Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine

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End date: 2018

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    Isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from livestock workers and implications for zooanthroponotic transmission in Ibadan, South-western Nigeria
    (2018) CADMUS,S; AKINSEYE,V; ADEGBULU,A.A; OVWIGHOSE,N; AYOOLA,M; OGUGUA,J; ADESOKAN,H; CADMUS,E
    Introduction. Tuberculosis (TB) remains a public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa coupled with dearth of information about the disease among livestock workers at risk of infection. We determined the prevalence of pulmonary TB infection and factors associated with its occurrence among livestock workers in south-western Nigeria. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted using active case-finding among livestock workers with sub-clinical pulmonary TB between August 2014 and March 2015. Sputum samples were cultured and subjected to a two-step multiplex-PCR technique based on genus-typing and genomic regions-of-difference. Interviewer-administered questionnaire was utilized in assessing worker’s TB related knowledge and practices. Data were analysed using STATA 12. Results. Overall, 206 livestock workers (traders = 136; butchers = 70) were screened; 5.1% (7/136) of the traders and 7.1% (5/70) of the butchers had positive mycobacterial cultures. Molecular techniques identified one Mycobacterium tuberculosis with six non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) from the traders and four M. tuberculosis with one NTM from the butchers. Participants within the age range of 50 years and above were at higher risk of being infected with TB (OR = 7.7; 95% CI: 1.7- 35.6) and majority had poor knowledge and practices regarding TB. Conclusions. We confirmed M. tuberculosis as the cause of pulmonary TB among the livestock workers, with implications for zooanthroponotic transmission of the disease along the humananimal ecosystem interface in Nigeria.
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    Knowledge and practices about zoonotic tuberculosis prevention and associated determinants amongst livestock workers in Nigeria; 2015
    (2018) Adesokan,H.K; Akinseye,V.O
    Zoonotic tuberculosis (TB) is a significant public health disease, but has long been neglected. Information on knowledge and practices of its prevention and influencing factors amongst occupationally exposed individuals is required for designing all-inclusive, informed control programmes. We investigated knowledge and practices related to zoonotic TB prevention and associated determinants amongst herdsmen and abattoir workers in southwestern, south-eastern and north-western Nigeria using semi-structured questionnaire. Data were analysed with STATA 12. A total of 510 respondents (196 herdsmen; 314 abattoir workers) participated in the survey, of which 58.6% and 46.9% respectively were knowledgeable and demonstrated good practices about zoonotic TB prevention. Almost 60% knew that zoonotic TB transmission was preventable and 49.8% knew transmission could be through consumption of infected animal products. However, only 16.7% knew the disease could be transmitted by aerosol. Just 49.4% sought medical check-up when ill, 37.8% used protective clothing and only 29.2% usually condemned TB infected cattle. Respondents with post-primary education were about three times more likely to be knowledgeable (OR = 2.70, 95%CI: 1.68±4.33) and two times more likely to demonstrate good practice (OR = 2.23, 95%CI: 1.45±3.42) than those without formal education. Similarly, abattoir workers were about 6.4 times more likely to be knowledgeable (OR: 6.39, 95%CI: 4.31±9.47) and two times more likely to demonstrate good practice (OR: 2.03, 95%CI: 1.40±2.92) than the herdsmen. There were important knowledge gaps with poor practices about zoonotic TB prevention amongst livestock workers in Nigeria. Strong predictors of knowledge and practice were being an abattoir worker and having post-primary education. Well-designed grassroots enlightenment programmes addressing modes of transmission, handling infected cattle and seeking medical check-up are urgently needed among high risk settings considering the recently launched Road Map for Zoonotic Tuberculosis which resonates that every tuberculosis case counts towards 2030 End-TB Strategy.
