HIV positive versus HIV negative patients is 38.1 ± 9.0 years versus 37.7 ± 9.2 years. Both groups had the lowest social support scores from family, (FA): 3.81 ± 1.08 vs 3.95 ± 0.89, p = 0.240. Perceived support from friends (FR) was higher in the HIV negative group 7.41 ± 1.99 vs 5.55 ± 2.34, p = 0.000 as well as perceived total support (TS), 3.94 ± 0.68 vs 3.59 ± 0.77, p = 0.000. Linear regression for all the respondents revealed HIV status contributed the most and predicted TS and FR scores respectively (β = −0.181 95% C.I = −5.843 to −0.766, p = 0.010 and β = −0.317, 95% C.I, −4.260 to −1.792, p = 0.000). For PLWHA group, employment contributed most to perceived TS (β = −0.181 95% C.I −11.812 to −0.0361, p = 0.049). However, in HIV negative group, TS and FR had the greatest contribution from marital status, (β = −0.416 95% C.I −6.157 to −1.829, p = 0.000) and (β = −0.381 95% C.I −2.851 to −0.756, p = 0.001). Also, the current living status (β = −0.268, 95% C.I −3.238 to −0.360, p = 0.015, and β = −0.241 95% C.I −1.48 to −0.09, p = 0.027). Conclusion: All respondents had the poorest perception of support from family (FA). Lack of employment is the most important factor identified in this group of PLWHA, responsible for the poor TS. For the HIV negative group, not being married and living outside family setting were the strongest factors for poor social support.
Gender differences in factors associated with overweight and obesity among civil servants in Lagos, Nigeria
(Academic journals, 2015) Sanusi, R. A.; Abba, S. H. J.; Ariyo, O.
Overweight and obesity constitute global public health problems with consequences on health and productivity of workers. This study was designed to describe the gender variation in the factors associated with overweight, obesity and hypertension among civil servants in Lagos, Nigeria. This comparative cross-sectional study was conducted in 280 civil servants recruited from seven local government areas in Lagos state using random sampling technique. A pre-tested, interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to obtain information on socio-demographic and anthropometric characteristics and blood pressure. Weight, height and waist circumference (WC) were measured using standard procedure. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square test at p = 0.05. Age was 44.8 ± 8.5 years, 68.2% were males and 80.4% were married. About 64% had tertiary education; higher in males (70.7%) than females (49.4%). The crude prevalence of overweight and obesity was 70.7%. Overweight was significantly higher in males (61.7%) than females (52.3%) while obesity was significantly higher in females (47.7%) than males (38.3%). Abdominal obesity was more common in males (31.6%) than females (23.1%). Body mass index was higher in females (28.05 ± 4.9) compared to males (27.83 ± 5.8); WC was higher in females (94.6 ± 10.0) than males (93.08 ± 12.6). Obesity was predominant among civil servants aged 51 to 60 years in both gender groups. Systolic blood pressure (BP) was higher in females (124.08 ± 19.8) than males (122.4 ± 22.8) whereas diastolic BP was higher in males (84.3 ± 13.1) than females (83.7 ± 12.1). The prevalence of hypertension was 42.9%; higher in females (44.6%) than males (42.1%). Among female civil servants, overweight and obesity were significantly associated with age, education while among males they were significantly associated with grade level. Overweight, obesity and hypertension are high among civil servants; prevalence and associated factors differ by gender. Gender-sensitive public health intervention is hereby recommended to influence health behavior of civil servants.
Nutritinal and antinutritional composition of raw, bioled and roasted african breadfruit(artocarpus altilis) pulp
(Food basket foundation, 2015) Ariyo, O.; Atojoko, M. A.; Osinowo, O. G.
New food preparation methods are emerging and their effect on nutritional composition of food is unknown. This study assessed changes in nutrient and anti-nutrient composition of Artocarpus Altilis pulp prepared by boiling and conventional oven roasting. Fresh, matured African breadfruits were peeled, washed and divided into three equal portions; raw, boiled and roasted. The pulp samples were analyzed for moisture and dried at 45°C for two days. All samples were milled into flour of particle size 1mm mesh and analyzed in triplicates for nutritional and anti-nutritional composition using standard methods. Moisture was higher in boiled (78.76±0.21%) than roasted samples (68.26±0.9%). Crude protein was better preserved by boiling (5.91±0.0%) than roasting (5.69±0.0%), roasting (0.67±0.06%) conserves fat better than boiling (0.63±0.06%). Mineral loss was higher in roasted than boiled samples for calcium (-13.51vs-7.7), sodium (-22.7vs-13.5), zinc (-27.6vs-11.8), iron (-46.0vs-6.0) and phosphorus (-11.4vs-3.8). Thiamin content reduced from 1.53±0.03 mg/100g (raw) to 1.29±0.03mg/100g (boiled) and 0.87±0.02mg/100g (roasted). Niacin content reduced by 19.6% with boiling and 43.8% with roasting. There was a significant decrease (P<0.05) in anti-nutritional composition of the samples. Boiling and roasting reduced phytate content from 16.57±0.21mg/100g to 15.73±0.15mg/100g and 13.53±0.25mg/100g in boiled and roasted samples respectively. Tannins reduced from the 4.63±0.15mg/100g to 3.50±0.20mg/100g (boiled) and 1.7±0.20mg/100g (roasted) and oxalates also had similar losses with boiling and roasting. Saponins content reduced from 73.33±2.52mg/100g to 66.33±1.53mg/100g and 29.67±2.52mg/100g, in boiled and roasted samples respectively. Boiling of African breadfruit pulp better preserved all nutrients except fat, but less effective in reducing anti-nutrients compared to conventional oven roasting.
