Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine
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Item Antibiotic Use and Resistance Development: Exploring Livestock Owners' Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices in south-western Nigeria.(0020) ADESOKAN, H.K; ADETUNJI, V.O; AGADA, C.A; ISOLA, T.O.Antibiotic injudicious use and resistance development remains a growing public health concern globally putting the livestock industry and human health at stake, given the resulting increasing emergence of resistant strains of pathogenic bacteria. Despite this, the role of livestock owners who manage the majority of the national herds in most developing countries especially Nigeria remains largely un-investigated. We conducted a qualitative study among 216 randomly selected livestock owners in south-western Nigeria to explore their knowledge, attitudes and practices on antibiotic use and resistance development using semistructured questionnaires. Data were analysed using SPSS version 15.0. The results revealed indiscriminate use of antibiotics by the livestock owners on ready-for-sale cattle. Only 49.54% had good knowledge which was significantly associated with tertiary education (p = 0.01) and 81.02% were unaware of antibiotic withdrawal period. Also, approximately two-thirds (63.89%) had poor attitudes with only 11.11% concerned with the need to observe withdrawal periods. In addition, 91.67% claimed that their veterinarians had never advised them to observe withdrawal period and 95.37% had never observed it. Poor professional attitudes of the so-called veterinarians as well as lack o f law enforcement against uncontrolled sales of veterinary drugs were attributed to the livestock owners' poor knowledge, attitudes and practices. The role of livestock owners should be considered when designing programmes towards preventing antibiotic injudicious use and resistance development. Furthermore, efforts geared towards regulating sales of veterinary drugs as well as enforcement of veterinary professional ethics are needed to safeguard antibiotic effectiveness in both animals and humans, now and in the near future.Item Bovine fetal wastage in Southwestern Nigeria: a survey of some abattoirs.(2009) CADMUS, S.I.B.; ADESOKAN, H.KAs a result of inadequate veterinary services and indiscriminate slaughter of animals inmost Nigerian abattoirs, pregnant animals are often slaughtered resulting in wastage of scarce protein made available to the people. To this end, an evaluation of the volume of pregnant cows slaughtered at some abattoirs in Southwestern Nigeria between 2005 and 2007 based on meat inspection records was carried out with a view to determining the level of fetal wastage in this part of the country. A total of 321,448 cows were slaughtered, out of which, 16,092 (5.01%) were pregnant. The fetal wastages across the four seasons of the study period were statistically significant (P<0.05); the late dry season showing the highest percentage. There was a downward trend across the years, and this was considerably lower in 2007 than the other 2 years which were not statistically different from each other (XA2005=224.33; XA2006=216.38; XB2007=126.38). Our results indicated a considerable level of slaughtering of pregnant cows in the abattoirs studied. Hence, we advocate stepping up routine veterinary checks and interventions among trade animals in order to salvage the high level of fetal wastage in the region and the country at large.Item Mycobacterium bovis and M. tuberculosis in Goats, Nigeria.(2009) Fischer, R.J, T.L. J; Raffel, S.J; T.G. SchwanItem Causes and implications of bovine organs/offal condemnations in some abattoirs in Western Nigeria.(2009) CADMUS, S.I.B.; ADESOKAN, H.KFood animals though sources of protein and revenue to man, also serve as vehicles of disease transmission. This work reviews a three year record of slaughtered cattle in 12 abattoirs/slaughter slabs in western Nigeria to determine the economic and public health issues associated with their disease conditions. Out of 641,224 cattle slaughtered, 51,196 (7.98%) were attributable to 14 diseases/conditions including tuberculosis, pneumonia, fascioliasis, pimply gut, paramphistomosis, cysticercosis, dermatophilosis, tonsillitis, taeniasis, ascariosis, abscess, mange, mastitis and immature fetuses. Pneumonia (21.38%), fascioliasis (20.28%) and tuberculosis (7.95%) were major reasons for condemnations; least