Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine

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Start date: 2010End date: 2019

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    Risk Factors for Listeria monocytogenes Contamination in Nigerian Poultry Flock Environment
    (2019) Ishola,O.O; Adesokan,H.K; Mosugu,J.I
    Poultry production is rising in Nigeria with attendant health concerns to the farmers and the surrounding environments. Microbial contamination from the poultry environments presents with health risks to the poultry. The aim of this study was to identify potential risk factors for Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) contamination in Nigerian poultry production environment. A total of 71 flocks of poultry farms randomly selected under different settings were investigated for the presence of L. monocytogenes contamination. Two hundred and eighty-four swab samples were taken from feed (n=71), water (n=71), dust (n=71) and workers’ boots (n=71) and cultured for L. monocytogenes isolation using Brilliance SelecTM tive Listeria Agar and microbial load count with Nutrient Agar. Further identification was done using microscopic and biochemical characterization. Bivariate and logistic regression models were used to assess the association between management practices and the risk of L. monocytogenes contamination of the flocks. The prevalence of L. monocytogenes-positive flocks was 100.0% with overall prevalence of 90.1% based on samples. The prevalence was highest in feed (95.8%) and least in dust swabs (84.5%). A significant association was observed between L. monocytogenes contamination and farm size (p=0.05), but not with feed type (p=0.34), management (p=0.54) and biosecurity type (p=0.74). We recommend stricter hygienic practices especially as farm size increases and when processing and handling poultry feed as feed contamination might be a critical point in the control of L. monocytogenes contamination of other materials and in poultry farms.
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    Development and application of affordable SNP typing approaches to genotype mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains in low and high burden countries
    (2019) munoz,I.C; BRUSOLA,A.G; PUENTE,M.T; LLICER,C.M; DOGBA,J; AKINSEYE,V; ADESOKAN,K; KWAGHE,A; EJEH,F; CADMUS,S; COMAS,I
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    Porcine Cysticercosis In Slaughtered Pigs And Factors Related To Taenia Solium Transmission Amongst Abattoir Workers In Ibadan, Nigeria
    (2019) Adesokan,H.K; Adeoye,F.A
    Introduction: porcine cysticercosis is under-reported particularly in Nigeria, despite the reportedly high prevalence of epilepsy and associated life-threatening health implications. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of porcine cysticercosis and factors related to Taenia solium transmission to humans. Methods: slaughtered pigs at a major abattoir, south-western Nigeria were randomly inspected and questionnaire was administered to pig workers/consumers while the data were analysed using Stata 12.0. Results: a 4.4% (11/250) prevalence of porcine cysticercosis was obtained; the age, breed, sex and body conditions of pigs were not significant for infection (p < 0.05). Further, none (0.0%) of the respondents knew that T. solium could cause epilepsy in man and 39.5% often defaecated on neighbouring open fields and farmlands. Respondents purchasing pork from home slaughter were about four and ten times less likely to demonstrate good knowledge (OR = 0.24; 95% CI: 0.08-0.74) and practice (OR = 0.10; 95% CI: 0.05-0.22) than those purchasing from abattoir. Moreover, those lacking toilet facility were about four and five times less likely to demonstrate good knowledge (OR = 0.24; 95% CI: 0.07-0.86) and practice (OR = 0.19; 95% CI: 0.08-0.45) than those who had it. Other factors associated with practices related to T. solium transmission included age (p = 0.000), sex (p = 0.000) and duration (p = 0.003). Conclusion: the increased odds of poor knowledge and practices related to Taenia solium transmission especially among respondents purchasing home slaughter pork and lacking toilet facility provides insights into the parasite epidemiology. Above findings are important in lowering the infection prevalence in pigs and humans in this endemic area.
