FACULTY OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

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TRANSPORT COSTS AND THE LOCATION OF INDUSTRIES IN IBADAN – A STUDY IN INDUSTRIAL GEOGRAHY
(1968-08) ADEYANJU, B. A.
The significance of transport costs in the location of industries in Ibadan is studied through the application of the comparative cost approach while spatial differential in factor costs is investigated by means of field survey and statistical methods. The theoretical schema which formalizes the comparative cost approach is substitution of production factors. This considers alternative locations in terms of substitution between transport costs and processing costs and identifies the least cost location. Industrial concentration in Ibadan is assessed through the adaptation of the multiple criteria technique. The result shows that the magnitude of manufacturing in Ibadan is 50.60% of the total for Western Nigeria. In Ibadan one universal element of production factors which varies significantly from industry to industry and which is generally subject to persistent spatial variation is transport cost. The role of transport costs in attracting industries into Ibadan is found to be very important in the Fruit Canning and Orange Squash industries but much less so with regards to Soft Drinks and Furritture. These latter have been attracted to Ibadan by the available metropolitan market advantages which form, the basis of the present unique spatial monopoly enjoyed by Ibadan in the location of Industries. Results of cost calculations and perhaps most importantly transport costs are generally compatible with similar studies emphasizing the significance of transport costs in the location of specific industries elsewhere. The location of other industries not considered here for lack of data will have to await future Investigation.
A DEMAND ANALYSIS FOR CEMENT IN NIGERIA
(1970) ADEJUGBE, M. O. A.
This study was motivated by the fact that although there are several works on the supply of cement in Nigeria, the demand aspect has not been examined in detail and quantitatively. This study attempts to estimate the price and income elasticities of demand for both imported cement and for aggregate demand for cement in Nigeria. It also attempts to assess the impact of custom tariff on imported cement and appraise the import substitution effects of the domestic manufacturing of cement in Nigeria. And finally, the thesis attempts to show the trend of cement consumption in Nigeria between 1948 - 66, the annual rate of growth of consumption during this period as well as the future time path of this rate of growth. The market analysis in chapter two deals with the supply and demand determinants and the pricing policies of the firms. The market structure is also analyzed and the results of the carefully managed government foreign policy in respect of importation of cement. An appropriate model is postulated in chapter three to grapple with the problem of the demand equations. The theoretical framework is also discussed in this chapter. Chapter four is devoted to the discussion of the results of the estimated demand equations. The least squares method is used to estimate the parameters of the equations. Prom the results it is concluded that cement is price inelastic; both aggregate and imported cement exhibit low and shifting price elasticity. Aggregate demand for cement is "income" elastic. The income elasticity for imported cement is however low, this is a sign of increasing import substitution. The impact of tariff on imported cement is somewhat low when measured in terms of elasticity. The trend of cement consumption during the reference period shows that cement consumption has been growing at a decreasing rate. The rate of growth tends to about 2% with time though the level of consumption grows infinitely large with time.
A DEMAND ANALYSIS FOR CEMENT IN NIGERIA
(1970) ADEJUGBE, M. O. A.
This study was motivated by the fact that although there are several works on the supply of cement in Nigeria, the demand aspect has not been examined in detail and quantitatively. This study attempts to estimate the price and income elasticities of demand for both imported cement and for aggregate demand for cement in Nigeria. It also attempts to assess the impact of custom tariff on imported cement and appraise the import substitution effects of the domestic manufacturing of cement in Nigeria. And finally, the thesis attempts to show the trend of cement consumption in Nigeria between 1948 - 66, the annual rate of growth of consumption during this period as well as the future time path of this rate of growth. The market analysis in chapter two deals with the supply and demand determinants and the pricing policies of the firms. The market structure is also analyzed and the results of the carefully managed government foreign policy in respect of importation of cement. An appropriate model is postulated in chapter three to grapple with the problem of the demand equations. The theoretical framework is also discussed in this chapter. Chapter four is devoted to the discussion of the results of the estimated demand equations. The least squares method is used to estimate the parameters of the equations. Prom the results it is concluded that cement is price inelastic; both aggregate and imported cement exhibit low and shifting price elasticity. Aggregate demand for cement is "income" elastic. The income elasticity for imported cement is however low, this is a sign of increasing import substitution. The impact of tariff on imported cement is somewhat low when measured in terms of elasticity. The trend of cement consumption during the reference period shows that cement consumption has been growing at a decreasing rate. The rate of growth tends to about 2% with time though the level of consumption grows infinitely large with time.
EXCISE TAXATION IN NIGERIA
(1970) ADEWUMI, M. O.
THE IMPACT OF IMPROVED RURAL WATER SUPPLIES ON THE HAMAR AKD HUNR TRIBES OF SOUTH-WESTERN KORDOFAN - A GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS
(1971-12) ADEPETU, A. A.
