Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine

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    Informal and formal meat marketing in Ibadan, Nigeria: public health implications from microbial assessment
    (2021) Adesokan,H.K; Obimdike,O.C; Adetunji,V.O
    Introduction: informal food marketing is predominantly practiced in developing countries as it solves major social and economic challenges through the provision of employment and easily accessible food products at relatively inexpensive prices. However, such products often escape effective health and safety regulations which relatively characterize formal marketing, thus posing threats to public health. Methods: we conducted a cross-sectional microbial assessment of randomly collected raw meats (n=224) sold at selected informal (n=112) and formal (n=112) meat markets in Ibadan, south-western Nigeria for Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. using standard protocols. Isolates were evaluated for antibiogram patterns by Kirby-Bauer Assay and data analysed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression. Results: overall, 75.5%, 65.2%, 61.6%, and 46.9% of the 224 samples were positive for S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, Salmonella spp, and E. coli, respectively. Significantly higher prevalences were obtained from the informal markets for S. aureus (OR=9.43; 95%CI: 0.05-0.24), L. monocytogenes (OR=9.35; 95%CI: 0.06-0.21), Salmonella spp (OR=10.00; 95%CI: 0.05-0.19) and E. coli (OR=12.99; 95%CI: 0.04-0.15) than the formal markets. The pathogens exhibited total resistance against half ofthe 14 antibiotics studied, with the least resistance to ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. Conclusion: the significantly higher microbial contamination in meats from informal markets and associated high antibiotic resistance level portends serious public health implications of informal meat marketing. Since informal food marketing also characterizes other developing sub-Saharan African countries, synergy among local and international stakeholders to step up health and safety policies towards regulating activities at informal food markets is urgently required.
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    PREVALENCE, ANTIBIOGRAM AND BIOFILM PRODUCTION OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES FROM FAECES AND FOETUSES of slaughtered pregnant cows: environmental AND PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS
    (2021) Adesokan, H. K; Kehinde, E. G.
    The indiscriminate slaughter of pregnant animals which characterizes most developing countries poses increasing environmental and public health risks from Listeria monocytogenes infections which are endemic in such settings. The available reports show increasing trends of Listeria monocytogenes infections in both humans and animals in Nigeria. This study examined the prevalence, antibiogram and biofilm production of L. monocytogenes from faeces and foetuses of slaughtered pregnant cows in Ibadan Central Abattoir, Nigeria. Faecal (n = 118) and foetal (n = 118) swabs were cultured and isolates tested for antibiotic susceptibility by Kirby-Bauer assay, while biofilm production was quantified following the standard procedures. The data were analysed using the Chi Square and Student’s t-test at P < 0.05. Listeria monocytogenes were isolated from five (4.2 %) and three (2.5 %) faeces and foetus swabs, respectively, without significant association with sample type (P = 0.50). The isolates were resistant to all the antibiotics tested except gentamicin; with significantly higher production of biofilm by those from foetal samples (P = 0.012). The detection of widespread antibiotic- resistant L. monocytogenes from faeces and fetuses has important environmental and public health implications, given the risk of contamination through faecal shedding and foetal handling. The biofilm production by the pathogen connotes its ability to persist in the environment, suggestive of the challenging effects to its control. Campaigns against indiscriminate slaughter of pregnant animals, and proper hygiene are advocated to ultimately safeguard human and animal health.
