FACULTY OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

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A computable general equilibrium analysis of policy options under the Nigeria’s National Economic Empowerment and Development strategy (NEEDS) -2
(2009-09) Iwayemi, A. P; Olofin, S. O.; Olopoenia, A. A.; Adenikinju, A. F.; Oyeranti, O. A.; Aminu, A.
The study uses a computable general equilibrium model of Nigeria to investigate the likely effects of two main policy options that will be given special consideration in the National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS)-2 slated for implementation under the framework of the recently launched Seven-Point Agenda. The two policy options are the increase in the rate of value-added tax (VAT) and trade liberalisation. It is found. that an increase in VAT rate or a doubling of VAT rate for that matter will increase government revenue but this will be at the cost of a higher rate of inflation and impoverishment of poor households who are in the majority in Nigeria. This finding in part implies that the monetary authority concerned with price level stability should be on the alert whenever any attempt is made by the fiscal authority to increase VAT rate. Any attempt to liberalise trade (especially import) between Nigeria and other countries through the instrumentality of reduction in import duties' rates will boost both import and export transactions but this will at the same time reduce government revenue. One other interesting finding is that a higher percentage reduction in import duties' rates will result in a lower rate of naira depreciation and this sort of suggests that a higher percentage reduction in import duties' rates should be preferred to a lower percentage. The reduction in government revenue due to trade liberalisation implies that government will need to explore and exploit other sources of revenue to ensure sustainability of government expenditure.
A social cost-benefit analysis of the Nigerian liquefied natural gas (NLNG) project
(Ibadan University Press, Publishing House, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, 2006) Oyeranti, O. A.; Olaniyan, O.
A Socio-Legal Approach to Violence Against Women in Nigeria
(2015) Akanle,O; Busari,D
Gender constructions are not obvious human categories and factors amongst the most contested academic and scholarly issues. This is partly because gender is a sensitive subject, with varying conceptions dependent on contexts of human actions. Among the most affected subjects of power relations is also gender, thus making it amenable to many interpretations and intervention efforts. Due to the centrality of gender issues to economic, political, social and general practical existences, Nigerian governments over the years have instituted policies and laws to address the issues related to gender. Unfortunately, gender sentiments, biases and orientations that the laws and policies are meant to address also still affect gender constructs and the laws/ policies themselves in a way that calls the policies and the laws to question in terms of efficacy, ultimately. This demonstrates the deepseatedness of gender and its complex yet dynamic nature as it interfaces power and sensitiveness as different categories of humans interact. What is then the place of the laws in addressing gender relations? What are the natures of dominant legal systems in the face of unequal power-play as they affect gender? What are the gaps and the strengths of gender-focused legal systems in Nigeria? Since gender is not a self-evident human category, what are the pathways to a more positive gender relations in Nigeria and how can socio-legal systems more proactively and more positively address gendered human conditions? These are indicative research questions this paper addresses. This paper reviews and analyzes the gender-related components of the Nigerian legal systems and policies in manners that will benefit scholarship and practice.
Abnormal Psychology
(Department of Psychology, University of Ibadan, 1999) Olley, B. O.
Abortion an Sudden Death among Adolescents in Nigeria: A Hidden Psychological Enquiry
(Stirling-Horden Publishers (Nig.) Ltd., 2000) Olley, B. O.; Okpara, C. U.
Academic accommodation of students with special needs in open/ distance education
(International journal of distance education, 2010) Oyewumi, A. M.; Olapegba, P. O.
The presence of individuals with special needs in any society is one reality that cannot be denied anymore, This study therefore, investigated academic accommodation of students with special needs in the open/distance learning mode, The study is a descriptive survey in 5 purposively selected tertiary institutions running open/distance learning programmes and 93 academic heads of departments were sampled. Data obtained from the survey through a structured questionnaire were analysed by frequency counts, simple percentages, means and standard deviations, Results revealed that there were 170 academic accommodation services in all the institutions sampled and the preparation of lecturers was low in academic accommodation of students with special needs. It was therefore, recommended that institutions operating open/distance 'mode of learn should get there programmes and physical environments modified to cater for students with special needs because they are an integral part of their potential student population.
Adherence to malaria treatment during pregnancy: does availability and utilization of medical facilities translate to compliance?
(2014-12) Nwokocha, E. E.
