Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine
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Item Differential diagnosis of a swine epizootic of unknown etiology in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria(2003) Babalobi, O. O.; Ayoade, G. O.; Olugasa, B. O.; Oluwayelu, D. O.; Oyedele, O.Outbreaks of unconfirmed infections associated with high mortalities in pig herds were reported at the University of Ibadan Teaching and Research Farm, and in other parts of Ibadan, Nigeria between June and October 2001. Based on a tentative diagnosis of African Swine Fever and differential diagnosis of classical swine lever, encephalomyocarditis virus and anthrax, research was initiated between July and November 2001 to confirm the cause of the outbreak. This included farm visit, to observe clinical signs, collect samples and do necropsies, electronic mail communication of presenting signs. Internet web searches. laboratory tests and serological (immunoblotting assay) tests A confirmatory diagnosis of the infection as African Swine Fever (ASF) was reached. This diagnosis is important to enable researchers and appropriate authorities to introduce monitoring and control measures.Item Assessment of seroconversion against peste des petits ruminants vaccine among sheep and goats in Buchanan, Liberia(2012) Olugasa, B. O.; Anderson, J. R. N.Serological response to a live commercial vaccine of Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus administered to sheep and goats in Buchanan, the capital city of Grand Bassa County, Liberia was assessed in view of its importance for effective restocking of small ruminants in the city. Forty-four paired serum samples (pre- and post-vaccination) were collected from vaccinated sheep and goats during a nation-wide campaign for food security promotion from March to October, 2011. Sheep and goats were vaccinated against PPR in late April, 2011. Pre-vaccination samples were collected in mid-April, 2011. Post-vaccination samples were collected in mid-October 2011 from the same groups of sheep and goats (6 months after vaccination). Paired serum samples gathered were stored at -4 0C until tested. Competitive Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (c-ELISA) was used to determine antibody levels against PPR virus. Only 34(77.3%) out of 44 paired serum samples were adequate in quantity and quality for the test. Test results indicated 27(79.4%) out of 44 paired serum samples increased significantly in antibody levels from pre-vaccination to post-vaccination levels that were equal or above threshold of Percentage Inhibition (PI > 50%) against PPR vaccine. The importance of these findings to effective veterinary services delivery for the control of this neglected animal disease in Liberia is discussed. The present seroconversion status against PPR virus is considered to be a milestone in rebuilding veterinary services systems in Liberia towards national efforts for food security after prolonged civil war (1989-2003) in the country.Item Use of aerial photograph to enhance dog population census in Ilorin, Nigeria(2012) Aiyedun, J. O.; Olugasa, B. O.The ground survey method for dog population census is considered to be prone to error in enumeration. As a result, use of aerial photography has been suggested as capable of enhancing ground survey methods for more accurate results. Dog population census was carried out within llorin city in October 2010 using direct street count and questionnaire survey aided by coverage precision of the 2010 aerial photograph of the city to define enumeration areas. The city was classified into three functional zones, namely residential (low, medium and high income areas) non-residential (educational, government offices, commercial and recreational areas) and transit zones (vehicle terminals for cars, buses and trucks traveling from southwestern to northern parts of Nigeria and vice versa). Five hundred questionnaires were administered to obtain primary data on socio-economic characteristics of dog owners and dog count. A total of 16,348 households were covered in the city. Dog population was estimated to be 1,258 comprising 668 (53.10%) male and 590 (46.90%) female. There were 356 (28.30%) young dogs (<6 month old) and 902 (71.70%) adult dogs (> 6 months old) in the population. Dog distribution ranged from 510 (40.54%) in non-residential areas and 480 (38.16%) in residential areas, to 268 (21.30%) in transit areas of the city. Dog population density of 1:13 dog per household was obtained. Poorly managed garbage collection points were found to be associated with and aid the distribution of roaming dogs. The census figures generated in this study are valuable for public health planning in Ilorin, Nigeria, particularly for antirabies control programme among dogs in the city.Item Attitude of poultry farmers towards vaccination against newcastle disease and avian influenza in Ibadan, Nigeria(2012) Oluwole, O..A.; Emikpe, B. O.; Olugasa, B. O.Newcastle disease (ND) and Avian Influenza (AI) are among the important viral diseases of poultry with very high economic implications. ND is enzootic in most parts of the world while Highly Pathogenic AI (HPAI) is an emerging zoonosis in Nigeria. This study was carried out to assess the perception and attitude of poultry farmers in the selected Local Government Areas in Ibadan towards vaccination of birds against these diseases, and to find out the types of vaccines that were available for the control of the two diseases. A total of 84 respondents out of 100 (84%) completed and returned the questionnaires administered. The results indicated that all farmers vaccinated their birds against ND. The regime for ND vaccination was not the same across the local government areas. Some 32 (38.1%) farmers operated vaccination schedules provided by hatchery technicians, while 43 (51.2%) farmers vaccinated their birds at about 4-6 weeks interval. Nine (10.7%) farmers combined hatchery and laboratory evaluation to determine schedule. Thirty nine farmers (46.4%) indicated that they were aware of national policy of non-vaccination against AI. However, 14 out of 84 farmers (16.7%) vaccinated their birds against HPAI. There is a need to continue the national policy of slaughter of HPAI infected poultry birds and compensation of farmers, albeit allowing strategic use of vaccine to effectively control HPAI outbreaks in south-western part of Nigeria.Item It is over three decades of graduate education in epizootiology at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria (1975-2011): is there a need to revise the curriculum?