being ascariosis (0.01%). The lungs (45.66%) and liver (32.94%) accounted for most organ condemned while the heart (0.02%) was the least affected. The proportions of pneumonia, fascioliasis and immature fetuses observed were not statistically different (Mean = 3895.7; 3654.0; 3467.3); however, asignificant difference existed with other conditions (MeanA = 3895.7; 3654.0; 3467.3; MeanB = 1359.7; 1057.7; 510.3). Organs/offal condemnations constituted loss of revenue and animal protein as 124,333 kilo kilogrammes worth of meat valued in Naira at N41,613,043 ($332,904) was lost over the period giving an average of N13,871,014 ($110,968) annually. This, coupledwith fetal wastage represented an economic loss; with associated public health implications.Item Brucellosis In trade cattle in Lagos State: an investigation of two abbatoirs.(2009) Cadmus, S.I.B; Osikoya,I.E; Adesokan,H.Kbrucellosis affects domestic and wild animals as well as humans (charters,1980). Humans are usually affected due to zoonotic transmission from animals (mostly ruminants). Bovine brucellosis is usually caused by brucella abortus, less frequently by B. melitensis and rarely by B. suis (FAO,2003). it is usually manifested by abortion, with excretion of the organisms in uterine discharges and in milk. diagnosis depends on the isolation of brucella sp. from aborted material, udder secretion or from tissues removed at post-mortem examination. on the other hand, brucella antigens can be demonstrated through specific cell mediated or serological reactions(FAO,2003) the disease is endemic in Nigeria's livestock (Adamu and Ajogi,1999; Ishola and Ogundipe,2001) and serological prevalence rates of between 0.20% and 79.70% have been reported in various parts of the country 9Ocholi et al.,1977; Falade 2002; Cadmus et al;2006), therefore pointing at its public health implications. Lagos state is the second most populous state in Nigeria (NPC,2006) and the economic nerve centre of the nation. beef constitutes a major source of protein for the people in the state and equally a ready source of transmission of zoonotic diseases. since the last documented report of bovine brucellosis in Lagos state was about three decades ago(Esuruoso and ayanwale,1980), we therefore sought to determine the current status of the diseases among trade cattle in the state.Item The use of the milk ring tet and rose Bengal test in brucellosis control and eradication in Nigeria.(2008) Cadmus, S.I.B; Adesokan,H.K; Adepoju,A.F; stack, J.In this study, milk and blood samples collected simultaneously from 532 trade cows to be slaughtered at Bodija abattoir, Ibadan (southwestern, Nigeria) were examined for antibodies to Brucella using the milk ring test (MRT) and the rose bengal test (RBT). Overall, 18.61% of the milk samples were positive according to the MRT, while 9.77 % of the serum samples were positive according to the RBT. The difference was highly significant (Chi-square value 16.33; P<0.05); only 32 (6.02 %) of the samples were positive for both tests. The Red Bororo breed of cattle and the White Fulani had the highest positive rates, namely 20.93 % and 11.69%for the MRT and RBT respectively .No conclusion can be drawn about sensitivity because we do not know the true status of the animals tested. It is, however, obvious that although the MRT and RBT are 1st-line screening tests for brucellosis in cows in some countries, their lack of specificity is of concern. Therefore, the requirement for other confirmatory tests that are more specific should be considered for control and eradication of the disease, especially in Nigeria.Item Public Health Issues And Observations Made During Meat Inspection At Bodija Municipal Abbatoir, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria(2008) Cadmus, S.I.B; Adesokan,H.K; Adepoju,A.F; Awosanya,A.E.Jthe provision of wholesome meat for the public remains the pre-occupation of the veterinary public health practitioners through systematic examinations of food animals such as cattle,goats, sheep and pigs, before and after slaughter with a view to ascertaining whether they are infected by certain scheduled or zoonotic diseases (thorton,1968). therfore,the aim of meat inspection is to provide safe and wholesome meat for human consumption (herenda et al, 1994). several reports have been made on the prevalence rates of diseases of public health importance in Nigeria (babalola and Van Veen, 1976; Antia and Alonge, 1981;Nwosu,1987) and