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    seroprevalence of brucellosis and Q fever infections amongst pastoralists and their cattle herds in sokoto state, nigeria
    (2021) cadmus,s; salam,p.s; adesokan,h.k; akporube,k; ola-daniel,f; awosanya,e.j
    Brucellosis and Q fever are neglected zoonoses of global health importance, with unknown true prevalence in occupationally vulnerable settings, partly due to misdiagnosis for other febrile conditions and poor access to primary health care. We examined the seroprevalence of these diseases and associated factors amongst pastoralists and their cattle in Sokoto State, a hub of cattle and pastoral populations in Nigeria. Serum samples randomly collected from 137 pastoralists and 366 cattle from 27 herds in three selected Local Government Areas (LGAs) in the state were analysed for antibodies to Brucella abortus using Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBT) and competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (cELISA) as well as antibodies to Coxiella burnetti using indirect ELISA. Consenting pastoralists’ knowledge, perception and practices about the diseases were assessed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and bivariate analysis at p � 0.05 level of significance. Brucellosis adjusted individual seroprevalence were 0.83% (95%CI: 0.04–4.59%) and 0% among pastoralists; 2.28% (95%CI: 1.16–4.43%) and 5.70% (95%CI: 3.68–8.74%) in cattle by RBT and cELISA, respectively. Adjusted herd-level seroprevalence for brucellosis were 23.20% (95%CI: 11.07–42.54%) and 42.00% (95%CI: 25.27–61.11%) by RBT and cELISA, respectively. For Q fever, higher seroprevalence of 62.57% (95%CI: 54.04–70.46%) and 2.98% (95%CI: 1.57–5.58%) were recorded amongst the pastoralists and their cattle, respectively. with adjusted herd-level seroprevalence of 40.36% (95%CI: 22.57–63.17%). The LGAs of sampling were significantly (OR: 0.2; 95%CI: 0.02–1.00) associated with Q fever infection, though marginal. The majority of the pastoralists had poor knowledge, perception and practices towards the diseases. This is the first study establishing the presence of brucellosis and Q fever at the human-animal interface in Sokoto State, Nigeria. The pastoralists’ poor knowledge, perception and practices about these diseases are worrisome and are important factors for consideration in disease control.
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    SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 pandemic) in Nigeria: Multi-institutional survey of knowledge, practices and perception amongst undergraduate veterinary medical students
    (2021) ADEBOWALE,O.O; ADENUBI,O.T; ADESOKAN,H.K; OLOYE,A.A; BANKOLE,N.O; FADIPE,O.E; AYO-AJAYI,P.O; AKINLOYE,A.K
    The novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic with an increasing public health concern. Due to the non-availability of a vaccine against the disease, nonpharmaceutical interventions constitute major preventive and control measures. However, inadequate knowledge about the disease and poor perception might limit compliance. This study examined COVID-19-related knowledge, practices, perceptions and associated factors amongst undergraduate veterinary medical students in Nigeria. A cross-sectional web survey was employed to collect data from 437 consenting respondents using pre-tested self-administered questionnaire (August 2020). Demographic factors associated with the knowledge and adoption of recommended preventive practices towards COVID-19 were explored using multivariate logistic regression at P � 0.05. The respondents’ mean knowledge and practice scores were 22.7 (SD ± 3.0) and 24.1 (SD ± 2.9), respectively with overall 63.4% and 88.8% displaying good knowledge and satisfactory practice levels. However, relatively lower proportions showed adherence to avoid touching face or nose (19.5%), face mask-wearing (58.1%), and social distancing (57.4%). Being in the 6th year of study (OR = 3.18, 95%CI: 1.62–6.26, P = 0.001) and female (OR = 2.22, 95% CI = 1.11–4.41, P = 0.024) were significant positive predictors of good knowledge and satisfactory practices, respectively. While only 30% of the respondents perceived the pandemic as a scam or a disease of the elites (24.0%), the respondents were worried about their academics being affected negatively (55.6%). Veterinary Medical Students in Nigeria had good knowledge and satisfactory preventive practices towards COVID-19; albeit with essential gaps in the key non-pharmaceutical preventive measures recommended by the WHO. Therefore, there is a need to step up enlightenment and targeted campaigns about COVID-19 pandemic.
