FACULTY OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
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Item EXCISE TAXATION IN NIGERIA(1970) ADEWUMI, M. O.Item THE DEMAND FOR CIGARETTES IN NIGERIA, 1950 - 1971; AN ECONOMETRIC STUDY(1973) ADIKIBI, O. T.Cigarette, besides being an important source of Excise tax revenue to many countries, has interesting theoretical implications mainly because of the very peculiar consumer needs it satisfies and because it has no exact direct substitute, except substitution among the different brands that exist. Over the years, the consumption of cigarettes in Nigeria has increased remarkably despite all the medical, social and religious campaigns against smoking. This study attempts at explaining the observed variations in the National consumption of cigarettes within the period 1950-71 as influenced by some variables, the strength of which the study tries to measure by applying econometric methods. The variables considered are economic and demographic factors; the economic factors include income and prices while the demographic variable is changes in the proportion of smokers in the population. The study therefore estimates the elasticities of demand for cigarette with respect to income, average price of cigarettes, price index of all other commodities and the demographic factor. The single equation model is adopted to analyse idle annual time- series used in the study. National aggregates as well as per capita data formulations were tested. For the dependent variable (i.e. quantity of cigarettes consumed) aggregation logically means the assumption that cigarettes are homogeneous. The function adopted is non-linear in the original data but linearized in logarithms, the parameters of which were derived by least squares. Besides these other variables, a war-year dummy was introduced in the function to take care of "erractic factors" which affected the consumption of cigarettes during the Nigerian civil-war period, 1967-70. The analysis was carried out on two levels; the static and the dynamic approaches. While in the former the current value of the independent variables influenced the current value of the dependent variable, in the latter, a lagged variable (the quantity variable was lagged) was introduced into the function explicitly. The latter analysis - i.e. the dynamic approach - was applied to test the habit- persistence hypothesis. The results obtained in the study are: (a) the elasticities of demand with respect to income and an average of cigarette prices are low though the income elasticity is comparatively higher. In both cases none was up to 0.7. The price elasticity was particularly low, it was under 0.4. (b) the cross elasticity of demand 'with respect to the price of all other commodities v/as positive and nearer 2 than 1. In other words, it was far greater than unity and thus tends to indicate that consumers were more sensitive to changes in the prices of other commodities than to cigarette prices. (c) 'population', perhaps the changes in the proportion of smokers to non-smokers or the extension of the smoking habit to -the women and members of the lower age group, is a significant factor accounting partly for variations in the National consumption of cigarettes. (d) the habit-persistence hypothesis was supported by the results of this study, that is, the more a person ha3 consumed cigarettes in the past, the more he will consume currently. The estimated "coefficient of adjustment' was about 0.86 which indicates a speedy adjustment of consumption to changes in prices and income. (e) the dummy variable shows positive sign which shows that the National consumption of cigarettes increased during the civil-war despite the temporary loss of the Eastern market. It was suggested from the above result that during major political upheavals the consumption of cigarettes will increase ceteris-paribus. This increase might have been due partly, to the high tension and depressive mood that engulfed the country and, of course, the military consumption. In conclusion, the economic and policy implications of the results were discussed. To the Government, cigarette is one of the products to tax to raise revenue. To the firms engaged in the Tobacco Industry, it might be profitable to pursue a relatively stable retail price policy in view of the high sensitivity of consumers to changes in the prices of other commodities.Item THE IMPACT OF IMPROVED RURAL WATER SUPPLIES ON THE HAMAR AKD HUNR TRIBES OF SOUTH-WESTERN KORDOFAN - A GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS(1971-12) ADEPETU, A. A.This thesis attempts geographical analysis of the impact of Sudan's deep bore programmes on water-deficient and under-developed South-Western Kordofan; it is based partly on existing published materials and partly but more importantly on extensive field investigation. The main finding is that deep bore programmes have helped to transform South-Western Kordofan socially and economically. Chapter one of the thesis outlines the various mechanisms through which this transformation has been achieved. In the analysis, use is made of Knetsch's approach of comparing conditions in two culturally and physically similar areas, one of which has been provided with a change-inducing factor, and of attributing any observed differences between the two areas to its Operation. Chapter two contains a short account of the resources of South-Western Kordofan, both physical and human. Particular attention is paid to solid geology, on which the occurrence of subsurface water depends, to