Veterinary Physiology Biochemistry & Pharmacology

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THE TOXIC EFFECT OF SIX COMMONLY OCCURRING PLANTS IN NIGERIAN PASTURES
(1992-11) ABATAN, M. O.
The toxicology of six suspected poisonous plants Leucaena leucocephala Benth, Tribulus terrestris Linn Eugenia uniflora Linn, Dichapetalum madagascasience Poir, Lantana camara Linn, and Solanum torvum Benth); were evaluated in Sprague Dawley rats weighing between 200-300 grams. Two of these plants, Lantana camara and D. madagascasience were re-evaluated in West African dwarf goats. Spectrophotometric and titrimetric methods were also used to determine some inorganic and metallic contents of the plant. The extracts of all the poisonous plants except S. torvum and D. madagascasiense produced dose dependent effects on rat serum proteins. The extracts of these plants which produced statistically significant changes (P< 0.05) in serum proteins of the rat include the 400 and 600mg/kg doses of the extrct of 1.. leucocephala; 400 mg/kg dose level for extract of T. terrestris; 200 mg/kg dose level for the extract of E. uniflora; , 400 and 600 mg/kg dose levels extract of L. camara. The globulin fraction did not show any significant changes in all the rats treated with the poisonous plants. No changes were also observed in the serum dectrolytes analYsed. T.terrestris, L. Camara and E. uniflora produced dose related increases in activities of serum enzymes, alanine aminotransferase ALT (EC 2:6.1.2), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (EC.2.6.1.1.), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (EC.3.1.3.1.) . All the plants produced significant increases in ALT except L. Leucocepha!a and torvum whereas E. uniflora, L. camara, and D. madagascasie use produced significant changes in AST (P<.0.05). An evaluation of the haematological parameters of the treated rats, revealed that only extracts of T. terrestris, and L. Camara produced dose dependent decreases in the total red cell blood count. These decreases were significant for, all the doses of the extracts of T. terrestris; the 400 and 600 mg/kg dose levels of L. camara (P < 0.05). The decreases in erythrocyte counts were associated with decreases in haemoglobin concentration. The piosonous plants did not cause changes in the blood coagulation time. Only the extract of T. terrestris produced decreases in total leucocyte count. Similarly, only the extract of T. terrestris caused clinical symptoms in the rats which included depression and inappetence. However, all the plant extracts except that of S. torvum produced gross pathologic lesions in the liver including pin point or ecchymotic hemorrhages. Histopathologic lesions include necrotic lesions of the hepatic tissues and vacuolation of some hepatic lobules. T. terrestris, L.camara, E. uniflora and L. Leucocephala produced gross lesions of the renal tissue. Histologically the affected renal parenchyma was hyperemic and the tubular epithelium showed degeneration. The extracts of D.madag-gascasience and L.-camara produced gastrointestinal lesions including superficial necrosis of intestinal epithelial lining and desquamation of patches of the gastric and ileal mucosa. In the West African Dwarf goats, L. camara and D. madagascasience produced increases in the serum activities of ALT, AST and ALP. Furthermore, these plants also produced increased total blood protein level and blood urea nitrogen. Lantana toxicity in the goats also produced decreased total RBC counts, decreases hematocrit and increased haemoglobin concentration. Animals with Lantana toxicity also showed anorexia and were emaciated. Q. madagascasience did not produce changes in haematological parameters. Phytochemical analysis showed different levels of cyanide, (CN-), nitrate (N03-) nitrite (N02-), oxalate and elements such as lead )Pb+), zinc+), iron (Fe++), manganese (Mn+), and copper (Cu++) in all the plants These studies therefore shows that T. terrestris E. unifora, L. leucocephala, L. camara but particularly L. camara and T. terrestris are hepatotoxic, produce renal lesions and also affect hemopoiesis. Thus these plants are toxic to livestock and their growth among normal pasture could post potential risk to livestock production in Nigeria.
Studies on the serun electrolyte changes in trypanosome, congolense infected New Zealand white rabbits
(1998-09) Ola-Davies, O. E.; Saba, A. B.
