Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine
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Item Meat inspection and cultural isolation of mycobacteriaas predictors of bovine tuberculosis in Ibadan(2007) Cadmus, S.I.B.; Alonge, D.O.; Adesokan, H. K.In order to ascertain the effectiveness of meat inspection as against the conventional culture method in the confirmation of tuberculosis in cattle slaughtered at Bodija abattoir. Ibadan; a study to assess these two methods in their ability to diagnose bovine tuberculosis was carried out. In all. 290 cattle were inspected at the abattoir out of which 182 had military nodules and granulomatous tubercles in the different organs and their associated lymph nodes which are suggestive of tuberculosis. One hundred and fifty-nine (54.8%) animals were confirmed to have tuberculosis based on the mycobacterial culture. The sensitivity and specificity results of the postmortem examination vis-a vis the culture were 100% and 82.4% respectively; while the Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and the Negative Predictive Value (NPV) were 87.4% and 100% respectively. This study therefore confirms that with proper meat inspection. a large proportion of tuberculosis cattle can be identified at postmortem. Hence. more emphasis should be directed at the improvement of meat inspection Services in Nigeria since there are no available laboratory facilities for the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis in the abattoirsItem Serological survey of brucellosis in livestock animals and workers in Ibadan, Nigeria(2006-09) Cadmus, S. I. B.; Ijagbone, I. F.; Oputa, H. E.; Adesokan, H. K.; Stack, J. A.A serological survey of brucellosis in livestock animals and workers was conducted in Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria between May and August 2004. A total of 1,210 cattle, 54 sheep, 496 goats, 200 pigs and 21 humans (i.e. butchers and herdsmen) were screened using the Rose Bengal test (RBT).From the results, prevalence in trade cattle was 5.82% while 0.86% was recorded in goats. None of the sheep and pigs was positive to the test. Out of the 11 samples taken from butchers, seven were positive and none of the ten herdsmen were sero-positive. This gives an infection rate of 63.3% in the butchers; and a combined infection rate of 31.82% in humans. This shows that brucellosis is still a major zoonosis in Nigeria; other public health implications are discussedItem The public health veterinarian and food safety challenge(2008) Babalobi, O. O.Veterinarians bring a broad combination of knowledge and skills to the interdisciplinary farm-to-table public health team and are qualified by a broad biological education and experience to deal in a wide range of areas important to food safety. Food safely is a scientific discipline describing the handling preparation, and storage of food in ways that prevent food-borne illness. In the United States, the Department of Agriculture's (USDA's) Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) is the public health agency responsible for ensuring that the nation’s commercial supply of meat, poultry, and egg products is safe, wholesome, and correctly labeled and packaged. In Nigeria, two military decrees- the Animal Disease Control Act (Decree 10) of 1988 and the revised National Food and Drug Administration and Control NAFDAC decree of 1999 regulate and control medical and food safely matters. NAFDAC has monopolized the regulation and control of food safety matters lo pharmacists, failing to accede and concede to the unique roles of public health veterinarians, which has been clearly elucidated in the Animal Disease Control Decree 10 of 1988. In the light of present universal public health realities, an appropriate review and strengthening of the Animal Disease Control Act (Decree 10) of 1988 and the need for bill to create in the Federal Ministry of Agriculture, a Nigerian equivalent of the US Department of Agriculture's Food Safely and Inspection Service (FSIS) arc called for while Public health veterinarian in Nigeria should brace up to adequately respond to the prevailing Food Safety challenge.Item Problems affecting the efficiency of animal disease reporting system in Oyo State, Nigeria(2009) Bolajoko, M. B.; Babalobi, O. O.; Moses, G. D.The planning and implementation of disease control and eradication program depend on efficient disease information system. Disease reporting can serve as an early warning mechanism against disease outbreak and spread. The problems and factors affecting the animal disease reporting system of Oyo state were diagnosed and identified by the use of open-ended interview and retrospective survey of records of outbreaks as kept in the offices of the three stages of disease reporting for the state. The major impediments confronting the animal disease reporting system’s operations of the state include inadequate qualified veterinary personnel, lack of communication facilities and poor diagnostic facilities. Based on the findings of this study, recommendations were made on improving the veterinary services; provision of communication facilities; farmers’ awareness; diagnostic capabilities; education and enforcement of existing veterinary laws, to improve the system’s operation for optimum effectiveness.Item Geographical Information System (GIS) Mapping of Spatio-Temporal pollution status of Rivers in Ibadan, Nigeria(Asian Network for Soioniifio Information, 2008) Adeyemo, O. K.; Babalobi, O. O.More accurate spatio-temporal predictions of urban environment arc needed as a basis for assessing exposures as a part of environmental studies and to inform urban protection policy and management. In this study, an information system was developed to manage die physico-chemical pollution information of Ibadan river system. Oyo Slate, Southwest Nigeria. The study took into account die seasonal influences of point and non-point discharges on die levels of physico-chemical parameters. The overall sensitivity of the watershed to physicochemical environmental pollution revealed dial during dry season, of the 22 (100%) sample points, only 3(13.6%) were unpolluted, 6 (27.3%) were slightly polluted, 10 (45.4%) were moderately polluted. 