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    Genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains isolated from livestock workers and cattle in Nigeria
    (2019) ADESOKAN,H.K; STREICHER,E.M; HELDEN,P.D.V; WARREN,R.M; CADMUS,S.I.B
    molecular typing techniques are useful in understanding tuberculosis epidemiology;yet,they have been under-utilized at the human-animal interface in nigeria. Sixty-four mycobacterium tuberculosis complex(MTBC) isolates including 42 M. tuberculosis,13 M. bovis and nine M. africanum obtained from livestock workers(LW,n=47) and their cattle (n=17) in three geographical zones of Nigeria were genotyped to identify and evaluate the genetic diversity of the circulating MTBC using spoligotyping. distribution into clades of M. tuberculosis revealed;45.3% Uganda I-[SIT46-cattle: 1;LW:28], 14.1% latin american mediterranean-[SIT61,cattle:LW:8], and 1.6% T-[SIT53_LW:1]. The M. bovis strains were 6.3% SB0944[CATTLE:4] and 1.6% each of SB0300,SB1026,SB1027 and SB1439[CATTLE:4]. Seventeen MTBC isolates [cattle:7;LW:10] yielded 14 new spoligotype patterns including three M. tuberculosis strains (three isolates), five M. bovis strains (five isolates) and sixM. AFRICANUM STRAINS (NINE ISOLATES), two of which belonged to MAF1. only few families namely, the not previously described Uganda i-,LAM and SB0944 are predominant among the LW and cattle, with other types in lower prevalences. the strain population structure indicates an intriguing diversity and possible zoonotic linkage with consequences for TB control in the country. the need to employ newer molecular techniques such as mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable number tandem repeats and whole genome sequences to decipher circulating MTBC strains in Nigeria is advocated.
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    Prevalence And Economic Losses Due To Bovine Tuberculosis In Cattle Slaughtered At Bodija Municipal Abattoir, Ibadan, Nigeria
    (2019) Adelakun, O. D; Akinseye, V. O.; Adesokan, H. K; Cadmus, S. I. B.
    Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) is a zoonotic disease responsiblefor considerable economic losses; with consequent negative impact on both public health and the livestock industry. However, the burden of this disease and associated economic losses remain un-investigated among slaughtered cattle in Ibadan, the hub of livestock activities in south-western Nigeria. A cross sectional study was conducted over a three-month period to determine the prevalence and economic losses due to BTB among slaughtered cattle at the Bodija Municipal Abattoir, Ibadan, in south-western Nigeria. Individual slaughtered cattle were purposively inspected for the presence of tuberculous lesions, and representative sample of affected organs and associated lymph nodes from the BTB suspected animals were taken. The suspected lesions were processed based on Becton Dickinson digestion and decontamination procedure and the losses due to BTB were estimated mathematically, using a formula. The BTB prevalence of 9.3 % (38/408) was obtained with a significant statistical association (P ≤ 0.05) of the disease with the breeds of cattle slaughtered. Out of the 46 visceral organs condemned: 29 (63 %) were lungs, 12 (26.1 %) livers, 4 (8.7 %) hearts and 1 (2.2 %) kidney. The total estimated annual economic loss (direct and indirect) due to BTB was estimated as Nigerian naria NGN 703,980,070 (EUR 1,725,441.4). This study revealed BTB as endemic and a major cause of concern considering its ill-health and economic effects on both humans and the livestock industry. Efforts are therefore required: to control this disease along the beef value chain in order to safeguard human and livestock health; as well as to limit the economic losses associated with its prevalence.
