FACULTY OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

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Abnormal Psychology
(Department of Psychology, University of Ibadan, 1999) Olley, B. O.
Abortion an Sudden Death among Adolescents in Nigeria: A Hidden Psychological Enquiry
(Stirling-Horden Publishers (Nig.) Ltd., 2000) Olley, B. O.; Okpara, C. U.
Academic accommodation of students with special needs in open/ distance education
(International journal of distance education, 2010) Oyewumi, A. M.; Olapegba, P. O.
The presence of individuals with special needs in any society is one reality that cannot be denied anymore, This study therefore, investigated academic accommodation of students with special needs in the open/distance learning mode, The study is a descriptive survey in 5 purposively selected tertiary institutions running open/distance learning programmes and 93 academic heads of departments were sampled. Data obtained from the survey through a structured questionnaire were analysed by frequency counts, simple percentages, means and standard deviations, Results revealed that there were 170 academic accommodation services in all the institutions sampled and the preparation of lecturers was low in academic accommodation of students with special needs. It was therefore, recommended that institutions operating open/distance 'mode of learn should get there programmes and physical environments modified to cater for students with special needs because they are an integral part of their potential student population.
Adherence to malaria treatment during pregnancy: does availability and utilization of medical facilities translate to compliance?
(2014-12) Nwokocha, E. E.
Malaria is a major health issue in sub-Saharan Africa with pregnant women and children at greater risk of exposure to the disease than other population cohorts. Studies on malaria related maternal mortality in Nigeria have focused largely on preventive behaviour and healthcare providers’ knowledge of treatment regimen. Negligible attention has been paid to adherence of care seekers to treatment in relevant contexts. Employing the cross-sectional survey method, 927 pregnant women in Ondo state, Southwest Nigeria were selected through a multistage sampling technique. In addition, 12 In-depth Interviews (IDIs) were conducted among relevant stakeholders. Results showed that adherence to malaria treatment among pregnant women was influenced by social, residential and demographic factors in both rural and urban areas of the state. Expectant mothers without formal education reported higher level of adherence to medication (r=-631 p< .034) than those of higher educational status, indicating that the level of education does not necessarily influence adherence to medication. Policy and national programmes aimed at maternal mortality reduction should recognise the important role that culture plays in people’s perception and behaviour and by implication aetiology of diseases. Without a feasible, people-oriented and context specific intervention, malaria induced maternal morbidity and mortality will remain high not only in Ondo State but Nigeria in general.
Adolescent sexuality and Life skills education in Nigeria: to what extent have out-of-School adolescents been Reached?
(Women's Health and Action Research Centre, 2014-12) Isiugo-Abanihe, U. C.; Olajide, R.; Nwokocha, E.; Fayehun, F.; Okunola, R.; Akingbade, R.
The introduction of school-based adolescent sexuality and life skills education in Nigeria’s formal education sector raises the misgiving that out-of-school youths who constitute more than half of the youth population might be neglected. This study investigated the extent to which out-of-school adolescents have been reached with sexuality education in Nigeria. The study took place in the six geopolitical zones and the Federal Capital Territory Abuja, and involved out-of-school adolescents, Non-Governmental Organizations, and community leaders. The qualitative research approaches were employed. Most of the youths had been exposed to sexuality education through seminars, trainings and workshops organized by different organizations. However, states in the south were better served than those in the north. Sexually Transmitted Infections including HIV/AIDS prevention accounted for more than 40% of the content of sexuality and life skills education received by out-of-school adolescents. The programmes have impacted positively on adolescents’ disposition and relationship with the opposite sex, knowledge and skill building.
Adolescent sexuality and life skills education in Nigeria: to what extent have out-of-School adolescents been reached?
(2014) Isiugo-Abanihe, U. C.; Olajide, R.; Nwokocha, E. E.; Fayehun, F.; Okunola, R.; Akingbade, R.