Effects of trypanosomosis on some blood biochemical parameters in rabbits
(1999-10) Ola-Davies, O.; Saba, A. B.; Ariyibi, A.; Akinboade, O. A.
The effect of trypanosomosis on blood biochemical Parameters were studied in 20 New Zealand white rabbits of 6 to 7 months of age. Mean total protein and globulin levels in the infected rose significantly (P<0.05) while the mean albumin level decline in the same group simultaneously. Mean total plasma Cholesterol, trlglyceride concentration mean glutamate oxaloacelate transaminase (GOT) and the glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) levels decreased significantly (P<0.05) in the infection group. The implications of these results are briefly discussed
The toxic effects of the prolonged administration of chloramphenicol on the liver and kidney of rats
(Biomedical Communications Group, Ibadan, Nigeria, 2000) Saba, A. B.; Ola-Davies, O.; Oyeyemi, M. O.; Ajala, O.
The toxic effect of chloramphenicol on the liver and kidney was studied in laboratory Wistar rats. 16 adult rats of both sexes randomly divided into two groups were used. 10 animals in the test group were administered with chloramphenicol orally using rat cannula at human infant recommended dosage of 25mg/kg body weight given once daily for a period of 16 days. The 6 animals in the control group were only administered with 0.9% physiological saline orally over the same period of time. Serum enzymes and levels of serum bilirubin, urea, and creatinine were evaluated to establish any hepatic or renal dysfunction. There was statistically significant increase in aspartate aminotransferase (P<0.05) and alanine aminotransferase (P<0.001) serum levels in the test animals. The increase in serum alkaline phosphatase was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Hyperbilirubinaemia was observed in the rat administered with chloramphenicol, the difference in the mean value of the test and control animals were significant for total and conjugated bilirubin. (Total bilirubin P<0.01; Conjugated bilirubin P<0.05). The average time taken to establish anaesthesia was shorter in the test animals than in animals in the control group, the difference in the mean values was significant (P<0.05). Serum urea and creatinine levels were elevated in the test animals, the increase is only statistically significant for serum urea (P<0.05) but not significant for creatinine (P>0.05). Histopathology revealed vascular congestion and foamy cytoplasm of hepatocytes at the centrilobular region of the liver but did not reveal any damage done to the renal tissue. It was concluded that chloramphenicol may not be nephrotoxic but may have toxic effects on the liver.
Effects of melatonin on intestinal fluid absorption in the domestic chicken (gallus domesticus)
(Biomedical Communications Group, Ibadan, Nigeria, 2000) Sanni, A. A.; Oke, O. A.; Saba, A. B.; Ola-Davies, O. E.; Durotoye, L. A.
Effect of successive ejaculations on the spermiogram of West African dwarf goats (Capra hircus L.)
(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 2000) Oyeyemi, M. O.; Akusu, M. O.; Ola-Davies, O. E.
Twenty healthy adult male (bucks) West African dwarf goats (WADG) aged between 2 to 4 years and with a mass of from 16 to 20 kg were used in this study. They were randomly assigned into four groups of five bucks per group. In group A, semen was collected once a week for a period of eight weeks, while in group B semen was collected twice a week for a period of eight weeks, once a day for 21 days in group C, and twice daily at an interval of five hours for 21 days in group D. Live body masses, height at withers, scrotal length and scrotal circumference were not affected by successive ejaculations. The ejaculate volume decreased as the frequency of ejaculations increased, although the decrease was not significant (Group A 0.44±0.07, B 0.41±0.08, C 0.38±0.07 and D 0.36±0.08 ml) while the ejaculate colour was either milky or creamy. Mass sperm movement showed swirling waves and scored 4 in all groups, while the percentage progressive motility ranged between 88.7±3.10 and 94.54±3.00%. Percentage of live spermatozoa (Group A 96.57±2.40, B 96.24±2.53, C 96.10±2.28 and D 96.10±2.50%) was not affected by successive ejaculations although a decrease in sperm concentration was observed as the number of successive ejaculations increased. There was a significant increase (P<0.05) in abnormal spermatozoa as frequency of ejaculation increased.
