Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine
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Item Review of Participatory Epizootiology research of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia at the department of veterinary public health and preventive medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria (2007- 2015)(2018-06) Babalobi, O. O.; Alhaji, N. B.This is a review of research application of Participatory Epizootiology to investigate Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia among pastoralists in Oyo State and Niger State, Nigeria, between 2007 and 2015, at the Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan where the first author, a Veterinary Epidemiologist Lecturer/Researcher teaches Participatory Epizootiology Research as part of PVM 711: Advanced Epizootiology, a compulsory Course in the three Master degrees curriculum of the Department since 2004. He subsequently designed a PhD research project on the application of Participatory Epizootiology to the Igangan Grazing Reserve and got a University Senate Research SRG/FVM/2006/9A to that effect. In 2007, the Principal Veterinary Officer of the Faculty Eruwa Veterinary Field Station in Ibarapa East Local Government Area, Oyo State, south-western Nigeria, reported to the first author (then Chairman, Eruwa Veterinary Field Station), a suspected case of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia incidence at the Igangan Grazing Reserve. The diseased lung samples of dead infected cattle he brought were confirmed by gross and histopathological examinations at the Faculty’s Department of Veterinary Pathology. From 2011 to 2015, the second author adopted the PE PhD-design (with other conventional veterinary research approach) to investigate Contagious Bovine Pleuro-pneumonia prevalence in Niger State, North-central Nigeria, first for his Masters (2011), followed with a PhD (2015). Result indicated that Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia in enzootic in Oyo and Niger State, Nigeria with a 77.67% of CBPP outbreaks in Niger State, Nigeria occurring in the dry season, and a prevalence of 8.73%. Participatory Epizootiology is a cheap, low capital involvement of traditional settler beneficiaries in identification of enzootic animal problems and their Community Based Animal Health training need. Participatory Epizootiology should be adopted in combination with conventional veterinary methods for effective Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia surveillance and control techniques in Africa.Item Economic impacts assessment of pleuropneumonia burden and control in pastoral cattle herds of North-central Nigeria(2017-06) Alhaji, N. B.; Babalobi, O. O.Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is a trans-boundary infectious and contagious respiratory disease of cattle caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides. It is a disease of high economic importance because of its ability to compromise food security. Information on its economic burden in pastoral cattle herds of Niger State, North-central Nigeria is not readily available. This study was aimed at investigating the economic impacts of CBPP to pastoralists in Niger State, North-central Nigeria, by determining its burden, returns to investments in its control, and cost-effectiveness of the control interventions ex-post evaluation, to provide baseline estimates that will assist animal health authorities and international donors in making investment decisions on its control in Nigeria. A questionnaire-based cross sectional study was conducted in 125 pastoral cattle herds. Economic analyses were conducted using total economic cost, benefit-cost analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis models. The values of mortality and morbidity losses to the herders were 219,038.5 USD and 35,598.8 USD, respectively. The total economic cost of CBPP to pastoralists was estimated to be 294,800.3 USD. Return on investment in CBPP control by vaccination and treatment was positive, with a benefit-cost ratio of 6.4. The Average cost-effectiveness ratio value for treatment intervention was 13.7 USD per life cattle saved and for vaccination option was 0.6 USD per death/cull averted. The estimated economic costs due to CBPP have shown that the disease was of high economic importance and must be controlled.Item Survey of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in trade cattle slaughtered at abattoirs in North-central Nigeria(2017-01) Alhaji, N. B.; Babalobi, O. O.; Yatswako, S.Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is one of the most important infectious and contagious disease of cattle in sub-Saharan Africa and whose control is urgently needed. A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate prevalence of CBPP and associated animal factors that predisposed to the disease in trade cattle slaughtered in Niger State, North-central Nigeria between January and May 2014. A total of 525 trade cattle were selected by systematic sampling approach from five purposively selected central abattoirs in the State. Serum samples were analyzed using c-ELISA and lung lesions determined at post-mortem inspections. The OpenEpi 2.3.1 software was used for statistical analyses. Descriptive and analytical statistics were used to present the results. Associations between animal characteristics (predictor variables) and sero-positivity as well as presence of CBPP lung lesions (outcome variables) were tested using Chi-square tests and likelihood backward logistic regressions. A sero-prevalence of 31.8% (95% CI: 27.93, 35.89) in live cattle before slaughtered was observed. Also, 29.5% (95% CI: 25.74, 33.53) of the slaughtered trade cattle had CBPP lung lesions at post-mortem inspections. Cattle in age group 4–5 years were more likely (OR 2.00; 95% CI: 1.17, 3.39) to be significantly exposed to Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. Mycoides (Mmm) infection. Cows were more likely to be significantly predisposed to Mmm infections. Furthermore, bunaji breeds were more likely (OR 2.26, 95% CI: 1.42, 3.59) to be significantly predisposed to Mmm infections. This study has shown the need to combine more reliable serological tests with post-mortem examinations to improve active surveillance of CBPP in trade cattle. These dual approaches to investigation of CBPP and identification of intrinsic factors predisposing to infection should be institutionalized as elements of epidemio-surveillance and control strategies of the disease in sub-Saharan Africa.Item Molecular epidemiology of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia by detection, identification and differentiation of mycoplasma mycoides mycoides in Niger State, Nigeria(2015-12) Alhaji, N.B.; Babalobi, O. O.The study was aimed at epidemiologically detecting, identifying, and differentiating Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides strains according to their geographical origins in asymptomatic cattle populations of Niger State, North-central Nigeria between January and August 2013, using conventional and fingerprinting PCR assays without culturing or enriching of the field samples. Cross sectional molecular study of asymptomatic cattle sampled in the major abattoirs and livestock markets was carried out. Geographical lineage differentiation of the strains was performed on the basis of presence or absence of 8.84 kb genomic segment. With primers pair MM450/MM451, two 574 bp genomic fragments of DNA of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides were detected. Using fingerprinting PCR; with insertion element IS1296/R(all) primers pair the detected two strains of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides genomic DNA were specifically identified by generation of a fragment of 1.1 kb; with IS1296/R1 primers pair, identified Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides strains were differentiated to be of African cluster by generation of 1.4 kb. The PCR procedures were sensitive and produced rapid results that identified two strains of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides of African/Australian origin. The presence of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides African/Australian strains, which is useful for vaccine production, was therefore established in Niger State, Nigeria.Item Qualitative and quantitative impacts assessment of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in Fulani pastoral herds of North-central Nigeria: the associated socio-cultural factors(Elsevier, 2016) Alhaji, N.B.; Babalobi, O. O.Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia is one of the most important trans-boundary disease affecting Fulani cattle herds of Nigeria and whose control is urgently needed. A Participatory Epidemiology approach and cross-sectional study were concurrently conducted to investigate qualitative and quantitative impacts of CBPP, respectively and associated socio-cultural factors that influenced exposure of Fulani nomadic pastoral communities to its risk in Niger State, North-central Nigeria between January and December 2013.A total of nine pastoral communities were purposively selected for qualitative impact assessment using Participatory Rural Appraisal tools, while 765 cattle randomly sampled from 125 purposively selected nomadic herds were analyzed using c-ELISA. Data on socio-cultural characteristics were collected using structured questionnaires administered on nomadic herd owners of the 125 selected herds. Kendall’s Coefficient of Concordance W statistics and Open Epi 2.3 were used for statistical analyses. Pastoralists’ dependent factors associated with their socio-cultural activities were tested using Chisquare tests and likelihood backward logistic regressions. The mean proportional piles (relative qualitative impact) of CBPP was 12.6%, and nomads agreement on this impact was strong (W = 0.6855) and statistically significant (P < 0.001). This was validated by 16.2% (95% CI: 13.7, 19.0) sero-positive (quantitative impact). Highest sero-prevalence of 25.3% was observed in Northern agro-ecological zone, while lowest of 6.2% was in Eastern zone. Pastoralists in the age groups 51–60 and 61–70 years were more likely (OR 13.07; 95% CI:3.21, 53.12 and OR 7.10; 95% CI: 1.77, 28.33, respectively) to have satisfactory information/awareness on CBPP