the natura of the superficial deposits, and to rainfall and Vegetation. Conflicting principles of need and balanced exploitation of resources have characterized the allocation of boreholes in space and time. Chapter three examines the implications of such conflicting principles for the distribution pattern of deep bores in South-Western Kordofan. In this chapter the concept is introduced of 'usable land', which is a function of the availability of water; an attempt is also made to determine hypothetically what should be the appropriate maximum distance between one borehole and another that would make for the Optimum exploitation of agricultural land and grazing of South-Western Kordofan. The Impact of the deep bore programmes on South-Western Kordofan's major economic activities is dealt with in three chapters. Chapter four explains why pastoralists may continue to be migratory even when adequate perennial water supplies are available; it also suggests how the deep bore programmes may create more grazing problems unless accompanied by well organized pasture management. Chapter five shows that the cropped area has increased considerably since the borehole: programmes began, but because attitudes towards cultivation vary widely, it is not possible to determine the precise contribution made by the deep bare programes to the expansion in the area under cultivation. The increase in cropped area has led to a reduction in the area under ’gum-gardens', but this has not been accompanied by a decline in gum production. Chapter six explains why and asks whether the Arabs will continue to invest their efforts in gum tapping if other and more rewarding sources of employment are open to them. The distribution of Services is strongly influenced by the availability of water. Since the population size of a settlement is limited by the amount of water it can provide in the dry season, the question is posed in chapter seven whether every deep bore settlement will possess population large enough for the Optimum use of all essential Services. The thesis ends with a short chapter which review a the role which the deep bore programes can and should play in the future development of South-Western Kordofan.Item TRANSPORT COSTS AND THE LOCATION OF INDUSTRIES IN IBADAN – A STUDY IN INDUSTRIAL GEOGRAHY(1968-08) ADEYANJU, B. A.The significance of transport costs in the location of industries in Ibadan is studied through the application of the comparative cost approach while spatial differential in factor costs is investigated by means of field survey and statistical methods. The theoretical schema which formalizes the comparative cost approach is substitution of production factors. This considers alternative locations in terms of substitution between transport costs and processing costs and identifies the least cost location. Industrial concentration in Ibadan is assessed through the adaptation of the multiple criteria technique. The result shows that the magnitude of manufacturing in Ibadan is 50.60% of the total for Western Nigeria. In Ibadan one universal element of production factors which varies significantly from industry to industry and which is generally subject to persistent spatial variation is transport cost. The role of transport costs in attracting industries into Ibadan is found to be very important in the Fruit Canning and Orange Squash industries but much less so with regards to Soft Drinks and Furritture. These latter have been attracted to Ibadan by the available metropolitan market advantages which form, the basis of the present unique spatial monopoly enjoyed by Ibadan in the location of Industries. Results of cost calculations and perhaps most importantly transport costs are generally compatible with similar studies emphasizing the significance of transport costs in the location of specific industries elsewhere. The location of other industries not considered here for lack of data will have to await future Investigation.Item INTRA-URBAN POPULATION MOBILITY IN THE OLD CORE OF IBADAN CITY(1974-09) ADESINA, H. O.The interest of this thesis is in finding out whether or not there is any residential relocation in the old core of Ibadan city within the past five years (1968-1972): and if there is any, to find out the processes generating the movements. Consequently, there are two main parts to the study. The first part sought for the pattern and volume of residential relocation. It looked at the direction and distance of the movements, using an accounting model to represent the aggregate flows that were analysed. The model led to coming to grip the general structure of the movement flows, particularly the varying spatial distribution of the Population-turnover that the main focus of the thesis. The second section delt with the explanation of the variations of the Population-turnover and the reasons for movement were also sought. Firstly, an attempt was made to inductively establish the parameters of ‘strain’. The correlation and regression models were then applied to search for the relationship between these parameters and the movement rates. The procedures all confirmed that there is a singularly most important factor that can be used in the explanation of the variations in the Population-turnover. Since the importance of the perception of the people was brought out by the regression models used to explain the variations in the movement rates, the later part of the section was devoted at looking, into greater details, the ways in which the people perceive their environment. In conclusion the major findings of the