Morphological changes in sperm cells during epididymal transit in West African dwarf buck
(2000) Oyeyemi, M. O.; Ola-Davies, O. E.; Oke, O. A.; Idehen, C. O.
The spermatozoa characteristics during epididymal transit were studied .in healthy West African dwarf (WAD) goat bucks. The caput epididymis had a value of 27.0% of abnormal sperm cell, which is significantly different (P<0.05) from the 21.0% of corpus and 23.0% of the cauda epididymis. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) between the values of corpus and caudal epididymis. The caput epididymis also had 6.0% spermatozoa with proximal cytoplasmic droplets which differed significantly (P<0.05) from that of the corpus (1.20%) and the cauda (0.9%), The values for coiled tails and tire total abnormal sperm cells showed that caput epididymis had higher abnormal spermatozoa, which was closely followed by cauda while the corpus epididymis had the least. There were more spermatozoa with looped tails in the cauda epididymis (1.68%) than in other segment (corpus: 0.95% and caput: 0.80%). The testicular and epididymal parameters were positively correlated (weight of testis and epididymis; weight of testis, scrotal circumference, testicular circumference, weight of epididymis and weight of testis (r = >0.05) except the correlation values between length of epididymis and length of tests (r = 0.30).
Investigations into the use of xylopia aethiopica in the treatment of psoroptic mange in rabbits
(2001) Adeyemo, O. K.; Ajasin, F. O.; Ola-Davies, E. O.; Taiwo, O. O.
Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of Xylopia aethiopica (XA) in the treatment of mange in rabbits. Materials and methods: The efficacy of dried and grounded 30 g and 40 g of XA respectively mixed with 20 ml of palm oil was tested on different sets of mange infested rabbits and this was compared with sulphur, using 80 g of sulphur mixed with 20ml of palm oil. Results: XA was found to be more potent at 40 g relative to 80 g of sulphur, also the rabbits treated with 30 g and 40 g XA’s weight gain during treatment was more significant (p< 0.05) than the control. Conclusion: Our study shows that Xylopia aethiopica exhibits remarkable anti-mange activity against psoroptic mange in rabbits. Further investigations into the isolation of the active constituent responsible for this action is recommended.
The effect of aqueous leaf extract of telfaria occidentalis on isolated guinea pig ileum
(Biomedical Communications Group, Ibadan, Nigeria, 2001-01) Dina, O. A.; Saba, A. B.; Akhiromen, I. O.; Adedapo, A. A.; Ola-Davies, O. E.
The effect of aqueous extract of Telfaria occidentalis was studied in vitro on the guinea pig ileum. The extract elicited a dose dependent contractions of the ileum. These responses were blocked by 5 x 10 M mepyramine and 5 x 10-M.atropine, suggesting that it has both histominergic and cholinergic properties. The usefulness of the plant as potent naturally available purgative is presented in this study.
Prevalence of Eimeria oocysts in West African dwarf goat at the University of Ibadan farm
(Nigerian Society for Animal Production, 2002) Ola-Davies, O. E.; Oyeyemi, M. O.; Saba, A. B.; Ajala, O. O.
An outbreak of acute coccidiosis is reported in West African Dwarf (WAD) goats kept under semi- intensive management system at the University of Ibadan farm. During the period of the outbreak, clinical signs observed among the animal included anorexia, fever, coughing, ocular and nasal discharges and diarrhoea. Sixty nine out of eighty-five (85%) animals were scouring, 6 out of 20 (30%) pregnant does aborted, 8 out of 80 (10%) died through severe infection. Average oocyst counts was 2.73 x 10(5)/gram faeces in kids and 0.9 x 10(3)/gram faeces in adult goats. Eimeria species predominant in goats and percentage occurrence were E. arloingi (77.5%), E. ninakohlyakimovae (62.89%), E. hirci (58.6%). E. alijevi (39.5%). Areas of glandular degeneration and necrosis of epithelium of the small intenstine were seen. Also coccidia schizonts, immature oocysts, and neutrophilic infiltrations can be seen in the intestinal mucosa. The presence of pathogenic species of the Eimeria in WAD goats suggest that coccidiosis may be contributing to the enteric syndromes, poor feed conversion and low productivity.