The introduction of school-based adolescent sexuality and life skills education in Nigeria’s formal education sector raises the misgiving that out-of-school youths who constitute more than half of the youth population might be neglected. This study investigated the extent to which out-of-school adolescents have been reached with sexuality education in Nigeria. The study took place in the six geopolitical zones and the Federal Capital Territory Abuja, and involved out-of-school adolescents, Non-Governmental Organizations, and community leaders. The qualitative research approaches were employed. Most of the youths had been exposed to sexuality education through seminars, trainings and workshops organized by different organizations. However, states in the south were better served than those in the north. Sexually Transmitted Infections including HIV/AIDS prevention accounted for more than 40% of the content of sexuality and life skills education received by out-of-school adolescents. The programmes have impacted positively on adolescents’ disposition and relationship with the opposite sex, knowledge and skill building.
Adolescents' risky sexual behaviour and efficacy of Psycho-education intervention programme among Secondary school students in Oyo State
(African Journal for the Psychological study of Social Issues, 2004) Adejuwon, G. A.; ||Olapegba P.O.; ||Taiwo, A. O.
The study examined adolescents' attitude to risky sexual behaviour and the efficacy of psycho-education intervention programme among 150 Secondary School Students; 100 students were used for the experimental study while 50 were used as the control. Specifically it is aimed at finding out the effectiveness of the psycho-education preventive intervention programme on adolescents' altitude to sexual risk behaviour among adolescents. Four hypotheses were postulated while analysis of variance and t-test for independent samples were used to analyse the data collected. Findings indicate that adolescents who were exposed to the psycho-education preventive intervention programme scored lower in risky sexual behaviour measures than those who were not exposed to psycho-education. Students with low and high quality of life did not differ significantly in their attitude towards risky sexual behaviour. One of the implications of the findings is that irrespective of social status, the adolescents engaged in risky sexual behaviour. It is therefore recommended that preventive intervention programmes should target adolescents at the various socioeconomic levels of the society.
Adolescents' socio-economic and cultural vulnerability to HIV/AIDS and other STIs - Research needs and priorities
(Research and Documentation on Adolescent Sexual Reproductive Health in Nigeria, 2011) Nwokocha, E. E.
THE ADVOCACY ROLE OF WOMEN’S RIGHTS BASED NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS IN COMBATING DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA 1999-2007
(2013-06) OLATUBOSUN, O.O
Domestic violence affects about 81% of Nigerian females. Despite being a signatory to several international conventions on the protection of women against domestic violence, the Nigerian State has not made adequate institutional provisions to protect women against domestic violence particularly in the private sphere. However, Women’s Right Based Non-governmental Organizations (WRBNGOs) in Nigeria have endeavoured to establish the political linkage between the private and public spheres in order to sensitize relevant State institutions to the victim’s plight – an issue that has not been adequately studied. This study therefore, examined the role of WRBNGOs in combating domestic violence in Nigeria, with a specific focus on Lagos State. It investigated the WRBNGOs’ domestic violence advocacy with concerned State institutions. In particular, it explored the best practice strategies with which the WRBNGOs responded to the diverse domestic violence experiences of victims. Data were collected using qualitative research methods. Sixty-two victims’ experiential case histories were elicited through in-depth interviews at three WRBNGOs. These were complemented with unobtrusive observation at the Welfare Office (WO) and the Office of the Public Defender (OPD). Key informant-interviews were conducted with 16 legislators, coupled with an opinion survey of 50 civil servants, on issues related to the passage of the Domestic Violence Bill (DVB) in Lagos State. Eight Focus Group Discussions were held: three with victims, three with men and two with police officers. Data were transcribed and clustered into six thematic areas. The WRBNGOs exhibited participant political culture by intensively lobbying the legislators to pass the DVB into law. Initially, the legislators exhibited subject political culture towards the DVB process due to the unpopularity of the sponsor of the bill at that particular point in time. This finding negated the manifest reason of culture which was given by 62.5% of the legislators. Subsequently, after the change of the unpopular legislator, the house passed the bill into law with a two-thirds majority vote. Another key finding of the WRBNGOs’ advocacy with other State institutions suggested that the strategies of mediation, counseling and legal aid adopted by the WO and OPD had short term effects on the lives of the victims. This was in comparison with the best practice strategies of shelter provision, economic empowerment, mediation, counseling and legal aid adopted by the WRBNGOs which had positive long term effects in the lives of the victims. Victims provided with shelter and economic empowerment by the WRBNGOs were much more able to survive their traumatic domestic violence experiences. There is a need for the State to collaborate with the WRBNGOs, to extend the service delivery of the WO, and OPD, to include shelter provision and economic empowerment. The implication of this for the policy and practice of the domestic violence law, is the need for the State to allocate adequate funds and to mobilize concerned institutions to exercise sufficient political will to enforce the law in Lagos State and throughout the federation.