Malaria is a major health issue in sub-Saharan Africa with pregnant women and children at greater risk of exposure to the disease than other population cohorts. Studies on malaria related maternal mortality in Nigeria have focused largely on preventive behaviour and healthcare providers’ knowledge of treatment regimen. Negligible attention has been paid to adherence of care seekers to treatment in relevant contexts. Employing the cross-sectional survey method, 927 pregnant women in Ondo state, Southwest Nigeria were selected through a multistage sampling technique. In addition, 12 In-depth Interviews (IDIs) were conducted among relevant stakeholders. Results showed that adherence to malaria treatment among pregnant women was influenced by social, residential and demographic factors in both rural and urban areas of the state. Expectant mothers without formal education reported higher level of adherence to medication (r=-631 p< .034) than those of higher educational status, indicating that the level of education does not necessarily influence adherence to medication. Policy and national programmes aimed at maternal mortality reduction should recognise the important role that culture plays in people’s perception and behaviour and by implication aetiology of diseases. Without a feasible, people-oriented and context specific intervention, malaria induced maternal morbidity and mortality will remain high not only in Ondo State but Nigeria in general.
Adolescent sexuality and Life skills education in Nigeria: to what extent have out-of-School adolescents been Reached?
(Women's Health and Action Research Centre, 2014-12) Isiugo-Abanihe, U. C.; Olajide, R.; Nwokocha, E.; Fayehun, F.; Okunola, R.; Akingbade, R.
The introduction of school-based adolescent sexuality and life skills education in Nigeria’s formal education sector raises the misgiving that out-of-school youths who constitute more than half of the youth population might be neglected. This study investigated the extent to which out-of-school adolescents have been reached with sexuality education in Nigeria. The study took place in the six geopolitical zones and the Federal Capital Territory Abuja, and involved out-of-school adolescents, Non-Governmental Organizations, and community leaders. The qualitative research approaches were employed. Most of the youths had been exposed to sexuality education through seminars, trainings and workshops organized by different organizations. However, states in the south were better served than those in the north. Sexually Transmitted Infections including HIV/AIDS prevention accounted for more than 40% of the content of sexuality and life skills education received by out-of-school adolescents. The programmes have impacted positively on adolescents’ disposition and relationship with the opposite sex, knowledge and skill building.
Adolescent sexuality and life skills education in Nigeria: to what extent have out-of-School adolescents been reached?
(2014) Isiugo-Abanihe, U. C.; Olajide, R.; Nwokocha, E. E.; Fayehun, F.; Okunola, R.; Akingbade, R.
The introduction of school-based adolescent sexuality and life skills education in Nigeria’s formal education sector raises the misgiving that out-of-school youths who constitute more than half of the youth population might be neglected. This study investigated the extent to which out-of-school adolescents have been reached with sexuality education in Nigeria. The study took place in the six geopolitical zones and the Federal Capital Territory Abuja, and involved out-of-school adolescents, Non-Governmental Organizations, and community leaders. The qualitative research approaches were employed. Most of the youths had been exposed to sexuality education through seminars, trainings and workshops organized by different organizations. However, states in the south were better served than those in the north. Sexually Transmitted Infections including HIV/AIDS prevention accounted for more than 40% of the content of sexuality and life skills education received by out-of-school adolescents. The programmes have impacted positively on adolescents’ disposition and relationship with the opposite sex, knowledge and skill building.
Adolescents' risky sexual behaviour and efficacy of Psycho-education intervention programme among Secondary school students in Oyo State
(African Journal for the Psychological study of Social Issues, 2004) Adejuwon, G. A.; ||Olapegba P.O.; ||Taiwo, A. O.
The study examined adolescents' attitude to risky sexual behaviour and the efficacy of psycho-education intervention programme among 150 Secondary School Students; 100 students were used for the experimental study while 50 were used as the control. Specifically it is aimed at finding out the effectiveness of the psycho-education preventive intervention programme on adolescents' altitude to sexual risk behaviour among adolescents. Four hypotheses were postulated while analysis of variance and t-test for independent samples were used to analyse the data collected. Findings indicate that adolescents who were exposed to the psycho-education preventive intervention programme scored lower in risky sexual behaviour measures than those who were not exposed to psycho-education. Students with low and high quality of life did not differ significantly in their attitude towards risky sexual behaviour. One of the implications of the findings is that irrespective of social status, the adolescents engaged in risky sexual behaviour. It is therefore recommended that preventive intervention programmes should target adolescents at the various socioeconomic levels of the society.