Evaluation of valuation of toxicity profile of an alkaloidal fraction of the stem bark of picralima nitida (fam. apocynaceae)
(The Haworth Press, Inc., 2004) Fakeye, T. O.; Awe, S. O.; Odelola, H. A.; Ola-Davies, O. E.; Itiola, O. A.; Obajuluwa, T.
Dermal and acute toxicity evaluation of the basic alkaloidal fraction of the stem bark of Picralima nitida, which has been shown to have pronounced activity against causative organisms of dermatomycosis in man, was carried out in animals. Acute intraperitoneal toxicity tests showed a dose-dependent toxicity. There was inflammation and necrosis of liver hepatocytes accompanied by reduction in neutrophilic count and a corresponding increase in lymphocytic count. There was no sign of reddening or irritation when applied into the eye conjunctiva. Dermal tests also showed that the fraction caused no sensitization, inflammation or death in the animal models used.
Reduction of the clastogenic effect of inorganic arsenic by extracts of some dietary additives
(Science Association of Nigeria, Sokoto, Nigeria, 2004) Odunola, O. A.; Ola-Davies, O. E.
The clastogenic effects of aqueous' extracts of Garlic (Allium sativum.L) (Ga), African pepper (Xylopia aethiopica) (Ap), Bush pepper (Piper guincense) (Bp) and African nutmeg (Monodora myristica). (An) at 100mg/kg body weight each administered orally either alone and in combination with a single oral dose of sodium arsenite (2.5mg/kg body wciglit, 1/10th, of LD50) were investigated in mouse bone marrow cells. The results obtained show that Ga induced micronucleus formation in the polychromatic erytrocytcs (PCEs) of the bone marrow by about 12 folds followed by Bp (7 folds), Ap (4 folds) and An (1 fold) in comparison with animals exposed to distilled water only. These results indicate that Ga, Bp and Ap have mild clastogenic activity in micc. ln contrast, sodium arsenite, a known clastogen, induced micronuclcatcd PCEs formation by about 90 folds. Interestingly treatment of mice with extracts of the dietary additives Ga, Bp, Ap and An, markedly reduced the clastogenic activity of sodium arsenite in the order Ap > Ga > An > Bp. Maximum reduction of arsenite eftcct was about 60% with Bp. it may be concluded therefore from these findings that garlic, African pepper, bush pepper and African nutmeg may be useful in dietary manipulation of arsenic intoxications.
Chemoprevention of aflatoxin B1-induced genotoxicity and hepatic oxidative damage in rats by kolaviron, a natural biflavonoid of garcinia kola seeds
(Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005) Farombi, E. O.; Adepoju, B. F.; Ola-Davies, O. E.; Emerole, G. O.