Africa and the US national security policy in a changing global order
(Ibadan journal of the social sciences, 2009) Aiyede, E. R.
Developments in US policy towards Africa since 9/11, as shown by the establishment of the Africa Command, has been described as marked departures from what existed in the immediate post-Cold War era when Africa was 'neglected'. Africa has been de-marginalized in the US strategic and national security policy because it has become critical to the strategic interest of the US. This paper provides an alternative interpretation of the US national security policy as translated into activities in Africa in the post 9111period. It argues that Africa has never been marginalized nor neglected by the US in its foreign or security policy after the Cold War, although there has been a change in strategy. This becomes obvious when security is not separated from the economy in the analysis of the US national security policy agency towards Africa
An African perspective on gender and adjustment issues in firms' entrepreneurial orientation
(2011-06) Ekore, J. O.
The paper reviewed earlier attempts that consider female and males on entrepreneurial development. A specific contextual difference in their reaction to cultural expectations in organizational practices and entrepreneurial traits was considered from African perspective which has not enjoyed much attention in entrepreneurial adjustment discussions. The paper revealed that certain cultural practices reinforced by stereotype largely determine the difference between male and females' adjustment to a firm's entrepreneurial orientation. This necessitated the proposition that men and-women would differ in their adjustment to the dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation, especially in an African country. A major conclusion reported in the paper is that any firm that seek to promote entrepreneurial orientation need to consider the employees adjustment as an important variable
Agglomeration and clustering of firms in relation to innovation and economic performance
(2012-06) Ajayi, D. D.; Fagbohunka, A.
Agglomeration economies has traditionally been viewed as central to cluster development, in which geographical proximity has facilitated crucial externalities, particularly those relating to generation and diffusion of tacit knowledge through the creation of an innovative environment surrounding the industry. The paper underscores the role of agglomeration and clustering of firms in relation to innovation and economic performance. The paper found out that agglomeration and clustering have tremendous positive effects on regional development. These are economic booster that leads to amazing technological and innovation creation which are driving forces or catalyst for total transformation of social and economic performance of a region. The paper recommends that agglomeration and clustering of firms should be encouraged by government intervention through the provision of infrastructural facilities, credit facilities and implementation of tax holiday.
Alcohol and Drug Abuse in Nigeria: a review of the Literature
(Alcohol and Drug Abuse in Nigeria: a review of the Literature, 1992) Gureje, O; Olley, D.
An analysis of Nigeria's environmental vision 2010
(Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, 2005) Ajayi, D. D.; Ikporukpo, C. O.
"The Vision 2010 Committee was inaugurated in 1996, with a mandate to develop a blueprint of measures to ensure the realization of Nigeria's potential as an independent country by the year 2010. The Committee submitted its report in 1997. This paper analyses the basic policy objectives-to seek a safe and healthy environment that secures the economic and social well-being of present and future generations—and the strategies used for their achievement. Despite this policy thrust, an in-depth assessment based on facts and figures show that environmental protection/conservation is very low on the nation's agenda. Indeed, the depletion of the forest has continued unabated, such that there is a high rate of deforestation and forest resource loss without a corresponding afforestation programme. The problem of erosion has received little or no attention, given inadequate funding and poor management practices. Very little effort is being made to combat the twin problems of desertification and drought. Pollution from mining and industrial activities is on the increase. Pollution from petroleum (oil spills), particularly from sabotage and blockage, is also on the increase. However, the incidence of gas flaring may be eliminated by the year 2005, given the current trend. Apart front these, Nigeria has developed only about 40 per cent of its water resources. Municipal solid waste is a common feature in most urban centres without corresponding management practices, while environmental planning, and especially Environmental Impact Assessments (EMA), have received little or no attention. Thus, most of the policy objectives are unlikely to be achieved within the stipulated time given the current trends and the general lack of public enlightenment/awareness on the issues of environmental problems and the mitigating measures. A more pragmatic approach is necessary if the policy objective is to be achieved."