the abbatoirs in the country have continued to experience infrastructural decay and low quality staff leading to general breakdown in the thoroughness of meat inspection. cleaning and sanitation are always considered as important and integral part of the measures necessary to avaoid th transmission of zoonotic diseases (Alonge,2001). in most communities, meat has long occupied a special place in the diet, for a variety of reasons including taste preference, prestige,tradition and availability,with the nutritional aspects being included more recently 9Rogowski,1980). this study was therefore undertaken to assess the public health issues related to meat inspection and observed practices involved in meat processing at the Bodija Municipal Abbatoir. This is with a view to pointing out ways of improving the activities of the meat inspectors and processors in order to provide safe and whollesome meat for the public.Item zoonotic risks and transmission of mycobacteria species from cows' milk and slaughtered cattle to man in ibadan:role of butchers(2008) Cadmus, S.I.B.; Adesokan,H.K.; Adepoju,A.F.; Otesile,E.B.To ascertain the zoonotic risks association with the handling,processing and consumption of milk and meat products in respect to bovine tuberculosis in ibadan. This study was conducted by simultaneous screening of 105 unpasteurised cows milk. samples and 587 slaughtered cattle some of which showed gross lesions suggestive of tuberculosis. samples from the milk and suspected tuberculosis lesions were cultured in lowenstein-jensen media while nitrate and niacin tests were carried out to classify the isolated mycobacteria species. prevalence rates of 5.7% and 4.3% were confirmed from the milk and cattle samples: screened respectively. based on the biochemical tests, three isolates of mycrobacterium tuberculosis, one of M. Bovis and one of M. africanum were identified from the milk samples: while six M. tuberculosis, fourteen M. bovis,two M. africanum and three unclassified mycrobacteria species were obtained from the tuberculous cattle. the unhygenic handling and processing of these animal products by butchers may lead to the zoonotic transmission of M. tuberculosis complex to the public and a source of occupational exposures to the butchers.Item Phenotypic Characterization And Spoligotype Profiles Of Mycobacterium Bovisisolated From Unpasteurized Cows’ Milk In Ibadan, Nigeria.(2007) CADMUS, S.I.B.; ADESOKAN, H.K.A pilot study was carried out to screen for the presence of Mycobactcria in unpasteurized milk from cows mcant for sale at the cattle market in the mclropolitan city of Ibadan. South-western Nigeria. Fifty three milk samplcs were cultured using 7H11 -Middlebrook media while nitrate and niaein biochemical tests were carried out initially to classify the isolated Mycobacteria specics and the results were later' confirmed by spoligotyping. In all, Mycobacterium bovis were isolated from 6 (11.3%) milk samples. The detected spoligotypes obtained were NI, N6, N9, NI6. and N28 (two isolates). After comparison with the "Mycobacterium bovis Spoligotype Database” (www.mbovis.org), spoligotypes NI. N6, and N16 were found to have been already documented (N1=SB0944; N6=SBI027: NI6=SB0951). while N9 and N28 were relative!)' new strains and undocumented. The public health implication of these findings is that humans are at great risk of exposure to infection with M. bovis through the consumption of unpasteurized milk from cattle through the food chain.Item Serological survey of brucellosis in livestock animals and workers in Ibadan, Nigeria(2006) Cadmus S. I. B.; Ijagbone I. F.; Oputa H. E.; Adesokan H. K.; Stack J. A.A serological survey of brucellosis in livestock animals and workers was conducted in Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria between May and August 2004. A total of 1,210 cattle, 54 sheep, 496 goats, 200 pigs and 21 humans (i.e. butchers and herdsmen) were screened using the Rose Bengal test (RBT).From the results, prevalence in trade cattle was 5.82% while 0.86% was recorded in goats. None of the sheep and pigs was positive to the test. Out of the 11 samples taken from butchers, seven were positive and none of the ten herdsmen were sero-positive. This gives an infection rate of 63.3% in the butchers; and a combined infection rate of 31.82% in humans. This shows that brucellosis is still a major zoonosis in Nigeria; other public health implications are discussed.