The chemopreventive effects of kolaviron, a natural antioxidant biflavonoid from the seeds of Garcinia kola, on aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-induced genotoxicity and hepatic oxidative damage was investigated in rats. Kolavironmadministered orally at a dose of 200 mg/kg once a day for the first 2 weeks and then 100 mg/kg twice a day for the last 4 weeks of AFB1 (2 mg/kg, single dose, intraperitoneal) treatment reduced the AFB1-increased activities of aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT) and gamma glutamyltransferase (c-GT) by 62%, 56% and 72% respectively. Malondialdehyde (MDA) formation and lipid hydroperoxide (LHP) accumulation were observed in the livers of AFB1-treated rats. Kolaviron significantly reduced the AFB1-induced MDA and LHP formation. Vitamins C and E were protective in reducing the increase in the activities of AST, ALT and c-GT as well as lipid peroxidation caused by AFB1 (P < 0.01). Administration of rats with kolaviron alone resulted in significant elevation in the activities of glutathione S-transferase, uridyl glucuronosyl transferase and NADH:quinone oxidoreductase by 2.45-, 1.62- and 1.38-folds respectively. In addition, kolaviron attenuated the AFB1-mediated decrease in the activities of these enzymes (P < 0.01). Pretreatment of rats with kolaviron, vitamins C and E alone did not exert genotoxicity assessed by the formation of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs) (P> 0.05). Co-treatment of rats intraperitoneally with kolaviron (500 mg/kg) 30 min before and 30 min after AFB1 (1 mg/kg) administration inhibited the induction of MNPCEs by AFB1 (P < 0.001) after 72 h. While vitamin C was effective in reducing AFB1- induced MNPCEs formation, vitamin E did not elicit any antigenotoxic response. These results indicate kolaviron as effective chemopreventive agent against AFB1-induced genotoxicity and hepatic oxidative stress. Thus kolaviron may qualify for clinical trial in combating the menace of aflatoxicosis in endemic areas of aflatoxin contamination of foods.
Protection against 2-acetyl aminofluorene induced toxicity in mice by garlic (allium sativum), bitter kola (garcinia kola seed) and honey
(College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 2005) Odunola, O. A.; Adetutu, A.; Olorunnisola, O. S.; Ola-Davies, O. E.
The effects of honey (Ho) and aqueous suspensions of garlic (Allium sativum) (Ga) and bitter kola (Garcina kola seed) (Bi) on the toxicities induced by 2- acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) a model carcinogen, were investigated in mice. The animals were dosed for seven consecutive days with Ho, Ga and Bi as dietary Supplements. They were then challenged with a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) dose of 2-AAF at 50mg/kg bd. wt on the seventh day. The degree of clastogenicity was assessed using the mouse micronucleus assay while liver damage was monitored by measüring the level of gamma glutamyltransferase (y-GT) in serum and liver homogenates respectively. The results revealed that 2-AAF induced micronuclei formation in the polychromatic Crythrocytes (PCEs) of the bone marrow by about five fold in comparison to the PCEs formed in control mice. Ho, Ga, and Bi also induced micronucleus formation on their own. However, feeding of any of Ho, Ga or Bi and the administration (i.p) of 2-AAF reduced significantly, the ability of 2-AAF to induce micronuclei formation in the Order Ho>Ga>Bi. Furthermore, 2-AAF induced y-GT activity in the serum and liver homogenate by about two and a half and three folds respectively. A combination of 2-AAF and any of GaorBi or Ho significantly decreased 2-AAF-induced activity of y-GT in the order Ho>Bi>Ga (serum) and Bi>Ga=Ho (liver). These findings suggest that honey, garlic and bitter kola protect against 2-AAF-induced y-GTactivity and micronuleated PCEs formation.
The reproductive implications of clomiphene citrate on sperm cells during the epididymal transit of spermatozoa in male wistar rats
(2006) Oyeyemi, M. O.; Towobola, B. A.; Ola-Davies, O. E.
The reproductive implications of Clomiphene citrate (CC) on male Wistar rats revealed the reactions of the rats to CC at different dosages (varied). Results revealed detrimental effects at a higher dosage. In the caput of the epididymidis, the mean percentage motility in group B Wistar rats (20.0 ±8.66) and group C Wistar rats (23.3 ±3.33) was significantly lower (P<0.05) than group A Wistar rats (42.0 ± 2.00). The drug did not influence the percentage livability of the spermatozoa in the caput epididymidis. In the corpus epididymis the mean percentage motility for groups A — C were 56.00 ±2.45, 25.56 ±7.50, 13.00 ±5.77, respectively. Group A value was significantly higher than those of groups B and C. The percentage livability was higher in-group A than B and C. The concentration of the spermatozoa was significantly higher in group A (78.25 ±6.97. 106) than groups B (53.75 ±1.89. 106), though this is not significantly different (P<0.05). These findings were discussed in relation to the significance of the drug as a fertility enhancer in infertile animals. The reproductive implications of the drug were studied in the epididymis of Wistar rats with no adverse effects when used at the recommended dose. The drug can therefore be used to boost the reproductive potential of infertile male animals.