Analysis of social support network among civil servants in Oyo State, secretariat Ibadan.
(African Journal for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, 2000) Asagba, R.B.; Okechukwu, O.
Analysis of social support networks of young adults was conducted on the basis of two scales. The Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and the Whom Do You Turn To Scale (WDYTT) among 150 Junior and Senior Civil Servants of the Oyo State secretariat Ibadan. Their mean (X) age was 37.5 while the Standard Deviation (SD) was 15.1. The VAS and WDYTT scale were used to assess the extend of variation in the social network in the adult period of the life cycle. That is, a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) assesses the extent of closeness for seven interpersonal relationships and a second scale determining to whom the respondents would turn to in 14 situations (WDYTT). Chi-Square-test and t-test analyses were employed. The result showed significant differences, between the best female friend mother etc. Family of orientation vs friends as well as intergenerational vs intra generational were also compared on WDYTT scale. Result also showed significant difference on the friends (interpersonal as first and second choice. The implication and recommendation of the study were made on the need for further researches on social network and relationship across the life-span in Nigeria.
ANALYSIS OF THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF A COMMON CURRENCY FOR THE SECOND WEST AFRICAN MONETARY ZONE
(2012-05) OKAFOR, H. O.
The second West African Monetary Zone (WAMZ), comprising The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Nigeria and Sierra Leone, was initiated in 1999 to fast-track the common monetary policy objective of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). However, uncertainties about the economic implications of the policy have been major obstacles to regional integration. Economists and policymakers are yet to agree on the potential costs and benefits of a common currency. Available empirical studies on WAMZ focused separately on the elements of costs and benefits of monetary union, which makes them limited in scope. This study, therefore, offered an integrated analysis of the costs and benefits of a common currency in WAMZ spanning 1980 to 2009. A two-step methodological procedure, based on the Optimum Currency Area (OCA) and the New Optimum Currency Area (NOCA) frameworks, were used to estimate the costs and benefits of monetary union in WAMZ. First, behavioural models, capturing the elements of costs (asymmetric shocks, loss of seigniorage and fiscal policy distortion) and benefits (trade creation, financial integration effects and policy coordination gains), were estimated with the Vector Auto-regression (VAR), Error Correction Model (ECM) for each of the sampled countries and panel estimation techniques for the group. Second, weighted composite indices were constructed for the costs and benefits indicators using the parameter estimates obtained from the various estimation techniques. The VAR impulse response and forecast error methods were employed to estimate countries’ response to shocks. Robustness tests, including data calibration for the net-benefit using a money metric baseline and ranking, were carried out to permit comparison of results among countries. Fiscal policy distortion and loss of seigniorage were the main cost indicators of monetary union in the zone rather than asymmetric shocks. The share of fiscal policy distortion stood at 72.4%, while loss of seigniorage contributed 18.4% to the costs of monetary union. Ghana recorded the highest costs of 36.0% for fiscal policy distortion and 65.0% for loss of seigniorage in the zone. The Gambia had the lowest seigniorage cost of 8.0%. Considerable variations existed among Sierra Leone, The Gambia and Nigeria as fiscal policy distortion accounted for 30.0%, 22.0% and 12.0%, respectively. Trade creation shared 89.0% of the total benefits for the zone. Policy coordination gains had the lowest share of 1.6% for the region. Trade creation gains ranged between 41.0% and 3.0% among the countries with Sierra Leone and Nigeria sharing the highest and lowest gains, respectively. The net-benefit of monetary union for the zone was potentially high with substantial variations among members. Sierra Leone and Nigeria had the highest and lowest net-benefit respectively from the ranking scale. Trade creation accounted for a substantial proportion of the potential benefits of common currency in WAMZ. However, fiscal policy distortion constitutes serious policy challenge to monetary union in the zone. Dealing with this challenge may require in the short-run, systematic macroeconomic adjustments to improve fiscal-monetary policy interactions in order to enhance the benefits of monetary union in the zone.