Adolescents' socio-economic and cultural vulnerability to HIV/AIDS and other STIs - Research needs and priorities
(Research and Documentation on Adolescent Sexual Reproductive Health in Nigeria, 2011) Nwokocha, E. E.
ADOPTIONOFHEALTHINSURANCESCHEMEANDHEALTHSEEKINGBEHAVIOURAMOGEMPLOYEESOFPRIVATEORGANISATIONS IN ENUGU STATE, NIGERIA
(2023-08) STARRIS-ONYEMA,P.N.
The Health Insurance Scheme (HIS), a means of financing medical care among employees globally, is designed to subsidise medical costs. In Nigeria, HIS is inadequately implemented and this affects access to healthcare among employees, particularly in the private sector. Existing studies have mainly focused on biomedical aspects of HIS in the public sector with scant attention given to the social factors associated with its utilisation among employees of private organisations, including Enugu State, where the scheme has officially been adopted by private sector organisations. This study, therefore, examined the extent to which HIS is utilised; influence of its adoption on health-seeking behaviour; treatment pathways of enrollees; gender differentials in its utilisation; and the challenges reported by private sector employers that have enlisted in the scheme in Enugu State. The Structural Functionalist Theory and Health Belief Model served as framework, while the cross-sectional survey design was employed. The purposive sampling technique was used to select one organisation from each of the manufacturing and service industries that have adopted HIS. A sample of 457 respondents were drawn using Yamane’s formula. Simple random sampling was used to proportionately administer semi-structured questionnaire to employees in manufacturing (369) and service (88) industries. Twenty-four in-depth interviews were conducted with employees in manufacturing (14) and service (10) industries. Sixteen key informant interviews were conducted with management staff of manufacturing (5) and service (3) industries. Four healthcare providers from National Health Insurance Agency (NHIA) accredited hospitals, two managers of health maintenance organisations, and two NHIA executive officers. The quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Logistic regression and T-test at p≤0.05, while the qualitative data were content-analysed. The respondents’ age was 38±2.4 years; 77.4% had tertiary education and 70.8% were married. Forty-six percent partially utilised and 32.0% adequately utilised HIS. The extent to which HIS was adequately utilised was significantly associated with respondents’ aged ≥50 years (OR=4.87), tertiary education (OR=3.53) and those who were married (OR=2.57). Influence of HIS on health-seeking behaviour was significantly associated with senior staff (OR=1.57) and 100, 000 (OR=4.04) as monthly income. The treatment pathways for employees started with visit to HIS hospitals (61.2%), home therapy (23.2%), visit to hospitals without HIS (12.5%), faith/religious centres (2.9%) and traditional medical centre (0.2%). Some of those who did not visit HIS accredited hospitals at the onset of their ill-health resorted to visiting HIS accredited hospitals when their conditiondeteriorated.Femaleemployees(52.6%)were more likely to seek healthcare through HIS than their male counterparts (47.4%) after enrolling in HIS plan. Private sector employers’ challenges in the adoption of HIS included payment of premium, abuse oftheschemebysomeemployees,complexbureaucratic structure of the scheme and employees' inability to access certain treatments due to their organisations’ chosen HIS plan.Socio-organisational and individual factors influenced the adoption of health insurance scheme and the health seeking-behaviour of private sector employees in Enugu State, Nigeria. Health maintenance officials, Healthcare providers and other stakeholders should therefore increase awareness about the benefits of utilising health insurance scheme by private sector employees in order to reduce out-of-pocket health expenditure.