Anticlastogenic properties of methanolic extract of cnestis ferruginea leaves
(Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, LAUTECH, Ogbomoso, Nigeria, 2006) Badmus, J. A.; Odunola, O. A.; Ola-Davies, O. E.; Adisa, R. A.
The inhibitory activity of methanolic extract of Cnestis ferruginea was investigated in hone marrow cells of mice using micronucleus assay. The mice were fed with the extracts at two different concentrations (100 and 200mg/kg body weight) white control mice were fed with corn oil for six days ad libitum. On the seventh day the mice were administered a single dose of sodium arsenile (2.5mg/kg) and sacrificed after 24hrs. Bone marrow smear were prepared for Observation of claslogenic effect. Results show micronuclei formation in the polychroniatic erythrocyte (PCEs) in the Sodium arsenite treated mice. Claslogenecity induced by sodium arsenile was significantly reduced in mice pretreated with the extract al 100mg/kg body weight while more significant reduction was noted at 200mg/kg body weight. The result indicates a dose dependent relationship of the inhibitory activity of the extract against sodium arsenile induced clastogenecity.
Influence of atropine and loperamide on reduced intestinal transit induced by calotropis procera latex in rats
(Ibadan Biomedical Communications Group, 2006-05) Eghianruwa, K. I.; Ogunleye, O. A.; Saba, A. B.; Famakinde, S. A.; Ola-Davies, E. O.; Abu, H. H.
The effects of Calotropis procera latex alone and in the presence of loperamide and atropine on intestinal transit in rats were determined to elucidate the action of C. procera on intestinal transit. Six groups of rats containing ten rats per group were used. Each rat in the control group (I) received 0.5 ml of normal saline. Each rat in groups II, III, and IV received 0.25 ml/100 g, 0.5 ml/100g and 1.0 ml/100g of C. procera latex respectively. Thirty minutes before the administration of 0.25 ml of latex of C. procera, each rat in groups V and VI received 0.4 mg/100g atropine sulfate and 0.1 mg/100g loperamide hydrochloride respectively. Intestinal transit was measured in all animals by charcoal meal test and was expressed as the percentage of the distance traveled relative to the entire length of the intestine from the pyloric junction to the anal orifice. The mean transit point of the dye in the control group was 85.19 ± 8.51%. For Calotropis procera treated rats, the mean transit points were 68.47 ± 6.37%, 54.49 ± 6.67% and 25.06 ± 4.79% for 0.25 ml/100g, 0.5 ml/100g and 1.0 ml/100g of the latex respectively. The mean transit points in the groups pretreated with 0.4 mg/100 g atropine (Group V) and 0.1 mg/100 g loperamide (Group VI) were 55.29 ± 5.09% and 66.87 ± 6.20% respectively. The results showed that the latex of Calotropis procera inhibited intestinal motility and its action was potentiated by atropine and loperamide. This inhibitory action is contradictory to the observation of diarrhea in fed animals.