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    Isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from livestock workers and implications for zooanthroponotic transmission in Ibadan, South-western Nigeria
    (2018) CADMUS,S; AKINSEYE,V; ADEGBULU,A.A; OVWIGHOSE,N; AYOOLA,M; OGUGUA,J; ADESOKAN,H; CADMUS,E
    Introduction. Tuberculosis (TB) remains a public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa coupled with dearth of information about the disease among livestock workers at risk of infection. We determined the prevalence of pulmonary TB infection and factors associated with its occurrence among livestock workers in south-western Nigeria. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted using active case-finding among livestock workers with sub-clinical pulmonary TB between August 2014 and March 2015. Sputum samples were cultured and subjected to a two-step multiplex-PCR technique based on genus-typing and genomic regions-of-difference. Interviewer-administered questionnaire was utilized in assessing worker’s TB related knowledge and practices. Data were analysed using STATA 12. Results. Overall, 206 livestock workers (traders = 136; butchers = 70) were screened; 5.1% (7/136) of the traders and 7.1% (5/70) of the butchers had positive mycobacterial cultures. Molecular techniques identified one Mycobacterium tuberculosis with six non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) from the traders and four M. tuberculosis with one NTM from the butchers. Participants within the age range of 50 years and above were at higher risk of being infected with TB (OR = 7.7; 95% CI: 1.7- 35.6) and majority had poor knowledge and practices regarding TB. Conclusions. We confirmed M. tuberculosis as the cause of pulmonary TB among the livestock workers, with implications for zooanthroponotic transmission of the disease along the humananimal ecosystem interface in Nigeria.
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    The Debilitating State of the Maiduguri Main Abattoir, Poor Sanitary and Waste Disposal Methods; the Way Forward
    (2016) Cadmus,S.I.D; ADESOKAN,H.K
    An abattoir provides facilities where animals are slaughtered. The current state of most abattoirs in developing countries particularly Nigeria are a matter of concern considering the enormous lapses in their operations, the sanitary conditions and management. The northern part of Nigeria is the worst hit since the majority of food animals are domiciled in the region. This study was aimed at determining the state of facilities, sanitary conditions and practices of abattoir workers and the veterinary doctors in a major abattoir in North-eastern Nigeria. This observational study was carried out over a period of three months in the main abattoir in Maiduguri, northeastern Nigeria. During the period, we documented the states of the facilities in the abattoir, the sanitary conditions as well as the practices of abattoir workers and the veterinary doctors present. Our findings revealed that the lairage was in a poor state and the drainages were clogged with debris and maggots. There were no meat stands and cold room and the entire surrounding environment was full of stench emanating from poorly disposed abattoir wastes. Besides, both ante-mortem and post-mortem inspections were hardly carried out and animals were being slaughtered in the open with carcasses processed on bare floor. Dragging of viscera’s on the floor and washing of the stomachs in the drainages in addition to slaughtering of calves and pregnant animals were common practices observed at the abattoir. We documented the poor states of facilities, sanitary conditions and practices in the main abattoir in northeastern Nigeria. Our findings suggest a compromise in the quality of meat being produced from the abattoir with overall devastating effects on the health of meat consumers. While quality meat production is key to achieving a healthy society, there is a need for a synergy among all the stakeholders particularly the government and private organizations towards improving the state of abattoirs in Nigeria with respect to the facilities, sanitary conditions and practices.
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    Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility profiles
    (2016) ISHOLA,O.O; MOSUGU,J.I; ADESOKAN,H.K
    Introduction. Food contamination with Listeria monocytogenes is on the increase posing threats to public health with growing trends in food products recalls due to suspected Listeria contamination. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility profiles of Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) among 71 randomly selected poultry farms in Oyo State, Nigeria. A total of 450 samples comprising cloacal swabs (426) and randomly selected dressed chicken meat (24) were cultured for Lm isolation using BrillianceTM Selective Listeria Agar with antibiotics and microbial load count with Nutrient Agar. Further identification was done using microscopic, biochemical characterization and antibiotic sensitivity tests. Data were analysed using bivariate analysis and student t-test. Results. An overall prevalence of 91.8% Lm contamination was obtained comprising 91.5% (390/426) in cloacal swabs and 95.8% (23/24) in meat. The prevalence of Lm in cloacal samples was significantly associated with poultry type (p = 0.008) and breed (p = 0.000. In addition, all the flocks had at least one positive sample yielding 100% flock prevalence. Antibiotic sensitivity test revealed that most of the isolates were resistant to common antibiotics like Ampicillin-cloxacillin and cefuroxime. Conclusions. The results revealed a high level of contamination with Lm in the poultry flock and meat and the observed resistance to most common antibiotics has implications for future disease control as well as public health. There is need to step up routine screening of food animal products for Listeria contamination as well as measures towards reducing such contaminations.
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    Prevalence and predictors of risk factors for Brucellosis.