and lowland transhumance pastoralists were more likely (OR 5.21; 95% CI: 2.01, 13.54) to have satisfactory information. Socio-cultural activities of extensive husbandry system was six times more likely (OR 5.79; 95% CI: 2.55, 13.13) to be satisfactory practice that influenced CBPP occurrence in herds, while culture of borrowing and loaning of cattle was twenty times more likely (OR 19.94; 95% CI: 6.36,62.48) to be satisfactory practice that influenced CBPP occurrence in herds. Also, sharing a water source that caused concentration of stocks in one point was fifty three times more likely (OR 53.08; 95% CI:14.91, 189.00) to be satisfactory practice that influenced occurrence of the disease in herds. This study highlighted the critical gap that exists in terms of significant influence of socio-cultural factors on CBPP occurrence in pastoral herds in Nigeria. Thus, CBPP surveillance, control and prevention programs that take these factors into consideration will be beneficial to the livestock industry in Nigeria, and indeed Africa.Item Participatory disease surveillance, panacea to the bane of animal disease under-reporting in Nigeria: a collaborative report(2011) Babalobi, O. O.; Bolajoko, M. B.; Anzaku, S. A.Under-reporting of animal disease outbreak is a common feature in most developing countries with poor disease reporting system including Nigeria, where majority of animals are held by rural livestock farmers. Participatory Animal Disease Surveillance (PDS) a participatory epidemiology/epizootiology method which involves local rural livestock farmers, was developed in Africa as an accurate and rapid method to understand the distribution und dynamics of Rinderpest and has been recognized as a panacea to the existing bane of animal disease underreporting in third world countries by improving disease reporting, monitoring and surveillance in many developing countries This paper is a collaborative report of three Nigerian veterinarians in the academic, research und government services respectively towards finding a panacea to the bane of poor disease reporting and its attendant consequences A study was conducted in 2007 to evaluate the effectiveness of the operational system of the animal disease reporting system in Oyo State. Nigeria, one of the 36 States in Nigeria, for the period J995 to 2005 Generally the operations of the system in Oyo State are found to be ineffective in many aspects and characterized by late reporting, under-reporting and inaccurate data Between 2008 and 2009. PDS was applied in Nigeria under the Early Detection. Reporting and Surveillance for Avian Influenza in Africa (EDRSAJA) Programme and found to be logistically inexpensive, flexible, leads to timely control of diseases and can easily be integrated into the existing National Animal Diseases Information and Surveillance programme At the Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine. University of Ibadan. Nigeria. PDS have been incorporated into the postgraduate curricula since 2004 Other Veterinary Faculties in Nigeria are challenged to also incorporate PE/PDS in their curricula as part of needed training efforts relevant to addressing the bane of existing poor disease reporting and surveillance in NigeriaItem Participatory epizootiology research of settled pastoralists in Igangan grazing reserve, Southern guinea agro-pastoral zone, Oyo State, Nigeria: first report(2011) Babalobi, O. O.Participatory Epizootiology Research of a Fulani agro- pastoralist settlement scheme, the Igangan Grazing Reserve, Oyo Stole, Southwest Nigeria between 2007 and dole, is ongoing under o University of Ibadan, Nigeria Senole Research Grant Program. The objective is to identify and rank the expressed epizootiological and livestock health problems, as well as the socio-economic needs related to livestock-keeping, of the pastoralists in the study area. After obtaining approval from the reserve authorities (the Oyo State Government), on initial field assessment, two interactive focus group discussions meetings and a second physical field visit took place between December 2007 and June 2009. Respondents included the traditional Fulani grazing reserve head, who has been o settler on the reserve for forty (40) years, his educated first son and heir apparent, as well as fifteen (IS) other settler leaders/elders. There were between twenty-seven (27) and forty-seven (47) permanent settlers, depending on the season of the year, with cattle holding of SO - 600 per household. Settlers were mainly Fulani pastoralists. Problems highlighted by settlers included inadequate space for settler families, crop former/pastoralist skirmishes, und non-availability of feed oil year round and absence of veterinary / animal core services. Expressed needs were for basic veterinary training in animal core (and not just drug usage), disease prevention and management practices and veterinary extension education. Four (4) major reserve diseases identified were (harbo (Foot and- Mouth Disease). Samore (Tryponosomosis), Cheren/Unto (Contagious Bovine Pleuro pneumonia) and Wolah (Skin eruptions).Item Ethno-veterinary medicine perspectives of common diseases and health problems of livestock