(2012) Olugasa, B. O.; Ijagbone, I. F.; Esuruoso, G. O.Epizootiology is the study of variable factors, events, forces and circumstances that contribute to the occurrence, distribution, control and prevention of ill-health, diseases and other problems in animal groups. It is a key component of veterinary medicine education at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria since 1975. It started as a Graduate Certificate in Epizootiology (GCE) in 1976. Later it was revised into M.Sc. Epizootiology in 1986. At graduate level, epizootiology curriculum has supported the M.Sc. Epizootiology programme. It compliments training in Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine. This epizootiology curriculum has been operational at graduate level for more than three decades. Now in 2011, a consortium of English speaking West African Universities is committed to review the current curriculum at the University of Ibadan to strengthen health systems in an interdependent world with scope for internationalized practicum in disease investigation. Emphases are made towards skills development in molecular studies on disease causal agents and the mapping of associated geographic risk factors, including indigenous knowledge and practices. It is notable that most English-speaking West African countries including Ghana, Liberia, Sierra Leone and Gambia either lack a Veterinary School or just started some, but do not have graduate programme in Epizootiology. Thus, the curriculum at Ibadan is positioned to make impact in three key areas, namely, sub-regional ecosystem health studies, improving human-animal disease surveillance programmes, and in indigenization of bio-technology for monitoring and evaluation of trans-boundary animal disease control interventions for global health in West AfricaItem Prevalence of antibody against rabies among confined, free‐roaming and stray dogs in a transit city of Nigeria(Istituto G. Caporale, 2011) Olugasa, B. O.; Aiyedun, J. O.; Emikpe, B.OThe prevalence of anti‐glycoprotein antibodies against rabies virus is studied in the sera of confined, free‐roaming and stray dogs in Ilorin, the capital city of Kwara State, Nigeria. A quantitative indirect enzyme‐linked immune-sorbent assay (i‐ELISA) was used to detect rabies virus anti‐glycoprotein antibodies in sera from 116 confined, 61 free‐roaming, and 13 stray dogs. The sera were collected between June and December 2008 from apparently healthy dogs. Of these 190 dogs, 81 (42.6%), consisting of 57 confined (49.1%), 23 free-roaming (37.7%) and 1 stray (7.7%), had antibody titres that exceeded the positive threshold of 0.5 equivalent units (eu)/ml against rabies, while 109 (57.4%) presented titres that were below the threshold. Prevalence of rabies anti‐glycoprotein antibody was higher in the confined dogs compared to free‐roaming and stray dogs. Our results indicated low anti‐rabies sero-prevalence (42.6%) in the dog population of Ilorin, a transit city that lies between northern and southern Nigeria. This is the first community‐based prevalence report on the anti‐rabies serological profile of dogs in Nigeria. The need for primary and booster mass vaccination of dogs and the impact of these findings on rabies control in Nigeria are discussed.Item Epizootiology in contemporary global health: making a difference in the health of people in West Africa(FEMSON CLASSICAL, 2011) Olugasa, B. O.; Oluwayelu, D.O.; Ayinmode, A.B.; Emikpe, B.O.; Ijagbone, I. F.; Cadmus, S. I. B.Global health in contemporary times has thrown up challenges that demand innovative and pragmatic approaches and one of such is the concept of One Health. Towards this end, a holistic approach of tackling human and a n i d health problems is being explored in order to bring about poverty alleviation, health and food security particularly in developing countries. To achieve this, there is an increasing role and importance of epizootiology in planning and evaluation of projects for control and prevention of pandemic from animal diseases in West Africa. Since there is a critical shortage of available manpower in this area, filling this gap requires training of public and private personnel that are focused on diseases at human-animal health interface. Therefore, under the flagship of epizootiology, we propose an initiative that brings together teachers that have worked in this area and have similar and complementary skills and expertise that trainees would be able to assimilate. This program which has received support at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria, will work along with a consortium of Universities to increase graduate training in the surveillance of human-animal diseases from 2012. It is anticipated that this platform will produce a critical mass of highly trained personnel within West Africa that will make a difference in tackling the ever challenging health needs of the people in the sub-regionItem Comparative evaluation of productivity and cost effectiveness of catfish fingerling production in earthen pond and recirculation system in Ibadan, Nigeria(2011) Adeyemo, O. K.; Ganiyu, O. I.; Olugasa, B. O.Despite the popularity of the African catfish and its great market potentials, the production is still basically at subsistence level due majorly to inadequate supply of seed for stocking. This has been linked to the absence of reliable production techniques for the mass production and rearing of the species under practical farming conditions. The purpose of this study therefore, was to find a suitable culture system for the mass production of catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fingerlings. Protected earthen pond and a unit of recirculation system were used. Fertilized eggs from female were divided into two