study were summarized and the implication of the study for planning was suggested.Item A GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF THE POPULATION AND RURAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN THE MIDDLE BELT OF NIGERIA: A CASE STUDY FROM BIDA AND MINNA DIVISIONS OF NIGER PROVINCE(1972-12) ADENIYI, E. O.The main focus of the thesis is the examination of the factors responsible for rural economic development in a part of the Middle Belt of Nigeria. The discussion is based on the "land surplus" model and the approach is to regard population density and population growth as the independent variables which in their turn are major factors determining rural economic development in the middle Belt of Nigeria. The physical and human environment of the middle Belt and its changing economy from that of a lagging to a growing zone are discussed. The distribution, demographic and cultural characteristics of the population in different parts of the study area are shown to have influenced the socio-econonic organisation of agricultural land, labour, land use and crops grown. It is shown that the size of the population and density is below the Critical population density which the present System of land use can Support. The agricultural economy and new trends in agricultural production are discussed and it is shown that the production of food crops in the Middle Belt serves as an 'engine of growth’ (as does the production of export crops in other parts of Nigeria) in the Nigerian economy as it is a major source of food supply for the growing population and urbanization in Nigeria. The increasing integration of the Nigerian economy which has led to a greater development of the internal exchange economy in the country is shown to have aided the increasing commercialisation of food crop production in the area. In addition, population movements into the area has led to increased agricultural production. These developments have turned the Middle Belt from a lagging to a ’frontier zone’. In Order to realize the potentialities of the Middle Belt in Nigeria, a number of suggestions are made for the further development of the rural economy of the area.Item A DEMAND ANALYSIS FOR CEMENT IN NIGERIA(1970) ADEJUGBE, M. O. A.This study was motivated by the fact that although there are several works on the supply of cement in Nigeria, the demand aspect has not been examined in detail and quantitatively. This study attempts to estimate the price and income elasticities of demand for both imported cement and for aggregate demand for cement in Nigeria. It also attempts to assess the impact of custom tariff on imported cement and appraise the import substitution effects of the domestic manufacturing of cement in Nigeria. And finally, the thesis attempts to show the trend of cement consumption in Nigeria between 1948 - 66, the annual rate of growth of consumption during this period as well as the future time path of this rate of growth. The market analysis in chapter two deals with the supply and demand determinants and the pricing policies of the firms. The market structure is also analyzed and the results of the carefully managed government foreign policy in respect of importation of cement. An appropriate model is postulated in chapter three to grapple with the problem of the demand equations. The theoretical framework is also discussed in this chapter. Chapter four is devoted to the discussion of the results of the estimated demand equations. The least squares method is used to estimate the parameters of the equations. Prom the results it is concluded that cement is price inelastic; both aggregate and imported cement exhibit low and shifting price elasticity. Aggregate demand for cement is "income" elastic. The income elasticity for imported cement is however low, this is a sign of increasing import substitution. The impact of tariff on imported cement is somewhat low when measured in terms of elasticity. The trend of cement consumption during the reference period shows that cement consumption has been growing at a decreasing rate. The rate of growth tends to about 2% with time though the level of consumption grows infinitely large with time.Item THE PROCESSES OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE: A CASE STUDY OF THE JUDICIARY IN THE WESTERN STATE OF NIGERIA(1976-06) ADELOLA, I. O. A.This is a study of judicial processes and procedure in the Western State of Nigeria. The judiciary is conceptualized as a formal organization which lacks fitness into the classical organizational theory of bureaucracy because it is engulfed in intra-organizational and inter-organizational complications. Judicial processes and procedure are therefore to be understood within the framework of a multi-organizational inter-connectedness. Consequently, the study took as its theoretical focus the systemic approach which in turn embraces the structural- functional orientation with the concomitant exchange and conflict under-pinnings. Its central focus is that organizational interdependence will affect organizational performance adversely or positively even if the rules of bureaucracy are observed. The study also examines the judiciary as a formal Organization in which professionalism encourages fragmentation of group cohesion and this, in turn, is shown to limit the degree of bureaucratization found in the Organization. The end result of these perspectives is that organizational performance is a function of the interaction of internal and external forces. Consequently, it is concluded that a combination of the natural