This thesis attempts geographical analysis of the impact of Sudan's deep bore programmes on water-deficient and under-developed South-Western Kordofan; it is based partly on existing published materials and partly but more importantly on extensive field investigation. The main finding is that deep bore programmes have helped to transform South-Western Kordofan socially and economically. Chapter one of the thesis outlines the various mechanisms through which this transformation has been achieved. In the analysis, use is made of Knetsch's approach of comparing conditions in two culturally and physically similar areas, one of which has been provided with a change-inducing factor, and of attributing any observed differences between the two areas to its Operation. Chapter two contains a short account of the resources of South-Western Kordofan, both physical and human. Particular attention is paid to solid geology, on which the occurrence of subsurface water depends, to the natura of the superficial deposits, and to rainfall and Vegetation. Conflicting principles of need and balanced exploitation of resources have characterized the allocation of boreholes in space and time. Chapter three examines the implications of such conflicting principles for the distribution pattern of deep bores in South-Western Kordofan. In this chapter the concept is introduced of 'usable land', which is a function of the availability of water; an attempt is also made to determine hypothetically what should be the appropriate maximum distance between one borehole and another that would make for the Optimum exploitation of agricultural land and grazing of South-Western Kordofan. The Impact of the deep bore programmes on South-Western Kordofan's major economic activities is dealt with in three chapters. Chapter four explains why pastoralists may continue to be migratory even when adequate perennial water supplies are available; it also suggests how the deep bore programmes may create more grazing problems unless accompanied by well organized pasture management. Chapter five shows that the cropped area has increased considerably since the borehole: programmes began, but because attitudes towards cultivation vary widely, it is not possible to determine the precise contribution made by the deep bare programes to the expansion in the area under cultivation. The increase in cropped area has led to a reduction in the area under ’gum-gardens', but this has not been accompanied by a decline in gum production. Chapter six explains why and asks whether the Arabs will continue to invest their efforts in gum tapping if other and more rewarding sources of employment are open to them. The distribution of Services is strongly influenced by the availability of water. Since the population size of a settlement is limited by the amount of water it can provide in the dry season, the question is posed in chapter seven whether every deep bore settlement will possess population large enough for the Optimum use of all essential Services. The thesis ends with a short chapter which review a the role which the deep bore programes can and should play in the future development of South-Western Kordofan.
THE IMPACT OF MIGRATION ON THE RURAL ECONOMY OF OSHUN DIVISION OF WESTERN NIGERIA
(1972-01) ADEGBOLA, O.
This study attempts to describe and analyse the impact of migration on the rural economy of Oshun Division of Western Nigeria. The thesis is in three parts. The first is concerned with the growth of migration from about the beginning of the present century to the late 1950’s. It investigates the historical and economic bases of the spatial distributions of both the in- and the out- migrants and analyses the pattern of their flows. The second part is concerned with the impact of migration on the factors of production. It begins with a consideration of the conceptual framework which tries to see the migrant as an agent of change. The rate of migration in different parts of the Division is shown to have been responsible for significant socio-economic changes especially in respect of the demand for, the supply of and the use of land, labour and capital. It also explains the different trends of economic development in the Division. In the third part of the thesis, the role of migrant enterprise and leadership is appraised and found to be reflected in the diffusion of agricultural innovations and the flow of skills from the destination end of the migration to the Division. It is largely against this background that the observed higher production of migrants as well as their larger share in the non-agricultural activities is explained. It is argued that the migrants have been responsible for modifying traditional institutions such as those associated with marketing of products. It is also contended that the role of migrants singly or collectively has been an important factor in the provision of some social amenities and economic projects. Finally, the problems and the future prospects of migration in the Division are examined.
AN ECONOMETRIC STUDY OF EXPENDITURE PATTERNS OF CONSUMERS IN SELECTED URBAN AREAS OF NIGERIA
(1972-02) ADAMU, S. O.
Optimum utilization of available statistical data is an objective which a country, particularly a developing one, should pursue. Adequate information about the structure of an economy is necessary for purposeful and meaningful planning, but a developing country lacks long statistical series that can make such information available. The objective of this study is to construct a simultaneous equation model of expenditure patterns of consumers based on the theory of consumer’s behavior; estimate parameters of the model; examine statistically various other factors, in addition to income, which affect consumption; and subsequently, with the help of certain assumptions on consumer preference orderings, derive income and price elasticities using Nigerian family budget data. The achievement of this objective depends on sound theoretical basis and appropriate data. These are covered in chapters 2, 3 and 4. The findings are discussed in chapters 5 and 6. These findings show: that different levels of factors like area and occupation affect average group expenditures (test between means) but the slopes of group expenditures with respect to total expenditures (the B’s) are not significantly affected by these factors; that areas effects are reasonably explained by occupational composition of areas; that the way estimates of B vary with family size confirms common indication of economics of scale particularly for commodities like food and transport: that because of broad classification of commodities, family composition cannot be meaningfully incorporated into the analysis: that two-way classification by income and family size is superior to one-way classification by income alone and; that with the aid of the leser-Frisch approach to assumptions concerning substitutability or complementarity between broadly classified commoditites, some kind of estimates of price elasticities is possible in addition to the usual income elasticities from family budget data.
A GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF THE POPULATION AND RURAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN THE MIDDLE BELT OF NIGERIA: A CASE STUDY FROM BIDA AND MINNA DIVISIONS OF NIGER PROVINCE
(1972-12) ADENIYI, E. O.
The main focus of the thesis is the examination of the factors responsible for rural economic development in a part of the Middle Belt of Nigeria. The discussion is based on the "land surplus" model and the approach is to regard population density and population growth as the independent variables which in their turn are major factors determining rural economic development in the middle Belt of Nigeria. The physical and human environment of the middle Belt and its changing economy from that of a lagging to a growing zone are discussed. The distribution, demographic and cultural characteristics of the population in different parts of the study area are shown to have influenced the socio-econonic organisation of agricultural land, labour, land use and crops grown. It is shown that the size of the population and density is below the Critical population density which the present System of land use can Support. The agricultural economy and new trends in agricultural production are discussed and it is shown that the production of food crops in the Middle Belt serves as an 'engine of growth’ (as does the production of export crops in other parts of Nigeria) in the Nigerian economy as it is a major source of food supply for the growing population and urbanization in Nigeria. The increasing integration of the Nigerian economy which has led to a greater development of the internal exchange economy in the country is shown to have aided the increasing commercialisation of food crop production in the area. In addition, population movements into the area has led to increased agricultural production. These developments have turned the Middle Belt from a lagging to a ’frontier zone’. In Order to realize the potentialities of the Middle Belt in Nigeria, a number of suggestions are made for the further development of the rural economy of the area.
THE DEMAND FOR CIGARETTES IN NIGERIA, 1950 - 1971; AN ECONOMETRIC STUDY
(1973) ADIKIBI, O. T.
Cigarette, besides being an important source of Excise tax revenue to many countries, has interesting theoretical implications mainly because of the very peculiar consumer needs it satisfies and because it has no exact direct substitute, except substitution among the different brands that exist. Over the years, the consumption of cigarettes in Nigeria has increased remarkably despite all the medical, social and religious campaigns against smoking. This study attempts at explaining the observed variations in the National consumption of cigarettes within the period 1950-71 as influenced by some variables, the strength of which the study tries to measure by applying econometric methods. The variables considered are economic and demographic factors; the economic factors include income and prices while the demographic variable is changes in the proportion of smokers in the population. The study therefore estimates the elasticities of demand for cigarette with respect to income, average price of cigarettes, price index of all other commodities and the demographic factor. The single equation model is adopted to analyse idle annual time- series used in the study. National aggregates as well as per capita data formulations were tested. For the dependent variable (i.e. quantity of cigarettes consumed) aggregation logically means the assumption that cigarettes are homogeneous. The function adopted is non-linear in the original data but linearized in logarithms, the parameters of which were derived by least squares. Besides these other variables, a war-year dummy was introduced in the function to take care of "erractic factors" which affected the consumption of cigarettes during the Nigerian civil-war period, 1967-70. The analysis was carried out on two levels; the static and the dynamic approaches. While in the former the current value of the independent variables influenced the current value of the dependent variable, in the latter, a lagged variable (the quantity variable was lagged) was introduced into the function explicitly. The latter analysis - i.e. the dynamic approach - was applied to test the habit- persistence hypothesis. The results obtained in the study are: (a) the elasticities of demand with respect to income and an average of cigarette prices are low though the income elasticity is comparatively higher. In both cases none was up to 0.7. The price elasticity was particularly low, it was under 0.4. (b) the cross elasticity of demand 'with respect to the price of all other commodities v/as positive and nearer 2 than 1. In other words, it was far greater than unity and thus tends to indicate that consumers were more sensitive to changes in the prices of other commodities than to cigarette prices. (c) 'population', perhaps the changes in the proportion of smokers to non-smokers or the extension of the smoking habit to -the women and members of the lower age group, is a significant factor accounting partly for variations in the National consumption of cigarettes. (d) the habit-persistence hypothesis was supported by the results of this study, that is, the more a person ha3 consumed cigarettes in the past, the more he will consume currently. The estimated "coefficient of adjustment' was about 0.86 which indicates a speedy adjustment of consumption to changes in prices and income. (e) the dummy variable shows positive sign which shows that the National consumption of cigarettes increased during the civil-war despite the temporary loss of the Eastern market. It was suggested from the above result that during major political upheavals the consumption of cigarettes will increase ceteris-paribus. This increase might have been due partly, to the high tension and depressive mood that engulfed the country and, of course, the military consumption. In conclusion, the economic and policy implications of the results were discussed. To the Government, cigarette is one of the products to tax to raise revenue. To the firms engaged in the Tobacco Industry, it might be profitable to pursue a relatively stable retail price policy in view of the high sensitivity of consumers to changes in the prices of other commodities.