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    Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in slaughtered cattle and factors associated with risk of disease transmission among cattle handlers at Oko-Oba Abattoir, Lagos, Nigeria
    (2020) AGBALAYA,M.A; ISHOLA,O.O; ADESOKAN,H.K; FAWOLE,O.I
    in many developing countries, including Nigeria, where control measures are largely not applied, and the risks of human infection are high. This study was aimed at determining the current prevalence of bTB in slaughtered cattle and identifying factors associated with the risk of disease transmission among cattle handlers toward making informed control measures to limit human-animal interface disease transmission. Materials and Methods: Serum samples at slaughter and lesions suggestive of bTB collected during postmortem examination of 187 slaughtered cattle at the Oko–Oba Abattoir, Agege, Lagos State, Nigeria, were subjected to lateral flow and Ziehl–Neelsen (ZN) techniques, respectively. Furthermore, a structured questionnaire was interviewer-administered to 156 cattle handlers to investigate associated exposure factors to bTB infection. Data were analyzed using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of bTB in cattle was 25.7% and 7.0% by lateral flow technique and ZN, respectively. The seropositivity was highest in cattle with poor body condition (50.0%), then with good (36.4%) and fair (25.0%) body conditions. The questionnaire survey revealed that being in livestock handling business for >6 years (p=0.001), not knowing the mode of transmission (p=0.02) and ignoring TB lesions at slaughter (p=0.02) were exposure factors associated with increased risk of bTB infection among the cattle handlers. Further, multivariate analysis showed that those who spent more than 6 years in livestock handling were about 4 times (Adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=3.5; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.1-7.6, p=0.01) more likely to be exposed to bTB infection than those with lesser years. Again, respondents who called the attention of meat inspectors on seeing lesions in animals were about 4 times less likely to be exposed to bTB infection than those who ignored it (AOR=0.3; CI=0.1-0.8, p=0.01). Conclusion: This study has reiterated the endemicity of bTB in cattle population in Nigeria, with the prevalence of 25.7% and 7.0% of bTB by lateral flow and ZN techniques, respectively. This portends potential risk for disease transmission at the human-animal interface, particularly at the abattoir setting. The study also identified important knowledge and practice gaps which would enable informed, all-inclusive, and well-directed programs for effective control of the disease in both human and cattle populations.
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    Determinants of Work-Related Risks among Veterinary Clinical Students in South West Nigeria
    (2020) ADEBOWALE,O.O; AFOLABI,M.O; ADESOKAN,H.K; FASANMI,O.G; ADEYEMO,O.K; AWOYOMI,O.J; FASINA,F.O
    Veterinary practices or activities expose professionals, including students, to hazards associated with animal contact. To describe workplace health and safety status and risk factors associated with hazards among veterinary clinical students in South West Nigeria, a cross-sectional survey was conducted using a semistructured questionnaire. Data on demographics, health and safety (HS) status, work-related hazards, healthcare facilities, and immunisation history were obtained. Of 167 students recruited, 100 (60.2%) were males, and >77.1% fell within the age group of 21–25 years. Many participants (77.0%) reported the lack of active HS committee. Exposures to various physical hazards (PHs) such as needlestick injuries (NSIs, 41.5%), animal scratches (42.0%), animal kicks (33.0%), falls/slips (25.0%), and, less frequently, animal bites (13.8%) were reported. Allergies (35.9%) and acute gastrointestinal infection (25.6%) mainly after contact with dogs presented with parvoviral enteritis were reported. For chemical hazards, 27.8% and 29.0% of participants indicated having had eye burn and choke on exposure to formalin. No adequate immunization against either tetanus,rabies,or both were provided (<18%). an association between accomodation type and student's level of health and safety training was observed (OR=0.46,95% CI:0.241-0.897, P=0.02),and frequencies of student contact with various animal types were strongly associated with exposure to different physical and biological risks (p<0.05). this study revealed poor health and safety training. practices,and increased exposure of students to a wide range of hazards. therefore, the development of mitigation programmes in veterinary schools become critical to safeguard students wellbeing.
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    Mycobacterium bovis in a bull on a university farm: public health implications
    (2020) Tijani,M.O; Adesokan,H.K; Kasali,O.B; Cadmus,S.I
    An unsuspected bull in a private herd of forty cattle heads in south-western Nigeria died suddenly following three days´ treatment against tick infestation. Post-mortem findings revealed multifocal widespread nodules in all lobes of the lungs with markedly enlarged lymph nodes. Isolate from cultured sample was subjected to spoligotyping which confirmed the isolate as Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) belonging to the SB1027 clade with octal number 676773776277600 (Figure 1). This finding has implications on the health of the cattle handlers considering aerosol inhalation of disseminated bacilli from the lungs of the infected bull through cough sprays. Routine screening of cattle for tuberculosis is therefore emphasized.