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    Isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from livestock workers and implications for zooanthroponotic transmission in Ibadan, South-western Nigeria
    (2018) CADMUS,S; AKINSEYE,V; ADEGBULU,A.A; OVWIGHOSE,N; AYOOLA,M; OGUGUA,J; ADESOKAN,H; CADMUS,E
    Introduction. Tuberculosis (TB) remains a public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa coupled with dearth of information about the disease among livestock workers at risk of infection. We determined the prevalence of pulmonary TB infection and factors associated with its occurrence among livestock workers in south-western Nigeria. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted using active case-finding among livestock workers with sub-clinical pulmonary TB between August 2014 and March 2015. Sputum samples were cultured and subjected to a two-step multiplex-PCR technique based on genus-typing and genomic regions-of-difference. Interviewer-administered questionnaire was utilized in assessing worker’s TB related knowledge and practices. Data were analysed using STATA 12. Results. Overall, 206 livestock workers (traders = 136; butchers = 70) were screened; 5.1% (7/136) of the traders and 7.1% (5/70) of the butchers had positive mycobacterial cultures. Molecular techniques identified one Mycobacterium tuberculosis with six non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) from the traders and four M. tuberculosis with one NTM from the butchers. Participants within the age range of 50 years and above were at higher risk of being infected with TB (OR = 7.7; 95% CI: 1.7- 35.6) and majority had poor knowledge and practices regarding TB. Conclusions. We confirmed M. tuberculosis as the cause of pulmonary TB among the livestock workers, with implications for zooanthroponotic transmission of the disease along the humananimal ecosystem interface in Nigeria.
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    Knowledge and practices about zoonotic tuberculosis prevention and associated determinants amongst livestock workers in Nigeria; 2015
    (2018) Adesokan,H.K; Akinseye,V.O
    Zoonotic tuberculosis (TB) is a significant public health disease, but has long been neglected. Information on knowledge and practices of its prevention and influencing factors amongst occupationally exposed individuals is required for designing all-inclusive, informed control programmes. We investigated knowledge and practices related to zoonotic TB prevention and associated determinants amongst herdsmen and abattoir workers in southwestern, south-eastern and north-western Nigeria using semi-structured questionnaire. Data were analysed with STATA 12. A total of 510 respondents (196 herdsmen; 314 abattoir workers) participated in the survey, of which 58.6% and 46.9% respectively were knowledgeable and demonstrated good practices about zoonotic TB prevention. Almost 60% knew that zoonotic TB transmission was preventable and 49.8% knew transmission could be through consumption of infected animal products. However, only 16.7% knew the disease could be transmitted by aerosol. Just 49.4% sought medical check-up when ill, 37.8% used protective clothing and only 29.2% usually condemned TB infected cattle. Respondents with post-primary education were about three times more likely to be knowledgeable (OR = 2.70, 95%CI: 1.68±4.33) and two times more likely to demonstrate good practice (OR = 2.23, 95%CI: 1.45±3.42) than those without formal education. Similarly, abattoir workers were about 6.4 times more likely to be knowledgeable (OR: 6.39, 95%CI: 4.31±9.47) and two times more likely to demonstrate good practice (OR: 2.03, 95%CI: 1.40±2.92) than the herdsmen. There were important knowledge gaps with poor practices about zoonotic TB prevention amongst livestock workers in Nigeria. Strong predictors of knowledge and practice were being an abattoir worker and having post-primary education. Well-designed grassroots enlightenment programmes addressing modes of transmission, handling infected cattle and seeking medical check-up are urgently needed among high risk settings considering the recently launched Road Map for Zoonotic Tuberculosis which resonates that every tuberculosis case counts towards 2030 End-TB Strategy.
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    Isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from livestock workers and implications for zooanthroponotic transmission in Ibadan, South-western Nigeria
    (2018) CADMUS,S; AKINSEYE,V; ADEGBULU,A.A; OVWIGHOSE,N; AYOOLA,M; OGUGUA,J; ADESOKAN,H; CADMUS,E
    Introduction. Tuberculosis (TB) remains a public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa coupled with dearth of information about the disease among livestock workers at risk of infection. We determined the prevalence of pulmonary TB infection and factors associated with its occurrence among livestock workers in south-western Nigeria. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted using active case-finding among livestock workers with sub-clinical pulmonary TB between August 2014 and March 2015. Sputum samples were cultured and subjected to a two-step multiplex-PCR technique based on genus-typing and genomic regions-of-difference. Interviewer-administered questionnaire was utilized in assessing worker’s TB related knowledge and practices. Data were analysed using STATA 12. Results. Overall, 206 livestock workers (traders = 136; butchers = 70) were screened; 5.1% (7/136) of the traders and 7.1% (5/70) of the butchers had positive mycobacterial cultures. Molecular techniques identified one Mycobacterium tuberculosis with six non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) from the traders and four M. tuberculosis with one NTM from the butchers. Participants within the age range of 50 years and above were at higher risk of being infected with TB (OR = 7.7; 95% CI: 1.7- 35.6) and majority had poor knowledge and practices regarding TB. Conclusions. We confirmed M. tuberculosis as the cause of pulmonary TB among the livestock workers, with implications for zooanthroponotic transmission of the disease along the humananimal ecosystem interface in Nigeria.