INTRA-URBAN POPULATION MOBILITY IN THE OLD CORE OF IBADAN CITY
(1974-09) ADESINA, H. O.
The interest of this thesis is in finding out whether or not there is any residential relocation in the old core of Ibadan city within the past five years (1968-1972): and if there is any, to find out the processes generating the movements. Consequently, there are two main parts to the study. The first part sought for the pattern and volume of residential relocation. It looked at the direction and distance of the movements, using an accounting model to represent the aggregate flows that were analysed. The model led to coming to grip the general structure of the movement flows, particularly the varying spatial distribution of the Population-turnover that the main focus of the thesis. The second section delt with the explanation of the variations of the Population-turnover and the reasons for movement were also sought. Firstly, an attempt was made to inductively establish the parameters of ‘strain’. The correlation and regression models were then applied to search for the relationship between these parameters and the movement rates. The procedures all confirmed that there is a singularly most important factor that can be used in the explanation of the variations in the Population-turnover. Since the importance of the perception of the people was brought out by the regression models used to explain the variations in the movement rates, the later part of the section was devoted at looking, into greater details, the ways in which the people perceive their environment. In conclusion the major findings of the study were summarized and the implication of the study for planning was suggested.
THE PROCESSES OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE: A CASE STUDY OF THE JUDICIARY IN THE WESTERN STATE OF NIGERIA
(1976-06) ADELOLA, I. O. A.
This is a study of judicial processes and procedure in the Western State of Nigeria. The judiciary is conceptualized as a formal organization which lacks fitness into the classical organizational theory of bureaucracy because it is engulfed in intra-organizational and inter-organizational complications. Judicial processes and procedure are therefore to be understood within the framework of a multi-organizational inter-connectedness. Consequently, the study took as its theoretical focus the systemic approach which in turn embraces the structural- functional orientation with the concomitant exchange and conflict under-pinnings. Its central focus is that organizational interdependence will affect organizational performance adversely or positively even if the rules of bureaucracy are observed. The study also examines the judiciary as a formal Organization in which professionalism encourages fragmentation of group cohesion and this, in turn, is shown to limit the degree of bureaucratization found in the Organization. The end result of these perspectives is that organizational performance is a function of the interaction of internal and external forces. Consequently, it is concluded that a combination of the natural and rational models to the study of organization would enhance our understanding of organizations and the judiciary in particular. This study is divided into three main perspectives. The first takes an historical orientation, tracing the development of the judiciary in Nigeria from its very inception through a period of institutional experimentation to a period of institutional stability and reforms. It also traced the circumstances which led to the regionalization of the judiciary in Nigeria and how the judiciary of the Western State of Nigeria has performed during periods of political instability and experimentation. This section also focuses on the jurisdictional limitations of the various tribunals and their relations with one another. The second part focuses on the internal organizational structure of the judicial departments and isolates the interaction of Professionals and non-Professionals as a factor which encourages in-group and out-group relations bothering on mutual but manageable intra-organizational strains. Attention has also been directed to the inter-organizational inter-connectedness as a factor which may enhance or inhibit the performance of the judiciary. The third part spells out the procedures involved in adjudication of cases and attempts to relate the theoretical judicial process to judicial process in practice. Marked deviation from the theoretical expectations is observed in practice as a result of the interaction of internal and external forces. The adoption of a social process Orientation lends credence to this Claim. Finally the study raises the issue of the notion of justice; the relationship between the law and the society; and the human Problems in law enforcement.
AN APPLICATION OF GOAL PROGRAMMING TO ACADEMIC RESOURCE ALLOCATION PLANNING
(1982-12) SOYIBO, A.