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    Farmers’ Perceptions and Drivers of Antimicrobial
    (2020) Adebowale,O.O; Adeyemo,F.A; Bankole,N
    Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in humans has been linked to non-judicious antimicrobial use (AMU) in food animals. To develop antimicrobial stewardship plans (AMSPs) for pig farmers, there is the need to understand the current status of AMU and the driving factors in the industry. Data on AMU, farmers’ perceptions of associated drivers, and biosecurity were collected through a mixed-method study design with focus group discussions (FGDs) and questionnaire-based interviews. Antimicrobials (AMs) were mainly used for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes. Common AMs used were tetracycline (78.8%), gentamycin (53.8%), and tylosin (52.5%). Perceived drivers of AMU were linked to economic benefits, farmers’ previous experiences, sick animals, expensive veterinary services, easy accessibility to over-the-counter drugs, poor farm practices, and poor disease prevention strategies. AMU was poor (average 40.2%), while knowledge on AMs and implications for animal and human health was considered averagely satisfactory (56.4%). The biosecurity level was also satisfactory (53.0%) and significantly associated with having a written farm health plan (p = 0.035). Good AMU was found to be strongly associated with farmers’ use of veterinary services (p = 0.001). Diverse factors drive antimicrobial use among pig farmers in Ogun State, and these could be addressed by providing continuing education on antimicrobial stewardship and best farm practices.
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    Foodborne Pathogens On Meat Stored Central Cold Rooms In Ibadan And Their Susceptibility To Antimicrobial Agents
    (2020) ADESOKAN,H.K; FUNSO-ADU,K; OKUNLADE,O.A
    Foodborne pathogens are the leading cause of illness and death in developing countries and are often associated with poor hygiene and unsafe food storage conditions. Using central cold rooms with alternate power supply in preserving meats due to erratic power supply is common among meat traders in Nigeria. However, the public health safety of the operations of this practice remains un-investigated. We conducted a microbial assessment of aseptically collected meat swabs from three selected major cold rooms in Ibadan for Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli using standard procedures. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined using 14 different antibiotics at standard concentrations following Kirby- Bauer Assays. The data were analysed with Stata 12.0 using bivariate and logistic regression analyses. Of 180 meat swabs collected, 42.2 % were positive for S. aureus, 22.2 % for L. monocytogenes, 20.0 % for Salmonella spp. and 6.7 % for E. coli. All of the isolates exhibited total resistance to seven of the antibiotics. Escherichia coli showed the highest resistance to 12 antibiotics, followed by Salmonella spp. (11 antibiotics), L. monocytogenes (10 antibiotics) and S. aureus (7 antibiotics). Sampling locations were significantly associated with the prevalence of L. monocytogenes (P = 0.008) and S. aureus (P = 0.000), but not with Salmonella spp. (P = 0.435) orE. coli (P = 0.117). The study revealed a heavy microbial contamination with major foodborne pathogens characterized by a high level of antibiotic resistance. These findings portend that the current operations associated with the practice of using central cold rooms in meat preservation in Nigeria undermine public health safety and need to be urgently addressed.
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    Risk Factors for Listeria monocytogenes Contamination in Nigerian Poultry Flock Environment
    (2019) Ishola,O.O; Adesokan,H.K; Mosugu,J.I
    Poultry production is rising in Nigeria with attendant health concerns to the farmers and the surrounding environments. Microbial contamination from the poultry environments presents with health risks to the poultry. The aim of this study was to identify potential risk factors for Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) contamination in Nigerian poultry production environment. A total of 71 flocks of poultry farms randomly selected under different settings were investigated for the presence of L. monocytogenes contamination. Two hundred and eighty-four swab samples were taken from feed (n=71), water (n=71), dust (n=71) and workers’ boots (n=71) and cultured for L. monocytogenes isolation using Brilliance SelecTM tive Listeria Agar and microbial load count with Nutrient Agar. Further identification was done using microscopic and biochemical characterization. Bivariate and logistic regression models were used to assess the association between management practices and the risk of L. monocytogenes contamination of the flocks. The prevalence of L. monocytogenes-positive flocks was 100.0% with overall prevalence of 90.1% based on samples. The prevalence was highest in feed (95.8%) and least in dust swabs (84.5%). A significant association was observed between L. monocytogenes contamination and farm size (p=0.05), but not with feed type (p=0.34), management (p=0.54) and biosecurity type (p=0.74). We recommend stricter hygienic practices especially as farm size increases and when processing and handling poultry feed as feed contamination might be a critical point in the control of L. monocytogenes contamination of other materials and in poultry farms.