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    The Debilitating State of the Maiduguri Main Abattoir, Poor Sanitary and Waste Disposal Methods; the Way Forward
    (2016) Cadmus,S.I.D; ADESOKAN,H.K
    An abattoir provides facilities where animals are slaughtered. The current state of most abattoirs in developing countries particularly Nigeria are a matter of concern considering the enormous lapses in their operations, the sanitary conditions and management. The northern part of Nigeria is the worst hit since the majority of food animals are domiciled in the region. This study was aimed at determining the state of facilities, sanitary conditions and practices of abattoir workers and the veterinary doctors in a major abattoir in North-eastern Nigeria. This observational study was carried out over a period of three months in the main abattoir in Maiduguri, northeastern Nigeria. During the period, we documented the states of the facilities in the abattoir, the sanitary conditions as well as the practices of abattoir workers and the veterinary doctors present. Our findings revealed that the lairage was in a poor state and the drainages were clogged with debris and maggots. There were no meat stands and cold room and the entire surrounding environment was full of stench emanating from poorly disposed abattoir wastes. Besides, both ante-mortem and post-mortem inspections were hardly carried out and animals were being slaughtered in the open with carcasses processed on bare floor. Dragging of viscera’s on the floor and washing of the stomachs in the drainages in addition to slaughtering of calves and pregnant animals were common practices observed at the abattoir. We documented the poor states of facilities, sanitary conditions and practices in the main abattoir in northeastern Nigeria. Our findings suggest a compromise in the quality of meat being produced from the abattoir with overall devastating effects on the health of meat consumers. While quality meat production is key to achieving a healthy society, there is a need for a synergy among all the stakeholders particularly the government and private organizations towards improving the state of abattoirs in Nigeria with respect to the facilities, sanitary conditions and practices.
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    Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility profiles
    (2016) ISHOLA,O.O; MOSUGU,J.I; ADESOKAN,H.K
    Introduction. Food contamination with Listeria monocytogenes is on the increase posing threats to public health with growing trends in food products recalls due to suspected Listeria contamination. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility profiles of Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) among 71 randomly selected poultry farms in Oyo State, Nigeria. A total of 450 samples comprising cloacal swabs (426) and randomly selected dressed chicken meat (24) were cultured for Lm isolation using BrillianceTM Selective Listeria Agar with antibiotics and microbial load count with Nutrient Agar. Further identification was done using microscopic, biochemical characterization and antibiotic sensitivity tests. Data were analysed using bivariate analysis and student t-test. Results. An overall prevalence of 91.8% Lm contamination was obtained comprising 91.5% (390/426) in cloacal swabs and 95.8% (23/24) in meat. The prevalence of Lm in cloacal samples was significantly associated with poultry type (p = 0.008) and breed (p = 0.000. In addition, all the flocks had at least one positive sample yielding 100% flock prevalence. Antibiotic sensitivity test revealed that most of the isolates were resistant to common antibiotics like Ampicillin-cloxacillin and cefuroxime. Conclusions. The results revealed a high level of contamination with Lm in the poultry flock and meat and the observed resistance to most common antibiotics has implications for future disease control as well as public health. There is need to step up routine screening of food animal products for Listeria contamination as well as measures towards reducing such contaminations.