ANALYSIS OF THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF A COMMON CURRENCY FOR THE SECOND WEST AFRICAN MONETARY ZONE
(2012-05) OKAFOR, Harrison Oluchukwu
The second West African Monetary Zone (WAMZ), comprising The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Nigeria and Sierra Leone, was initiated in 1999 to fast-track the common monetary policy objective of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). However, uncertainties about the economic implications of the policy have been major obstacles to regional integration. Economists and policymakers are yet to agree on the potential costs and benefits of a common currency. Available empirical studies on WAMZ focused separately on the elements of costs and benefits of monetary union, which makes them limited in scope. This study, therefore, offered an integrated analysis of the costs and benefits of a common currency in WAMZ spanning 1980 to 2009. A two-step methodological procedure, based on the Optimum Currency Area (OCA) and the New Optimum Currency Area (NOCA) frameworks, were used to estimate the costs and benefits of monetary union in WAMZ. First, behavioural models, capturing the elements of costs (asymmetric shocks, loss of seigniorage and fiscal policy distortion) and benefits (trade creation, financial integration effects and policy coordination gains), were estimated with the Vector Auto-regression (VAR), Error Correction Model (ECM) for each of the sampled countries and panel estimation techniques for the group. Second, weighted composite indices were constructed for the costs and benefits indicators using the parameter estimates obtained from the various estimation techniques. The VAR impulse response and forecast error methods were employed to estimate countries‟ response to shocks. Robustness tests, including data calibration for the net-benefit using a money metric baseline and ranking, were carried out to permit comparison of results among countries. Fiscal policy distortion and loss of seigniorage were the main cost indicators of monetary union in the zone rather than asymmetric shocks. The share of fiscal policy distortion stood at 72.4%, while loss of seigniorage contributed 18.4% to the costs of monetary union. Ghana recorded the highest costs of 36.0% for fiscal policy distortion and 65.0% for loss of seigniorage in the zone. The Gambia had the lowest seigniorage cost of 8.0%. Considerable variations existed among Sierra Leone, The Gambia and Nigeria as fiscal policy distortion accounted for 30.0%, 22.0% and 12.0%, respectively. Trade creation shared 89.0% of the total benefits for the zone. Policy coordination gains had the lowest share of 1.6% for the region. Trade creation gains ranged between 41.0% and 3.0% among the countries with Sierra Leone and Nigeria sharing the highest UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY iii and lowest gains, respectively. The net-benefit of monetary union for the zone was potentially high with substantial variations among members. Sierra Leone and Nigeria had the highest and lowest net-benefit respectively from the ranking scale. Trade creation accounted for a substantial proportion of the potential benefits of common currency in WAMZ. However, fiscal policy distortion constitutes serious policy challenge to monetary union in the zone. Dealing with this challenge may require in the short-run, systematic macroeconomic adjustments to improve fiscal-monetary policy interactions in order to enhance the benefits of monetary union in the zone. Key words: Optimum Currency Area, Behavioural models, Seigniorage, Fiscal policy distortion, Asymmetric shocks. Word count: 489
ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN AFRICA
(2012-10) KILISHI, A. A.