Since the last decade, universities in Nigeria have been experiencing a progressive decline in required inputs, like funds, materials and academic staff. In spite of this, there has been a continuing rise in the demand for their services, as shown by rising student enrolment figures (Nigeria, 1981). Confronted with such a problem, universities require more than ever before, formal decision models for planning the allocation of their scarce resources as efficiently as possible. This study applies goal programming for planning the academic resource allocation--a major input--of the University of Ibadan for 1982/83-l986/87. The goal programming model used modifies that of Schroeder (1974) by defining explicitly a student enrolment goal and introducing an academic staff level goal, which is designed to cater for academic staff advancement, at least according to the historical rate in each faculty. Furthermore, it redefines the academic rank distribution goal to incorporate the controversial 30%-40%-30% rank distribution ratios introduced in 1981. The study seeks principally to determine the distribution of academic staff by rank, in each faculty/college, over a five-year period and recommend the planning implications of such a distribution. In addition, it attempts to find the effects of dropping the controversial rank distribution goal on the model solution. The model was solved using the Revised Simplex Goal Programming Algorithm developed by Kang (l980) on an I.B.M. VM 370 computer in the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, U.S.A. The analysis of the model solution: suggests that from a purely theoretical point of view, it is desirable to use a rank distribution goal, for an optimization model of the type used in the study; otherwise, the model will select least cost allocation alternatives only and such a solution cannot be used effectively for planning. However, the distributional ratios to be used should not be rigid like the controversial ones of 1981, but should reflect the historical advancement rates in the respective faculties. The result of solving such a model should be, used for indicative planning only; -confirms the fear that the use of fixed rank distribution ratios might inhibit promotion rate; -indicates that the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry appears to be operating very much below the minimum level of academic staff requirement to meet the student enrolment goal of that faculty as of now; -suggests that by the beginning of 1986/87, the University of Ibadan will require a minimum of 1,133 academic staff of various ranks to meet its student enrolment goal. This is over 60% above the minimum requirement at the beginning of 1982/83; -recommends that the University should pursue a vigorous Staff Development Programme in which the training of the best of its graduates--through a type of Junior Fellowship Programme--will be the core, as one approach of augmenting the supply of academic staff normally obtained through recruitment; -corroborates the findings of Kang (1980) that CPU time of the Revised Simplex Goal Programming Algorithm, tends to increase with increasing negative deviational variables in the objective function.
THE MICROCLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS WITHIN THE URBAN CANOPY OF IBADAN
(1985-01) ADEBAYO, Y. R.
This study analyses the spatial, diurnal and seasonal characteristics of some climatic parameters within the urban canopy of Ibadan. These climatic parameters are global radiation, surface albedo, net long wave radiation and latent and sensible fluxes of energy. The analysis is based on data collected on a daily basis (0600 - 1800 hrs. GMT) for one year at twenty stations located all ever the city. Furthermore, twenty-year data (1961-80) on the characteristics of maximum and minimum temperatures, relative humidity and rainfall are analysed with the aim of analysing the effect of urbanization on climate over that period. This study makes a departure from earlier studies which were concerned mainly with the rural/urban dichotomy ir climatic parameters by actually looking into the intra-urban pattern of the climatic parameters. In this regard the city surface was classified into six land use categories on the basis of their components of buildings, water, tarred roads, untarred roads, paved surfaces, bare ground, lawns and trees. The laud-uses identified are 'high density’ built-up areas, 'medium density' built-up areas, 'low density 'built-up areas, 'commercial' areas, 'open spaces’ and ’rural’ areas. These land-uses were used as the basis for setting up the climatic stations and explaining results of the variation in climatic parameters. Results of the investigation show that components of radiation and energy budgets vary considerably from the rural areas to the urban centre. Global radiation values for the different land-uses range between 0,62 and 0.64 ly min-1 in the rural surroundings to between 0,56 and 0.58 ly min-1 in the urban centre. This shows a decrease of about Albedo mean values range between 15% and 18% in the rural area to between 8% and 10% in the city centre. The net radiation at the urban centre is about 15% higher than that at the rural area; the mean values for the different land-use surfaces being between 0.200 and 0.215 ly. Min-1 in the rural area and between 0.225 and 0.245 ly. Min-1 in the urban centre. Net long wave radiation increases from between -0.21 and -0.22 ly. Min-1 in the rural area to between —0.18 and -0.19 ly min-1 in the urban centre, The Increase in the city centre over the rural area is by about Mean values of temperature urban 'heat island' vary between 1.0°C and 1.5°C, and 2.5°C and 3.0°C during the vet and harmattan periods respectively, The extreme value of temperature 'heat island' is as high as 11.7°C. The relative humidity in the urban centre is 6,3% lower than in the rural surroundings during the wet season and 24.3% lower than the harmattan season. From the temporal analysis of climatic data over a 20-year period, it is found that temperature has increased significantly over time. Maximum temperature increased by as much as 0o7°Co Rainfall increase over time has also been related to urban effects. All these confirm that urbanization is changing the climate of Ibadan, Finally, land-use components and climatic parameters are correlated and the relationships between them are found to be statistically significant at 5% level of significance.