Rural-urban differentials in lifestyle and food security of older persons in Ibadan, Nigeria
(Food basket foundation, 2015) Ariyo, O. A.; Adepoju, O. T.; Fadupin, G. T.
Healthy lifestyle and good nutrition are essential to promote active ageing. Knowledge of rural-urban differentials in lifestyle and food security is essential to design community-driven programmes. This study was aimed at assessing rural-urban differences in lifestyle and food security of older people in Ibadan, Nigeria. This comparative cross-sectional survey involved 346 respondents from two urban (168) and two rural (178) Local Government Areas of Ibadan. A three-stage sampling technique was used to select communities, households and respondents respectively. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect information on socio-demographic and lifestyle profile. Lifestyle index was assessed using a 7-point scale categorized as good (≥5) or poor (<5). Food security was assessed using a 27-point scale classified as food secure (≤1), food insecure without hunger (2-7) and food insecure with hunger (8-27). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression at p<0.05. Mean age of respondents was 68.9±4.7 and 69.7±4.4 years in urban and rural areas respectively. Prevalence of heavy alcohol intake (16.1%, 16.9%) and irregular physical activity (1.8%, 9.6%) were lower in urban than rural areas. Current smoking was three times higher (13.5%) in rural than urban areas (4.8%). Food insecurity with hunger was nine-times higher in rural (16.9%) than urban areas (1.8%) while food insecurity without hunger was 17.4% and 7.1% in rural and urban areas respectively. The key predictors of food insecurity were age, income, smoking and alcohol intake in urban areas; and gender, marital status, education and smoking in rural areas. Food security and healthy lifestyle characterized by moderate alcohol intake and low prevalence of smoking among older people in Ibadan are high. Food insecurity and poor lifestyle typified by poor physical activity and low fruits and vegetable intakes were higher in rural than urban areas. Interventions to improve physical activity and intakes of fruits and vegetables should be targeted at older people particularly those in rural areas.
Dietary diversity and anthropometric characteristics of in-school adolescents in the university of Ibadan community
(Food basket foundation, 2015) Samuel, F. O.; Adetunmbi, A. J.; Ariyo, O.
Adolescence presents a window of opportunity to prepare nutritionally for a healthy adult life, hence exploring the synergy between dietary diversity and anthropometric parameters is important to help inform appropriate health promoting dietary interventions in this age group. The study was designed to assess the dietary diversity and its relation to nutritional status of in-school adolescents in University of Ibadan community, Nigeria. This descriptive cross-sectional study involved 440 in-school adolescents selected using simple random sampling from a private (223) and a public secondary school (217) located within the university. Data on sociodemographic characteristics and dietary pattern were collected using a semi-structured, self-administered questionnaire. Dietary intake was assessed using multiple-pass 24-hour recall. Dietary diversity score (DDS) was computed based on 14 food groups and categorized as low (<4), moderate (4-6) and high (>6). Weight and height were measured and analysed using WHO Anthro-plus software. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and chi-square at p=0.05. Female respondents constituted 55.7%, about 57% of all respondents were aged 14-17 years. Meal skipping was common (62.3%), higher in the private (70.4%) than the public schools (53.9%), while overweight and obesity were more prevalent in the private school (28.7%). On the other hand, mean DDS was higher in the public (5.55±0.9) than the private school (4.72±1.0) while overall, 6.6% had low DDS; more in private (11.2%) than public schools. Dietary diversity was significantly associated with BMI for age as low DDS found to be higher among the obese (17.6%) and overweight (12.3%) adolescents. The adolescents in the public school appeared to have better diversity in their dietary intake. Dietary diversity score was associated with anthropometric characteristics of the adolescents irrespective of being in the public or private school. Further investigation is hereby recommended to understand the pathway of this association.
Nutrition evaluation in HIV seropositive patients using the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool and Subjective Global Assessment in Ibadan, Nigeria
(Nutrition Society of Nigeria, 2015) Folasire, O. F.; Adebayo, A. M.; Sanusi, R.A.
Background: Early identification of nutritional risks in People Living With HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in low-income settings depends onan awareness of the available and reliable tools. Objectives: The study was designed to compare the nutritional status evaluation of PLWHA using the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) and Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) tool, and to also determine the cut-off values of MUST and SGA that corresponds to underweight with BMI (<18.5kg/m3) as the gold standard. Methodology: The study reviewed records of HIV seropositive patients between May and October 2008 at the antiretroviral clinic, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. Clinical symptoms and anthropometric data of 120 PLWHA were extracted from the hospital records for nutritional evaluation by the BMI, MUST, and SGA tools. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed in data analysis. Cut-off values for MUST and SGA tools in identifying underweight (BMI<18.5) were determined using Receiver Operation Curve (ROC) analysis. Level of significance was placed at p<0.05. Results: Prevalence of underweight was 5.8% (BMI), 75.8% were at high risk of malnutrition (MUST score ≥2) while 42.3% had suspected and severe malnutrition (SGA B&C) respectively. There is a significant difference between MUST and SGA risk of malnutrition X=17.331, p=0.000. ROC curve for MUST was more accurate in identifying underweight compared with SGA (AUC-0.900, CI=0.778 to 1.012, p=0.000 vs AUC-0.700, C.1-0.476 to 0.934, p=0.070). At a MUST score of 3.4 and SGA of 6.0, about 10% and 30% of the underweight respondents were not identified. Conclusion: With the use of MUST and SGA tools, more PLWHA were at risk of malnutrition. Thus, combined use of MUST and SGA gives a better assessment than BMI.