equal halves and incubated under the same conditions. Forty-nine thousand frys each were stocked into the protected earthen pond and a unit recirculation system respectively. The frys in the two systems were raised for twenty one days and fed the same quantity and quality of feed throughout the period. The survival rate of the frys in the recirculation system was 79% as against 17% in the earthen pond. However, bigger sized (2.2 ± 0.23g) fingerlings were obtained from the earthen pond relative to those cultured in the recirculation system (0.9 ± 0.07g). The cost of raising frys in a recirculation system (N34,000) was twice that needed for earthen pond (N17,000), but this was more than made up for in the profit from sales, which was N311,360 and N99,156 respectively. The main reason for fish farming is the expected return to be, therefore, the choice of income-generating activities, amongst several options available, should be made on the grounds of their expected returns.Item Comparative evaluation of productivity and cost effectiveness of catfish fingerling production in earthen pond and recirculation system in Ibadan, Nigeria(2011) Adeyemo, O. K.; Ganiyu, O. I.; Olugasa, B. O.Despite the popularity of the African catfish and its great market potentials, the production is still basically at subsistence level due majorly to inadequate supply of seed for stocking. This has been linked to the absence of reliable production techniques for the mass production and rearing of the species under practical farming conditions. The purpose of this study therefore, was to find a suitable culture system for the mass production of catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fingerlings. Protected earthen pond and a unit of recirculation system were used. Fertilized eggs from female were divided into two equal halves and incubated under the same conditions. Forty-nine thousand frys each were stocked into the protected earthen pond and a unit recirculation system respectively. The frys in the two systems were raised for twenty one days and fed the same quantity and quality of feed throughout the period. The survival rate of the frys in the recirculation system was 79% as against 17% in the earthen pond. However, bigger sized (2.2 ± 0.23g) fingerlings were obtained from the earthen pond relative to those cultured in the recirculation system (0.9 ± 0.07g). The cost of raising frys in a recirculation system (N34,000) was twice that needed for earthen pond (N17,000), but this was more than made up for in the profit from sales, which was N311,360 and N99,156 respectively. The main reason for fish farming is the expected return to be, therefore, the choice of income-generating activities, amongst several options available, should be made on the grounds of their expected returns.Item Serological survey of foot and mouth disease in cattle in Jos South Local Government area of Plateau State(2011) Ishola, O. O.; Wungak, Y. S.; Olugasa, B. O.; David, L. D.; Ekong, P.S.A cross-sectional study was conducted in Jos South Local Government Area (LGA) of Plateau State of Nigeria, to determine the seroprevalence of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) in cattle, and identifying the potential risk factors associated with the disease. Sera samples were collected from a total of 162 cattle from the cattle population in the study area, and were analysed. The sera were analysed using FMD-NS 3D-ELISA kit at the FMD Laboratory, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom. Potential risk factors of age, management system and location of the animals were compared with seroprevalence of FMD. Data were analysed using Chi-square test and statistical significance was set at P< 0.05. The overall seroprevalence of FMD obtained was 56.3%. The highest prevalence recorded in Ratya (82.5%) was significantly different (P<0.05) from the prevalence in Du (73.1%), Kara (62.5%), Rantya (66.7%) and Vom (31.2%). Age specific seroprevalence study shows a higher prevalence in Growers, (72.9%) than in Adults (51%) and Young (31.2%). The difference in prevalence among the different age status was found to be statistically significant (P<0.05). A higher seroprevalence was recorded in extensive management system (71%), than in intensive management system (33.3%). The difference between the two was statistically significant (P<0.05). The study showed that FMD is a significant disease in Jos South LGA. Thus, an appropriate control strategy which should involve regulation of cattle movement and vaccination using the circulating virus strain is advocated. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Jos South Local Government Area (LGA) of Plateau State of Nigeria, to determine the seroprevalence of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) in cattle, and identifying the potential risk factors associated with the disease. Sera samples were collected from a total of 162 cattle from the cattle population in the study area, and were analysed. The sera were analysed using FMD-NS 3D-ELISA kit at the FMD Laboratory, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom. Potential risk factors of age, management system and location of the animals were compared with seroprevalence of FMD. Data were analysed using Chi-square test and statistical significance was set at P< 0.05. The overall seroprevalence of FMD obtained was 56.3%. The highest prevalence recorded in Ratya (82.5%) was significantly different (P<0.05) from the prevalence in Du (73.1%), Kara (62.5%), Rantya (66.7%) and Vom (31.2%). Age specific seroprevalence study shows a higher prevalence in Growers, (72.9%) than in Adults (51%) and Young (31.2%). The difference in prevalence among the different age status was found to be statistically significant (P<0.05). A higher seroprevalence was recorded in extensive management system (71%), than in intensive management system (33.3%). The difference between the two was statistically significant (P<0.05). The study showed that FMD is a significant disease in Jos South LGA. Thus, an appropriate control strategy which should involve regulation of cattle movement and vaccination using the circulating virus strain is advocated.