    (2016) ADESOKAN,H.K; OGUNDIPE,M.A; ALABI,P.I
    Introduction. Brucellosis is endemic in Nigeria and risk factors enhancing its transmission are prevalent. Methods. Following serological evidence of brucellosis and isolation of B. abortus from slaughtered cattle in Ibadan, Nigeria, we administered a semi-structured questionnaire to determine the prevalence and predictors of eating and selling bovine gravid uterus among 350 meat handlers from five major meat processing facilities. We conducted key informant interview for five leading traditional healers to document its use. Data were analyzed using Stata 12. Results. The prevalence of eating and selling gravid uterus were 29.7% and 40.3% respectively. Being meat/offal processor (OR=1.9, 95%CI: 1.11-3.3, P = 0.008) and not knowing that eating undercooked contaminated gravid uterus could expose humans to brucellosis (OR=19.5; 95%CI: 5.73-66.03; P = 0.000) were strong predictors of eating gravid uterus. Similarly, being adult (OR = 1.7, 95%CI: 1.08-2.57, P = 0.02) and inadequate knowledge of brucellosis as a preventable disease (OR = 0.03; 95%CI: 0.004-0.27, P = 0.001) predicted selling gravid uterus. Qualitative data from the traditional healers revealed using gravid uterus as special medicinal preparations to hasten parturition in overdue pregnancies, treat infertility and old age diseases in humans. Conclusions. We demonstrated a high prevalence of risk factors for brucellosis transmission, and some meat handlers’ sociodemographic characteristics and brucellosis knowledge-based markers as predictors of these factors. The traditional healers’ practices portend a challenge to the current brucellosis control strategy. These findings provide insights into designing all-inclusive health programmes aimed at controlling brucellosis spread in Nigeria and other similar settings in developing countries.
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    Sero-epidemiological survey and risk factors associated with bovine brucellosis among slaughtered cattle in Nigeria.
    (2016) Akinseye,V.O; Adesokan,H.K; Ogugua,A.J; Adedoyin,F.J; Out,P.I; Kwaghe,A.V; Kolawole,N.O; Okoro,O.J; Agada,C.A; Tade,A.O; Faleke,O.O; OkekeA.L; Akanbi,I.M; Ibitoye,M.M; Dipeolu,M.O; Dale,E.J; Lorraine,P; Taylor,A.V; Awosanya,E.A; Stack,J.A; Cadmus,S.I; Cadmus,E.O
    Bovine brucellosis is endemic in Nigeria; however, limited data exist on nationwide studies and risk factors associated with the disease. Using a cross-sectional sero-epidemiological survey, we determined the prevalence of and risk factors for brucellosis in slaughtered cattle in three geographical regions of Nigeria. Serum samples from randomly selected unvaccinated cattle slaughtered over a period of 3 years (between December 2010 and September 2013) from northern, southern and south-western Nigeria were tested for antibodies to Brucella abortus using the Rose Bengal test. Data associated with risk factors of brucellosis were analysed by Stata Version 12. In all, 8105 cattle were screened. An overall seroprevalence of 3.9% (315/8105) was recorded by the Rose Bengal test, with 3.8%, 3.4% and 4.0% from the northern, southern and south-western regions, respectively. Bivariate analysis showed that cattle screened in northern Nigeria were less likely to be seropositive for antibodies to Brucella spp. than those from south-western Nigeria (odds ratio = 0.94; 95% confidence interval: 0.73–1.22). However, logistic regression analysis revealed that breed ( p = 0.04) and sex ( p £ 0.0001) of cattle were statistically significant for seropositivity to Brucella spp. The study found that brucellosis was endemic at a low prevalence among slaughtered cattle in Nigeria, with sex and breed of cattle being significant risk factors. Considering the public health implications of brucellosis, we advocate coordinated surveillance for the disease among diverse cattle populations in Nigeria, as is carried out in most developed countries.