THE ADVOCACY ROLE OF WOMEN’S RIGHTS BASED NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS IN COMBATING DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA 1999-2007
(2013-06) OLATUBOSUN, O.O
Domestic violence affects about 81% of Nigerian females. Despite being a signatory to several international conventions on the protection of women against domestic violence, the Nigerian State has not made adequate institutional provisions to protect women against domestic violence particularly in the private sphere. However, Women’s Right Based Non-governmental Organizations (WRBNGOs) in Nigeria have endeavoured to establish the political linkage between the private and public spheres in order to sensitize relevant State institutions to the victim’s plight – an issue that has not been adequately studied. This study therefore, examined the role of WRBNGOs in combating domestic violence in Nigeria, with a specific focus on Lagos State. It investigated the WRBNGOs’ domestic violence advocacy with concerned State institutions. In particular, it explored the best practice strategies with which the WRBNGOs responded to the diverse domestic violence experiences of victims. Data were collected using qualitative research methods. Sixty-two victims’ experiential case histories were elicited through in-depth interviews at three WRBNGOs. These were complemented with unobtrusive observation at the Welfare Office (WO) and the Office of the Public Defender (OPD). Key informant-interviews were conducted with 16 legislators, coupled with an opinion survey of 50 civil servants, on issues related to the passage of the Domestic Violence Bill (DVB) in Lagos State. Eight Focus Group Discussions were held: three with victims, three with men and two with police officers. Data were transcribed and clustered into six thematic areas. The WRBNGOs exhibited participant political culture by intensively lobbying the legislators to pass the DVB into law. Initially, the legislators exhibited subject political culture towards the DVB process due to the unpopularity of the sponsor of the bill at that particular point in time. This finding negated the manifest reason of culture which was given by 62.5% of the legislators. Subsequently, after the change of the unpopular legislator, the house passed the bill into law with a two-thirds majority vote. Another key finding of the WRBNGOs’ advocacy with other State institutions suggested that the strategies of mediation, counseling and legal aid adopted by the WO and OPD had short term effects on the lives of the victims. This was in comparison with the best practice strategies of shelter provision, economic empowerment, mediation, counseling and legal aid adopted by the WRBNGOs which had positive long term effects in the lives of the victims. Victims provided with shelter and economic empowerment by the WRBNGOs were much more able to survive their traumatic domestic violence experiences. There is a need for the State to collaborate with the WRBNGOs, to extend the service delivery of the WO, and OPD, to include shelter provision and economic empowerment. The implication of this for the policy and practice of the domestic violence law, is the need for the State to allocate adequate funds and to mobilize concerned institutions to exercise sufficient political will to enforce the law in Lagos State and throughout the federation.
Africa and the US national security policy in a changing global order
(Ibadan journal of the social sciences, 2009) Aiyede, E. R.
Developments in US policy towards Africa since 9/11, as shown by the establishment of the Africa Command, has been described as marked departures from what existed in the immediate post-Cold War era when Africa was 'neglected'. Africa has been de-marginalized in the US strategic and national security policy because it has become critical to the strategic interest of the US. This paper provides an alternative interpretation of the US national security policy as translated into activities in Africa in the post 9111period. It argues that Africa has never been marginalized nor neglected by the US in its foreign or security policy after the Cold War, although there has been a change in strategy. This becomes obvious when security is not separated from the economy in the analysis of the US national security policy agency towards Africa
An African perspective on gender and adjustment issues in firms' entrepreneurial orientation
(2011-06) Ekore, J. O.
The paper reviewed earlier attempts that consider female and males on entrepreneurial development. A specific contextual difference in their reaction to cultural expectations in organizational practices and entrepreneurial traits was considered from African perspective which has not enjoyed much attention in entrepreneurial adjustment discussions. The paper revealed that certain cultural practices reinforced by stereotype largely determine the difference between male and females' adjustment to a firm's entrepreneurial orientation. This necessitated the proposition that men and-women would differ in their adjustment to the dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation, especially in an African country. A major conclusion reported in the paper is that any firm that seek to promote entrepreneurial orientation need to consider the employees adjustment as an important variable
Agglomeration and clustering of firms in relation to innovation and economic performance
(2012-06) Ajayi, D. D.; Fagbohunka, A.
Agglomeration economies has traditionally been viewed as central to cluster development, in which geographical proximity has facilitated crucial externalities, particularly those relating to generation and diffusion of tacit knowledge through the creation of an innovative environment surrounding the industry. The paper underscores the role of agglomeration and clustering of firms in relation to innovation and economic performance. The paper found out that agglomeration and clustering have tremendous positive effects on regional development. These are economic booster that leads to amazing technological and innovation creation which are driving forces or catalyst for total transformation of social and economic performance of a region. The paper recommends that agglomeration and clustering of firms should be encouraged by government intervention through the provision of infrastructural facilities, credit facilities and implementation of tax holiday.