kept by rural women in South-West Nigeria: a case study(2010) Ogunwale, I.; Babalobi, O. O.Ethnoveterinary medicine is the scientific term for traditional animal health care and provides low cost alternatives to use of modem veterinary services and drugs. Research into ethnoveterinary medicine is often undertaken as part of a community-based approach that serves to improve animal health and provide basic veterinary services in rural areas. The study applied some participatory, rural appraisal tools to identify common diseases and health problems among livestock kept by women formers in a case study rural setting in Southwest Nigeria as well as their ethnoveterinary practises and perception. Common livestock, diseases end health problems were ranked by respondents as Diarrhoea (26%), Newcastle Disease (22.7%), Mange (18%) fowl pox (8.4%) Pestes des petite ruminants (7.8%), Lice infestation (5.8%) foot and nose bots (5.2%), lick infestation (3.9%) and Contagious Caprine Plcuro pneumonic (1.95%). The farmers regard traditional intervention on the diseases of their animals as very effective as palliative treatment, and modern veterinary - services as curative but less accessible and very expensive. Veterinary staff associated with the community complained about non conducive working environment and lack of mobility/ambulatory vehicle, problems of quacks that have motorcycles and go around disguising as Veterinary doctors. Recommendations are-made for the training of some educated community members of community animal health workers, the control of quackery in rural areas, the provision of adequate mobility and conducive working environment for Veterinary staff as well as provision of veterinary services to farmers at affordable prices.Item Internet Web Communication Technology (WCT) and Information Communication Technology (ICT) development and use for veterinary medicine education in Nigeria (2000 -2009)(2010) Babalobi, O. O.Internet web communication technology (WCT) usage in Nigeria has increased tremendously over the last decade. Veterinary education and practices in Nigeria have also profited largely from advances in internet WCT mainly, in last two decade. Veterinary Medicine Electronic Journals such as Access to Global Online Research in Agriculture (AGORA), African Journal Online (AJOL), and Health Information Network Access to Research Initiative (HINARI) are available free online. In particular, the (the official email group of the Nigerian Veterinary Medical Association NVMA), the interactive electronic mail communication network for members of the Nigerian Veterinary Medical Association (NVMA), has greatly stimulated Nigerian Veterinarians worldwide to active utilization of Internet WCT. The phenomenal increase in internet usage in education is attributable to massive collaborative support by such funding body as the MacArthur Foundation, working along other partners in the project “Partnership for Higher Education in Africa (PHEA)". Contrarily, the level of ICT use in Nigerian education system, including veterinary medicine education, is still very low, with an estimated 90% of Nigeria's educational institutions still at the emerging/infancy stage due to low funding, paucity of ICT infrastructure, irregular and low quality power supply and high cost of ownership of ICT facilities including the capital and operational costs. There is a pertinent need to focus research into and actively promote the usage of ICT in enhancing research and education in developing countries, with collaborative funding by International Organizations.Item Geographical Information System (GIS) Mapping of Spatio-Temporal pollution status of Rivers in Ibadan, Nigeria(Asian Network for Soioniifio Information, 2008) Adeyemo, O. K.; Babalobi, O. O.More accurate spatio-temporal predictions of urban environment arc needed as a basis for assessing exposures as a part of environmental studies and to inform urban protection policy and management. In this study, an information system was developed to manage die physico-chemical pollution information of Ibadan river system. Oyo Slate, Southwest Nigeria. The study took into account die seasonal influences of point and non-point discharges on die levels of physico-chemical parameters. The overall sensitivity of the watershed to physicochemical environmental pollution revealed dial during dry season, of the 22 (100%) sample points, only 3(13.6%) were unpolluted, 6 (27.3%) were slightly polluted, 10 (45.4%) were moderately polluted. 2 (91%) were seriously polluted and 1 (4.5%) was exceptionally polluted During rainy season, 3 (13.6%) were unpolluted. 7 (31.8%) were slightly polluted, 9 (40.9%) were moderately polluted, 2 (9.1%) were seriously polluted and 1 (4.5%) was exceptionally polluted There is a considerable environmental risk associated with the present level of pollution of the Ibadan river water body on fish health and biodiversity This research provides a basis for aquatic management and assist in policy making at national and international levels Appropriate strategies for the control of point and non-point pollution sources, amendments and enforcement of legislation should be developed.