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    Sero-epidemiological survey and risk factors associated with brucellosis in dogs in south-western Nigeria
    (2015) CADMUS,S.I.B
    Introduction: In Nigeria, there is limited information on brucellosis particularly in dogs, despite its public health implications. We undertook a sero-epidemiological survey of brucellosis in dogs to determine the prevalence of the disease and associated risk factors for its occurrence in Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to screen dogs in south-western Nigeria for antibodies to Brucella sp using the rapid slide agglutination test (RSA) and Rose Bengal test (RBT), with positive samples confirmed respectively by serum agglutination test (SAT) and competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA). Data were analyzed with STATA-12. Results: From the 739 dog sera tested, 81 (10.96%) were positive by RSA and 94 (12.72%) by RBT; these were corroborated with SAT (4/81; 4.94%) and Celisa (1/94; 1.06%), respectively. Logistic regression identified location (OR=0.04; 95% CI: 0.02-0.09), breed (OR=1.71; 95% CI: 1.34-2.19), age (OR=0.10; 95% CI: 0.04- 0.30) and management system (OR=8.51; 95% CI: 1.07-68.05) as risk factors for Brucella infection by RSA. However, location (OR=10.83; 95% CI: 5.48-21.39) and history of infertility (OR=2.62; 95% CI: 1.41-4.84) were identified as risk factors using RBT. Conclusion: Given the 10.96% to 12.72% seroprevalence of brucellosis recorded in this study, we advocate control of the disease in dogs, and public health education for those at risk of infection. Again, further studies are required to elucidate the role of dogs in the epidemiology of brucellosis in Nigeria considering the conducive human-animal interface and ecological factors responsible for the transmission of the disease.
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    Food Safety Training Is Associated with Improved Knowledge and Behaviours among Foodservice Establishments’ Workers
    (2014) Adesokan,H.K; Akinseye,V.O; Adesokan,G.A
    Though several studies have evaluated the association between food safety training and behavior, little has investigated different training components in association with food handlers’ performance. Foodservice workers (𝑁 = 211) with at least two years’ experience were willing to participate and were selected from major foodservice establishments in Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria, and completed a survey to evaluate the association between training, training area, duration, and refresher training and food safety knowledge and practices.We observed an association between training and knowledge (𝑃 = 0.000) as well as practices (𝑃 = 0.05) of food safety while different training areas contributed similarly to food handlers’ knowledge (𝑃 = 0.17) and practices (𝑃 = 0.08). However, there was a significant decline in knowledge (𝑃 = 0.01) and practices (𝑃 = 0.001) with an increase in training duration. Furthermore, foodservice employees with refresher training demonstrated significantly higher knowledge (𝑃 = 0.000) and practice (𝑃 = 0.003) levels than those without, being about 45 and 14 times more likely to, respectively, improve their knowledge (OR = 45; 95%CI: 3.47–584.34) and practice (OR= 13.5; 95%CI: 2.01–90.69).Researchers should always consider varying training components before making assertions regarding effectiveness of training on foodservice workers’ behaviour.
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    Pattern of antimicrobial usage in livestock animals in south-western Nigeria
    (2015) Adesokan,H.K; Akanb,I.O. I; Akanbi,I.M; Obaweda,R.A
    Resistance to antibiotics has continued to increase, placing future animal and human disease management in real danger. The developing countries characterised by widespread indiscriminate antibiotic use and in which ‘third-generation’ antibiotics are not readily available or affordable are the worst affected. A 3-year (2010–2012) retrospective survey of antibiotic usage in livestock production in three selected states of south-western Nigeria was conducted. Data obtained from eight purposively selected licensed veterinary pharmaceutical sales establishments in the area, based on keeping detailed sales records for the study period, were analysed using Stata Version 12. Results showed that tetracyclines (33.6%), fluoroquinolones (26.5%) and beta-lactams/aminoglycosides (20.4%) constituted the majority of the antibiotics used over the 3 years. The differences in the quantities of antibiotic types used within each antimicrobial class were statistically significant for tetracyclines (F = 59.87; p < 0.0001) and fluoroquinolones (F = 43.97; p < 0.0001) but not for beta-lactams/aminoglycosides (F = 3.21; p = 0.148). Furthermore, antibiotic consumption increased by 40.4% between 2010 and 2012. Although statistically insignificant (F = 0.277; p = 0.762), the increasing trend across the years was at rates of 23.5% between 2010 and 2011 and 13.8% between 2011 and 2012. In addition, the findings show a significantly higher consumption rate (t = 15.21; df = 5; p < 0.0001) during the rainy (52.5%) than the dry (47.5%) seasons. The current increasing trend in antibiotic usage holds a serious danger for the future and therefore calls for alternative plans to safeguard future livestock production, food security and human health. This becomes more imperative considering emerging resistance against tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones, the foremost remedies for livestock diseases in most developing countries.