Comparative effects of the aqueous leaf extract of ocimum basilicum and loperamide on intestinal transit in j rats
(Beth-Bekka Academic Publishers Ltd, 2006-12) Abbah, J. G.; Eghianruwa, K. I.; Ola-Davies, E. O.; Abu, A. H
The effect of 10% aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum basilicum on intestinal transit in rats was determined and compared with that of loperamide (Imodium®), a known inhibitor of intestinal motility. Three doses of the leaf extract and loperamide were administered orally to the experimental rats, and the animals in the control group received 0.5 ml normal saline. Intestinal transit was measured in all the animals by the charcoal meal test and was expressed as the percentage of the distance traveled relative to the entire length of the intestine from the pyloric junction to the anal orifice. The mean transit point of dye in control rats was 66.68 ± 3.20%. The leaf extract of O. bacilicum caused a dose-dependent increase in the transit point. The mean transit points of the dye were 73.32 ± 3.77%, 74.84 ± 3.92% and 78.30 ± 4.30% at 0.5 ml/100 g body weight, 0.75 ml/100 g body weight and 1.0 ml/100 g body weight, respectively. Loperamide on the other band, caused a dose-dependent decrease in the transit point indicating reduced intestinal motility. For this drug, the mean transit points were 57.68 ± 2.50% at 0.10 mg/100 g body weight, 56.36 ± 4,78% at 0.20 mg/100 g body weight, and 50.95 ± 2.46% at 0.5 mg/100 g body weight. Loperamide and the leaf extract had opposing actions on the intestinal smooth muscle; while loperamide showed a constipating effect, O. basilicum aqueous leaf extract enhanced intestinal motility.
Haematinic potencies of the aqueous crude extracts of ficus mucoso and senna occidentalis in rabbits
(Ibadan Biomedical Communications Group, 2009) Adedapo, A. A.; Ayodele, A. E.; Ogunshe, A. A. O.; Oyeyemi, M. O.; Idowu, S. O.; Ola-Davies, O. E.; Ademola, I. O.
A total of 20 domestic rabbits divided into 4 groups of 5 animals per group were used in this study to assess the haematinic potencies of the aqueous crude extracts of Ficus mucoso and Senna occidentalis and this was then compared with that of a proprietary haematinic, Haematopan B12®. Group A animals (control) were not bled but those in groups B, C and D were bled to induce anaemia. Group B animals were treated with Haematopan B12®, a commercially prepared haematinic, and groups C and D were treated with the aqueous crude extracts of Senna occidentalis (Linn) Link and Ficus mucoso Welw. ex Ficalho respectively. The post-haemorrhage treatment haematologic values were obtained at given intervals (7 days) and compared with the pre-haemorrhagic values earlier obtained. The study showed that all the experimental animals showed accelerated recovery since these animals had excellent response in terms of white blood cell (WBC) and its differentials, red blood cell (RBC) count, packed cell volume (PCV) and haemoglobin (Hb) concentration. Thus the extracts of Ficus mucoso and Senna occidentalis have comparative haematinic potencies as Haematopan B12®
Effect of aqueous extract of spondias mombin on the spermiogram of wistar rats
(2011) Oloye, A. A.; Oyeyemi, M. O.; Ola-Davies, O. E.; Innamah, O. A.
Twenty-five male rats were divided into four groups (A-E) and treated for twenty-one days with aqueous leaf extract of Spondias mombin which is a fruit tree whose leaf extract is commonly consumed as local remedies in traditional medicine practice. Graded dosages of the extracts were assigned to the groups as follows: 200mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, 600 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg for groups B, C, D and E, respectively. Group A rats which serve as control were given distilled water. Thereafter, spermiogram (mass activity, progress motility, live-dead and morphology) was evaluated. Rats treated with aqueous extracts of spondias mombin at 600 mg/kg body weight has the highest (p<0.05) spermatozoa concentration of 40.51x106 cells/ml. compared with other groups A, B, C and E which had 21.48 x 106, 29.58 x 106, 35.81 x 106/ml, respectively. At dosage of 800 mg/kg highest (p<0.05) sperm motility of 70 ± 4.81% was observed. Compared with other groups A, B, C and D which had 65.0 ± 0.00, 65.5 ± 6.71 and 68.0 ± 2.89%, respectively. The percentage average livability of the control group and of those given 200 mg/kg BW, 70 ± 23.45 and 70 ± 23.09, respectively, were lower than those from group C (77.5 ± 15.55), D (87.5 ± 17.68) and E (80.0 ± 17.32) with group D having the highest average percentage livability. Coiled tail was the predominant abnormality in group A, B and E consisting 40.3%, 24.3% and 30.0% of the total abnormalities, respectively. The work recommended aqueous extract of spondias mombin at concentration of 600mg/ml for of fertility enhancement in male animals.