AN ASSESSMENT OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT HOUSING POLICIES AND PROGRAMMES IN OYO STATE NIGERIA
(1986-09) ADEROGBA, C. A.
The urban housing problems in Oyo State have become very diverse and grievous in the recent time. The urban Population growth rate does not match the rate at which the housing units were being produced to accommodate the Population. However, the purpose of the work is to assess the policies and programmes that were meant to alleviate the Problems of housing shortage in particular. Housing policies and programmes of the Federal Government since the colonial period through the first to the current National Development Plan periods were identified and described. The policy of the colonial administration was to provide accommodation for their officials at the Regional Capital. In the first two plan periods, housing was lumped up with Urban and Regional Planning. In the Third and Fourth Plan periods it was recognised as a separate sector. There were policies to plan the physical layout of the buildings, ensuring environmental sanitation, providing shelter for all categories of individuals, encouraging availability of land, building Materials and building technology, financing housing programmes through loans, and providing infrastructural facilities to go along with housing. To implement the policies and programmes, the institutional framework involved were Federal Ministry of Housing and Environment, Federal Housing Authority (FHA) and the Federal Mortgage Bank. Five research questions were examined. Questionnaire was used to collect primary data. A kind of survey was carried out to the housing estates, and literature were contacted. Simple Statistical techniques of tabulation, percentages, correlation and regression analyses were used. Cartographic techniques were also used to present some Information. Some remarkable achievements were made. However, the analyses Show that the shortcomings surpassed the achievements. The colonial administration did not plan for any other city or town than the State Capital. Even after independence, the first two plan periods had policies and programmes for the state Capital alone. In the Third and Fourth Plan periods, there were policies for some selected urban centres but still with highest concentration at the State Capital. All institutions involved with the housing loan and housing delivery Systems were also found located at Ibadan. The low-cost housing units were concentrated at Ibadan while the rest were found scattered among the Local Government Head- quarters in the state. The housing units were found to be too costly and sophisticated for the category of people they were meant. The units were not located to replace any of the slums. They were haphazardly located at the outskirt of the cities and towns and thus cut-off from urban facilities and Services. The land use decree was not effective therefore lands for building houses were still very scarce. The Federal Mortgage Bank loan was restrictive and inaccessible. The public found the policies and programmes to be generally unsuitable and ineffective vis-a-vis the purpose. These shortcomings arise because the public were not made to participate at any stage of the policy formulation and implementation. Secondly, there were no data on housing conditions and housing industries. Lastly, the culture and norms of the societies for whom the policies and programmes were meant were never taken into consideration. Thus, the schemes excluded the truly urban majority. In conclusion, the work suggested what should be located where, and warned that the need to identify who- needs-what over space and time would be very crucial. Data Bank and Statistical Systems for House and housing industry were suggested. New questions were raised.
THE SELF AS PREDICTOR OF EQUITY COMPARISON AND JOB SATISFACTION
(1987-09) ADANIJO, I. B.
Perhaps one of the most unresearched subjects is the impact of the self on employees' perceptions of and reactions to inequity (Locke, 1976; Mowday, 1979; Brockner, 1985). Therefore the purpose of this research is to investigate the influence of the self on equity comparisons and job satisfaction. The self variables in this study are the general and self; self-esteem, competence thema, ability and influence. Equity comparisons refer to: work-related aspects of the thema, ability and influence. (1) the degree of equity perceived relative to others (POOEQ) or the self outside the organization (PSOEQ),(2) the kind of comparative referents selected in making pay equity evaluations (e.g. self or others inside or outside the organization). Questionnaires were used to collect data from 550 employees from 11 banks (275 bank workers) and 6 ministries, (275 Government workers) in Ibadan. Sixty-six percent were males while thirty-four per cent of the respondents were females. Their average age was 39.9 years and their median educational level was high school certificate or its equivalent. Results of a series of hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that as expected, competence thema and influence showed significant positive association with perceived self-outside and other-outside equity. Unexpectedly, self-esteem and ability showed negative relationship with perceived equity states. However, further analysis revealed that although both low self-esteem and ability groups made relatively more favourable evaluations, on the average, low and high self-esteem or ability groups all made equitable comparisons. Expectedly, the self variables (except ability) showed significant positive associations with job satisfaction. An interesting finding was that this self variable set accounted for 25% (P<.001) of the total variance in job satisfaction, with competence thema accounting for 16% (P<.001). This is remarkable considering the little attention the self variable has been given in previous studies. Also consistent with expectations, both POOEQ and PSOEQ showed significant positive relationships with job satisfaction. In addition, the results showed that the comparison of many job outcomes have cummulative effect. Individuals who feel relatively more disadvantaged on many job outcomes exhibit less satisfaction than those who feel more advantaged on many jobs. Also, employees who used few referents for pay equity evaluations tended to make more favourable equity comparisons than those who use multiple referents. A series of 2 x 2 ANOVA revealed that employees who used self referents for pay evaluations are those who exhibit higher self-esteem and influence than those who used other referents. Also, individuals who used outside referents scored higher on ability and self-esteem than those who used inside referents. Stepwise multiple discriminant analysis showed that the most important predictors of referents' selection were competence thema job tenure. Finally, path analysis results suggested that consistent with the proposed model of association, the self exerted direct influences on both perceived equity and job satisfaction, and an indirect influence on job satisfaction through relationships with perceived equity. It was concluded that in order to enhance employees' affective responses to work, organizations must strive to satisfy employees' implicit needs by providing rewards (motivation) which constantly give them ample opportunities to fulfill those perceived characteristics of the self.