The importance of economic and political institutions to economic growth has been demonstrated in the literature. However, little is known on how such institutions impact on growth and what determine the quality of economic institutions in Africa. Therefore, this study was aimed at examining the impact of economic and political institutions on growth as well as the impact of political transition on the quality of economic institutions. Game theory was used to develop a political economy model that incorporated institutional variables into the neoclassical Solow growth model. This model described the interactions among political power (de-jure and de-facto powers), institutions and economic growth. The model was empirically tested using data drawn from 29 African countries covering the period 1996 to 2009. The selection of countries was guided by availability of data and they spread across the continent. Indexes of economic and political institutions were computed from the World Bank’s governance indicators and the Polity IV database. The Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), fixed effect and Generalized Methods of Moments (GMM) techniques were used to test the impact of economic and political institutions on economic growth. A treatment analysis was also employed to test the impact of political transition on the quality of economic institutions and growth. Strong economic and political institutions had significant and positive impacts on economic growth. Countries with higher institutional qualities are found to be growing faster while those with lower quality grow slower. Generally, a 1.00% increase in the indexes of economic and political institutions led to 0.44% and 0.55% increase in economic growth respectively. However, the impacts of the two indexes differed across different sub-regions. The impact of economic institutions on growth was highest in the Southern African countries with a coefficient of 0.78% and lowest in West Africa with a coefficient of 0.20%. An increase in the index of political institution had the highest impact in the Central African countries and lowest in North Africa. Specifically, political institution was found to aid growth in Central Africa by 1.19% while it slowed down growth in North Africa by 0.49%. Countries that transited to democracy recorded 1.28% improvement in their quality of economic institutions and they grew about 0.51% faster than their pre-transition era. However, for countries where political elites persisted in power after the transition, the quality of economic institutions declined by 1.10% and they experienced a lower growth rate of 0.16%. Improvement in the quality economic institutions promote growth. Competitiveness of political system improved the quality of economic institutions and growth, while elites’ persistence in power reduced the two. Economic growth in Africa can be improved by building and strengthening institutions as well as promoting competitive democracy.
Analysis of urban agricultural characteristics along land use gradient in Lagos State, Nigeria
(2016) Taiwo, O. J.
The paper argued that land use diversity influenced urban agriculture and that understanding the characteristics of each land use type within which urban agriculture is situated will help to identify prospects and challenges confronting urban agriculture. Three hundred questionnaire coupled with personal interviews were used in collecting relevant information and data pertaining to socio-economic and demographic characteristics of urban farmers. Existing land use map of the LGA was updated with the 2010 high-resolution satellite (Quickbird) image of the LGA. Frequencies, cross-tabulation and analysis of variance were used in analysing variations in socio-economic factors across different land use types. The rapid disappearance of urban agricultural sites within the built-up areas is situated within the concept of the survival of the fittest.The results showed that the land use characteristics within which urban agriculture is located moderate its size, rental cost, profit, accessibility to roads network, while it exacts little or no influence on it with regard to distance from markets and water sources. The findings provide new insights into theoretical debates on the role of land use pattern in influencing pertinent factors of urban agriculture in and around cities. It brings to the fore the need to consider the spatial pattern of urban land use in the allocation of space for urban agriculture while emphasising the role of geographical distance in determining urban agricultural outcomes.
Analytical hierarchical process of soil erosion risk assessment in Ondo State, Nigeria
(2010) Taiwo, O. J.
Soil erosion risk assessment and landuse planning strategics have become increasingly more data-intensive, sophisticated and highly complex involving myriads of quantitative and qualitative techniques. One of the methods that can help in synchronizing all these diverse data sets within a decision making framework is the analytical hierarchical process (AHP) developed by Satty. AHP provides a better technique for the comparison of factors based on decision matrices. It also provides structured methods for the incorporation of experts’ opinions in the ranking of factors. This study examines the use of the AHP in modelling soil erosion risk using Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). Rainfall data, landuse/landcover, digital elevation data, soil erosivity index, supporting practices and expert opinions were integrated using AHP to identify areas with varying degrees of erosion risk potential. A pairwise comparison of the four factors identified by experts and supported by the USLE model was performed by means of Saaty's square it is a reciprocal matrix with unit rank whose eigenvector solution gives the priority or the relative importance, or dominance, of the elements on a ratio scale. The inputs to the matrix were derived from field survey and expert opinions on the relative dominance of the elements within each pair by using a nine-point scale. The approach retains the quantitative conceptual elements of the USLE methodology while allowing for a qualitative assessment and ranking of pertinent factors of soil erosion at micro level. The study shows that hilly areas with high rainfall particularly in the urban areas have the highest erosion risk potential while the natural forest areas have the least. It therefore shows the utility of AHP in coupling existing models with expert opinions as well as some subjective indicators in decision making. The method was capable of ranking ecosystems in terms of environmental conditions and suggesting cumulative impacts across a large region.