and rational models to the study of organization would enhance our understanding of organizations and the judiciary in particular. This study is divided into three main perspectives. The first takes an historical orientation, tracing the development of the judiciary in Nigeria from its very inception through a period of institutional experimentation to a period of institutional stability and reforms. It also traced the circumstances which led to the regionalization of the judiciary in Nigeria and how the judiciary of the Western State of Nigeria has performed during periods of political instability and experimentation. This section also focuses on the jurisdictional limitations of the various tribunals and their relations with one another. The second part focuses on the internal organizational structure of the judicial departments and isolates the interaction of Professionals and non-Professionals as a factor which encourages in-group and out-group relations bothering on mutual but manageable intra-organizational strains. Attention has also been directed to the inter-organizational inter-connectedness as a factor which may enhance or inhibit the performance of the judiciary. The third part spells out the procedures involved in adjudication of cases and attempts to relate the theoretical judicial process to judicial process in practice. Marked deviation from the theoretical expectations is observed in practice as a result of the interaction of internal and external forces. The adoption of a social process Orientation lends credence to this Claim. Finally the study raises the issue of the notion of justice; the relationship between the law and the society; and the human Problems in law enforcement.Item THE IMPACT OF MIGRATION ON THE RURAL ECONOMY OF OSHUN DIVISION OF WESTERN NIGERIA(1972-01) ADEGBOLA, O.This study attempts to describe and analyse the impact of migration on the rural economy of Oshun Division of Western Nigeria. The thesis is in three parts. The first is concerned with the growth of migration from about the beginning of the present century to the late 1950’s. It investigates the historical and economic bases of the spatial distributions of both the in- and the out- migrants and analyses the pattern of their flows. The second part is concerned with the impact of migration on the factors of production. It begins with a consideration of the conceptual framework which tries to see the migrant as an agent of change. The rate of migration in different parts of the Division is shown to have been responsible for significant socio-economic changes especially in respect of the demand for, the supply of and the use of land, labour and capital. It also explains the different trends of economic development in the Division. In the third part of the thesis, the role of migrant enterprise and leadership is appraised and found to be reflected in the diffusion of agricultural innovations and the flow of skills from the destination end of the migration to the Division. It is largely against this background that the observed higher production of migrants as well as their larger share in the non-agricultural activities is explained. It is argued that the migrants have been responsible for modifying traditional institutions such as those associated with marketing of products. It is also contended that the role of migrants singly or collectively has been an important factor in the provision of some social amenities and economic projects. Finally, the problems and the future prospects of migration in the Division are examined.Item A DEMAND ANALYSIS FOR CEMENT IN NIGERIA(1970) ADEJUGBE, M. O. A.This study was motivated by the fact that although there are several works on the supply of cement in Nigeria, the demand aspect has not been examined in detail and quantitatively. This study attempts to estimate the price and income elasticities of demand for both imported cement and for aggregate demand for cement in Nigeria. It also attempts to assess the impact of custom tariff on imported cement and appraise the import substitution effects of the domestic manufacturing of cement in Nigeria. And finally, the thesis attempts to show the trend of cement consumption in Nigeria between 1948 - 66, the annual rate of growth of consumption during this period as well as the future time path of this rate of growth. The market analysis in chapter two deals with the supply and demand determinants and the pricing policies of the firms. The market structure is also analyzed and the results of the carefully managed government foreign policy in respect of importation of cement. An appropriate model is postulated in chapter three to grapple with the problem of the demand equations. The theoretical framework is also discussed in this chapter. Chapter four is devoted to the discussion of the results of the estimated demand equations. The least squares method is used to estimate the parameters of the equations. Prom the results it is concluded that cement is price inelastic; both aggregate and imported cement exhibit low and shifting price elasticity. Aggregate demand for cement is "income" elastic. The income elasticity for imported cement is however low, this is a sign of increasing import substitution. The impact of tariff on imported cement is somewhat low when measured in terms of elasticity. The trend of cement consumption during the reference period shows that cement consumption has been growing at a decreasing rate. The rate of growth tends to about 2% with time though the level of consumption grows infinitely large with time.