SPATIAL VARIATIONS IN ACCESSIBILITY TO SECONDARY SCHOOL FACILITIES IN OYO STATE
(1988-07) ADEYEMO, A. M.
The developing countries of the world have come to realise that issues involving human resource development and basic values may need to receive attention before regional problems can be successfully attacked either directly or indirectly, through sustained national economic growth. Need arises to tackle fundamental structural problems before growth and development can proceed to a point where it positively affects remaining structural problems. In the three preceding decades, Nigerian governments (civilian and military) have made various attempts to drastically raise the income level as well as the standard and quality of life of the people at both urban and regional scales. Since independence, elaborate social welfare programmes (health and education in particular) have always been an important feature of development planning in the old Western Region (now Oyo, Ogun, Ondo, Lagos and Bendel States). Education facilities are among the public services that profoundly affect human well-being the availability of which has far reaching implications for a people's income and quality of life and increases the attractiveness of an area. More recently, Oyo State government acknowledged the need to enhance the quality of life of the people and increase their level of participation in decision-making and access to social opportunity. Between October 1, 1979 and December, 1983, Oyo State government attempted to ensure equality of access to secondary schools in social and physical term by the introduction of 'free education at all levels’ and/or proliferation of secondary schools designed to remove any barriers to the consumption of secondary school education. The policy objectives in this regard have been to improve access to educational resources by distributing them among Local government areas equitably according to need, and to correct territorial injustices and maintain efficiency in the allocation of secondary school education resources among areas. But how far have these objectives been realized? The main thrust of this study is to describe and explain the geographical variations in accessibility to secondary schools among a set of settlements and across Local government areas of the study area. The objectives therefore are to: examine the implications of State government policy (1979-1983) on accessibility of the people to secondary schools; determine the level of provision of secondary schools among Local government areas in relation to needs; examine the extent to which state citizens are better or worse off as a result of government policy on education; examine the extent to which proliferation of secondary school facilities in the State has improved distributional efficiency; and find out the major factors that determine the distribution of secondary schools in a typical region of a Third World country. In doing this work both population and secondary school data were used and they were collected from secondary sources; while data on physical distance from facility location point to user settlement) was generated from the base map. The methods of analysis employed include access opportunity model as put forward by Schneider and Symons (1971), Gini-coefficient, Lorenz curves and ratio of advantage or disadvantage, planning standards as laid down by Ministry of Education and multiple regression model. This study has revealed some facts about the distribution of secondary schools before and after 1979-1983 education programme in the State. The study shows that mass provision of secondary school facilities has increased accessibility of the population in the State to secondary school education. Enrolments in secondary schools increased from about 11% in 1978 to 36.3% in 1983. In 1978 50% of secondary schools was controlled by 39 % of the population of the State but this increased to 45% in 1983. This implies that state government policy on secondary school education has increased people's access to a larger share of the facilities by 6%. Average access opportunity to secondary schools and teachers increased by 140.51 and 108.80 percent respectively in 1983; while total population without secondary schools declined by 54 percent. Total weighted distance declined from 32,009,271 in 1978 to 9,844,663 person kilometres in 1983; while in 1983 mean weighted distance decreased by 49 percent. The mass establishment of secondary schools has also redistributed secondary school facilities in a more egalitarian direction than ever before. The spatial concentration of secondary schools and teachers in urban areas declined by 7 and 3 percent respectively while proportion of the population controlling 50 percent of secondary schools and teacher in the rural areas increased by 13 and 18 percent respectively. Thirdly, the increased number of secondary schools has not improved the distributional optimality with which the facilities were delivered. Inefficiency in the distribution of secondary school teachers and schools was overwhelming during the periods. Proliferation of secondary school facile ties has not altered the inefficiency level of social service delivery system in Nigeria. The level of inefficiency that characterizes the system has remained relatively stable over time. Fourthly, the study has shown that egalitarian approach to the provision of social services has substantially reduced inequalities and inequities in secondary school provision. The result is that disparities between the spatial pattern of need and spatial pattern of secondary school provision got reduced. There was redistribution of services in a more egalitarian direction than before. The study shows that decentralization of schools is less efficient, but it is more equitable in the sense that differences among urban and rural areas, between and within local government areas have been reduced. There was no evidence that State government made any efforts to implement the laid down distributional standards in the provision of secondary schools in the State hence the high level of inefficiency in the distribution