2 (91%) were seriously polluted and 1 (4.5%) was exceptionally polluted During rainy season, 3 (13.6%) were unpolluted. 7 (31.8%) were slightly polluted, 9 (40.9%) were moderately polluted, 2 (9.1%) were seriously polluted and 1 (4.5%) was exceptionally polluted There is a considerable environmental risk associated with the present level of pollution of the Ibadan river water body on fish health and biodiversity This research provides a basis for aquatic management and assist in policy making at national and international levels Appropriate strategies for the control of point and non-point pollution sources, amendments and enforcement of legislation should be developed.Item One medicine approach to emerging zoonotic diseases: a review(2008) Babalobi, O. O.Reportedly first espoused by a Physician Sir William Osier, founder of the medical teaching concept at Johns Hopkins University, in the 1800s who wrote that "Veterinary medicine and human medicine complement each other and should he considered as one medicine”, the term "One Medicine," which seeks to promote a unified medical and veterinary medical strategy against zoonotic diseases, was re-echoed in the 1960s by Hr. Calvin W. Schwabe, the late Veterinary epidemiologist and parasitologist at the University of California, Davis. In the face of recent surge in emerging zoonotic disease outbreaks including the Nipah virus. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Avian Influenza (A) IISNI, that are spreading across Asia, Africa, and Europe; and the attendant danger to human health, the concept is now being re-echoed and promoted worldwide. Variously referred to as "One World, One Medicine", "One World, One Health" or simply "One Health" concept, the "One Medicine" approach, which combines the resources of public health, veterinary medicine (more specifically zoonoses), and environmental epidemiology (epizootiology), has been recognized as the major approach to meeting the challenge of emerging zoonotic diseases- diseases transmitted to humans from animals. This paper reviews the "One Medicine” concept in the face of the urgent necessity to adequately and effectively tackle the scourge of emerging infectious diseases of humans, about 65% of which arc zoonotic. It supports the call for collaborative research between veterinarians and physicians and highlights the mission and vision of the ‘One Health” movement, which is gaining membership worldwide, including Nigeria.Item Emerging zoonoses: the public health role of veterinarians(2008) Babalobi, O. O.Item Veterinary geographic information systems applications in Nigeria: limitations, challenges and needs(2007) Babalobi, O. O.In the developed countries, the application of geographic information systems (GIS) and other geo-information technologies in facilitating epizootiological studies of animal disease outbreaks, disease reporting, monitoring, surveillance, prediction and intervention (prevention, treatment and control) programmes, has been in vogue for decades. Although not yet in the curriculum of any Nigeria’s five veterinary schools. Veterinary geo-information technologies have been promoted and applied at the faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, since 2001. Limitations encountered in the course of its application include poor rudimentary and inconsistent disease reporting procedures, non-computerised (manual) disease recording techniques, raw unanalysed data, poor information networking, and poor awareness of the role of geo-informatics in veterinary medicine. The major challenge is the development of sufficient and relevant veterinary databases. Major needs include the training and re-training of personnel involved in the use of GIS for veterinary medicine, the acquisition of relevant hardware and software and the funding of a Nigerian unit/centre devoted to GIS application to veterinary medicine. While Nigeria necessarily develops a national (veterinary) spatial infrastructure, multilateral training and funding assistance is needed for a developing country like Nigeria to use developed country geo-information technologies to reduce the impact of animal diseases on animal and human populations.Item The paradigm of community-based participatory epizootiology: a review(Faculty of Veterinary medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, 2005) Babalobi, O. O.; Idowu, O.Community-based participatory approach has been used for decades in rural sociology and the humanities in the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of development and intervention projects Community-based medical and health education paradigm has become the accepted standard for undergraduate medical education worldwide since its evolution in the sixties. Its application to veterinary medicine is a recent phenomenon, but is now largely and effectively entrenched in veterinary epidemiology education and practice in last and Central Africa, as well .is other third world countries. Within the ongoing Pan African Programme for the Control of Epizootics (PACE) in 32 African countries, the Community-based Animal Health and Participatory Epidemiology (CAPE) Unit actively promotes the participators approaches in pastoral areas of the Greater Horn of Africa region. This paper discusses the application of community-based participatory techniques to epizootiology and seeks to promote its use in NigeriaItem PROMED – mail: an electronic mail disease-reporting: a case study(2005) Babalobi, O. O.; Cowen, P.The early warning of disease outbreaks is a critical aspect of disease reporting, monitoring and surveillance at local, regional and international levels. Electronic mail (e-mail) provides a rapid, effective and increasingly accessible forum for disease outbreak reporting (and notification) worldwide. Drawing from their experience respectively as a subscriber and one of the three veterinary moderators to ProMED (the biggest e-mail early disease reporting forum in the world), the authors highlight the benefits of the medium for Nigeria (Africa). The use of ProMED forum for the confirmatory diagnosis of the 2001 epizootic of African swine fever (ASF) in pigs in Ibadan is a case at hand.