Alcohol and Drug Abuse in Nigeria: a review of the Literature
(Alcohol and Drug Abuse in Nigeria: a review of the Literature, 1992) Gureje, O; Olley, D.
An analysis of China-Nigeria investment relations
(Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2011) Oyeranti, G. A.; Babatunde, M. A.; Ogunkola, E. O.
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the economic relation between China and Nigeria in the area of foreign direct investment (FDI). Design/methodology/approach – The study employed the use of quantitative (descriptive analysis such as ratios, percentages and correlation as well as cross tabulations), qualitative (key informant interviews and surveys) and case studies – for example the railway transport project handled by the Chinese. The use of surveys assisted the study to generate firm-level data that allowed the analysis of China-Nigeria investment relations with respect to concerns such as the employment effects as well as the competitive and/or complementary effects of Chinese firms to local firms. The use of content analysis of relevant documents and reports obtained from various sources was equally involved to corroborate the results obtained from primary data. Findings – The findings reveal that the major characteristic of Chinese investment in Nigeria is its concentration in a few sectors that are of strategic interest to China, especially in the extractive industries which are carried out largely by state-owned enterprises or joint ventures. In addition, the analysis clearly shows that the engagement with China, just like any bilateral relationship, has some advantages and disadvantages and that optimal outcome of the engagement will depend on the policies and institutions that are put in place to maximize the complementary effects and to minimize the competing effects. However, there is need to ensure implementation of laws and regulations in Nigeria and to ensure compliance by the Chinese investors. Originality/value – This is the first study to carry out an empirical analysis of the China-Nigeria relation. The study was able to establish the sectors where the incoming FDI from China is directed and the extent at which Chinese FDI is bundled with inflows of aid. The study was also able to show that the incoming Chinese FDI are in resource seeking, and the output targeted at the external market. The study will be of value to academia and to policy makers who are interested in studying the China-Africa relation.
An empirical analysis of export supply response capacity in Nigeria
(Centre For Public-Private Cooperation, Ibadan, 2018) Oyeranti, O. A.; Babatunde, M. A.; Adewuyi, A. O.; Bankole, A. S.
The last two decades witnessed a significant fall in trade barriers in Nigeria in an attempt to boost trade and foster economic growth. The changes have been particularly marked in relation to the foreign trade regime. In spite of the significant trade liberalisation, considerably weak or sluggish non-oil export supply response still persisted in Nigeria. Using panel regression on macroeconomic data with a view to obtaining large sample size, implemented along with cross section fixed effect approach and correcting for contemporaneous correlation among the residuals, the study found significant information and establishment costs, as well as inclement macroeconomic environment that adversely impacted businesses in Nigeria and stalled their growth. In addition, it appeared that despite the substantial export bias, compensatory and complementary measures were inadequate to equalise the negative effect of export bias. Similarly, the analysis of survey data buttresses these findings.
An analysis of Nigeria's environmental vision 2010
(Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, 2005) Ajayi, D. D.; Ikporukpo, C. O.
"The Vision 2010 Committee was inaugurated in 1996, with a mandate to develop a blueprint of measures to ensure the realization of Nigeria's potential as an independent country by the year 2010. The Committee submitted its report in 1997. This paper analyses the basic policy objectives-to seek a safe and healthy environment that secures the economic and social well-being of present and future generations—and the strategies used for their achievement. Despite this policy thrust, an in-depth assessment based on facts and figures show that environmental protection/conservation is very low on the nation's agenda. Indeed, the depletion of the forest has continued unabated, such that there is a high rate of deforestation and forest resource loss without a corresponding afforestation programme. The problem of erosion has received little or no attention, given inadequate funding and poor management practices. Very little effort is being made to combat the twin problems of desertification and drought. Pollution from mining and industrial activities is on the increase. Pollution from petroleum (oil spills), particularly from sabotage and blockage, is also on the increase. However, the incidence of gas flaring may be eliminated by the year 2005, given the current trend. Apart front these, Nigeria has developed only about 40 per cent of its water resources. Municipal solid waste is a common feature in most urban centres without corresponding management practices, while environmental planning, and especially Environmental Impact Assessments (EMA), have received little or no attention. Thus, most of the policy objectives are unlikely to be achieved within the stipulated time given the current trends and the general lack of public enlightenment/awareness on the issues of environmental problems and the mitigating measures. A more pragmatic approach is necessary if the policy objective is to be achieved."