of secondary schools among Local government areas of the State. Finally, the relationship between need (population) and provision of secondary school facilities was considerably stronger than any other identified explanatory variables implying that territorial justice exists with regards to the distribution of secondary schools in Oyo State. It shows that social and territorial justices can only be sustained if services are distributed in relation to population (need) rather than on the basis of political considerations. Areas of high population concentration attract social services and other developmental infrastructure than areas of scanty and scattered population. The observed mis-match between enrolments and provision of teachers revealed that the quantitative growth of secondary school resources was not accompanied with development. In the provision of secondary school facilities (1979-1983) there was growth but no development. The structure of this thesis is as follows. Chapter one gives the background to the study; while Chapter two deals with conceptual and theoretical framework and literature review. The extent to which mass provision of secondary schools in the State improved access opportunity to secondary schools in 1983 was examined in Chapter three; while levels of inequity in the distribution of secondary schools among Local government areas, and between urban and rural areas were examined in Chapter four. Although mass provision of secondary school, increases access opportunity of the population to secondary school education, yet it does not improve the optimal distribution of secondary school facilities among Local government areas of the State. Chapter five confirms this postulate; while Chapter six looks at factors that shape the spatial aspects of secondary school facilities in the state. Chapter seven is conclusion.
UNDERDEVELOPMENT AND COLLECTIVE SELF-RELIANCE IN THE ECONOMIC COMMUNITY OF WEST AFRICAN STATES
(1988-08) ABUTUDU, M. I. M.
The formation of ECOWAS is usually seen as a-decisive attempt to reorient the economies of West Africa inward in a framework of collective self-reliance. While the absence of the necessary political will is usually identified as the basic constraint to the effective take off of the organization, there is usually no attempt to situate the difficulties in mustering this political will in the concrete situation of underdevelopment and dependence, that is, the structural conditions under which policies of integration are formulated and are expected to operate. On an equally crucial note, the issue of how adopted integration measures affect, or may affect the goal of breaking out of underdevelopment and dependence is either neglected or treated in abstraction. study focuses on the impact of the structures and processes of underdevelopment, exemplified in the external orientation of the-economies of West Africa, on the creation of ECOWAS and the community's choice, elaboration and implementation of concrete measures of intergration. The general character of West African states lies essentially in their incorporation into the world economy as peripheral states and therefore, a common orientation to foreign trade, aid and investments as the fundamental basis of accumulation and social reproduction. However, the conditioning impact which this singular process of incorporation has on each member state is mediated by certain factors such as resource endowment, special external ties and the peculiar manifestation of the post-colonial state. In this context, the character of national accumulation and social reproduction contain objective specificities which imply peculiar patterns of impact and expectations from incorporation into the world economy. At both the singular and specific levels of incorporation, integration and the measures that chart its motion have opportunity costs for member states. These opportunity costs are based on the impact, actual or potential, of joint measures on the accumulation and reproduction process. It is therefore argued that the explanation for support or resistance to policies of integration must be sought in their impact on the accumulation and reproduction of the economy and state. This, in reality, implies that member states evaluate integration measures in terms of their implications for external expectations and specific foreign ties. In line with this, we argue that a fundamental facilitating factor in the formation of ECOWAS was the common orientation to certain external ties and expectation from such ties, forged among West African states through British entry into the EEC in 1973- in effect, the partial merging of the two preferential zones that had hitherto bifurcated West Africa. This common orientation underlines much of the distributive policies of ECOWAS, which have been largely predicated on the aid provisions of the Lome Conventions. As the externally induced economic crises of the eighties took their toll, the common orientation has also become visible in the attempt to create an ECOWAS common currency whose stability may be anchored on an EEC guarantee, The opportunity costs arising from the common orientation to foreign trade are well exhibited in the general tendency to resist the community trade liberalization programme during economic crisis. As a logical outcome of the crisis of peripheral accumulation, protectionism has become a ready tool for member states which feel that trade liberalization in ECOWAS endangers domestic prospects of accumulation. At the specific level of incorporation, integration measures indicate different structures of opportunity costs for member states. Trade liberalization and a common payments system are actively supported by some states and actively resisted by others. The rules of originating products accord with the dominant interests in some states as indicated in their indigenization and nationalization policies whereas in others where the dominant interests in the state are expressed through the conspicious absence of such policies, the rules of origin threaten to undermine accumulation.
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