FACULTY OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
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Item Exposure and connectedness to natural environments: An examination of the measurement invariance of the Nature Exposure Scale (NES) and Connectedness to Nature Scale (CNS) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups(Elsevier, 2024) Swami, V.; Whitec, M. P.; Voracekc, M.; Tranc, U. S.; Aavikd, T.; Ranjbare, H. A.; Adebayo, S. O.; Afhamig, R.; Oli, A. h,; Aimei, A.; Olapegba, P. O.Detachment from nature is contributing to the environmental crisis and reversing this trend requires detailed monitoring and targeted interventions to reconnect people to nature. Most tools measuring nature exposure and attachment were developed in high-income countries and little is known about their robustness across national and linguistic groups. Therefore, we used data from the Body Image in Nature Survey to assess measurement invariance of the Nature Exposure Scale (NES) and the Connectedness to Nature Scale (CNS) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups (N =56,968). While multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MG-CFA) of the NES supported full scalar invariance across gender identities and age groups, only partial scalar invariance was supported across national and linguistic groups. MG-CFA of the CNS also supported full scalar invariance across gender identities and age groups, but only partial scalar invariance of a 7-item version of the CNS across national and linguistic groups. Nation-level associations between NES and CNS scores were negli-gible, likely reflecting a lack of conceptual clarity over what the NES is measuring. Individual-level associations between both measures and sociodemographic variables were weak. Findings suggest that the CNS-7 may be a useful tool to measure nature connectedness globally, but measures other than the NES may be needed to capture nature exposure cross-culturally.Item Globalization and conflicts in Africa: the Nigeria experience(2020) Johnson, I. A.; Salau, J. O.This paper examines the nexus between globalization and conflicts in Africa with Nigeria as a case study. Globalization through neoliberal economic policy is contradictory to the sustenance of social cohesion in developing countries. It is argued that the phenomenal growth of conflicts in Nigeria was attributed to the decay in state institutions and economic crisis of late 1980s and 1990s. With the adoption of neo-liberal economic policy, the Nigerian state was weak and incapable of providing social Services to majority of its citizens. Margmalized groups with unrealized expectations became particularly hostile to the elements of economic liberalization within the state System which they perceived to be responsible for thè demolition of state welfare programmes. Alienation from the state made them ripe for participation in violent conflicts. It is observed that the contemporary conflicts in Nigeria are associated with worsening income distribution as a result of market economic reform in developing countries like Nigeria. Also; citizens who were deprived of social means of existence as a result of forces of economic globalization resulted to violent activities such as terrorism, kidnappings, armed banditry and armed robberies. Thus, there was a resentment of different social groups in Nigeria who did not benefit from social Services. The study concludes that Nigeria should re-evaluate all externally induced programmes by weighing their effects on economic development and pursue redistribution of economic and social benefits among various groups with the implementation of a social welfare programmesItem Hydrological responses to climate and land use changes: the paradox of regional and local climate effect in the Pra River Basin of Ghana(Elsevier Ltd., 2020) Bessah, E.; Raji, A. O.; Taiwo, O. J.; Agodzo, S. K.; Ololade, O. O.; Strapasson, A.Study Region: Pra River Basin, Ghana. Study Focus: The study modelled the changes in water yield using regional, sub-regional and local climate conditions from modelling outputs at spatial resolutions of 44 km, 12 km and 0.002 km respectively to drive the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs model at three time periods of land use land cover (LULC). Changes in historical water yield (simulated for 1986, 2002 & 2018 LULC using the mean climatic parameters from 1981-2010) and future scenario (simulated for 2018 LULC using the mean climatic parameters from 2020-2049) for annual, seasonal and monthly periods were assessed. New Hydrological Insights for the Region: The results show that future annual water yield could change by -46%, -48%, +44% and -35% under the regional, sub-regional, local and ensemble mean of the climate scenarios respectively. Seasonal water yield from the ensemble mean of the future climate scenario was projected to decrease between 2-16 mm, with a mean decrease of 33.39% during the December–February season. There was no directional effect of spatial resolution on water yield. The future period could be impacted by both drought and flood. We recommend that re/afforestation should be encouraged to improve infiltration and reduce deforestation which was 2.27% per annum in the assessed period to prevent flood causing runoffs, while irrigation technology will help to improve resilience to drought.Item The impact of varying spatial resolution of climate models on future rainfall simulations in the Pra River Basin (Ghana)(IWA Publishing, 2020) Bessah, E.; Raji, A. O.; Taiwo, O. J.; Agodzo, S. K.; Ololade, O. O.This work compares future projections of rainfall over the Pra River Basin (Ghana) using data from five climate models for the period 2020–2049, as referenced to the control period 1981–2010. Bias-correction methods were applied where necessary and models’ performances were evaluated with Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency, root-mean-square error and coefficient of determination. Standardised Anomaly Index (SAI) was used to determine variability. The onset and cessation dates and length of the rainy season were determined by modifying the Walter–Olaniran method. The ensemble means of the models projected a 1.77% decrease in rainfall. The SAI showed that there would be drier than normal years with the likelihood of drought occurrence in 2021, 2023, 2031 and 2036. The findings showed that high-resolution models ( 25 km) were more capable of simulating rainfall at the basin scale than mid-resolution models (26–150 km) and projected a 20.13% increase. Therefore, the rainfall amount is expected to increase in the future. However, the projected increase in the length of the dry season by the ensemble of the models suggested that alternative sources of water would be necessary to supplement rainfed crop production for food security.Item Determining the vulnerability of states in Nigeria to COVID-19(2020) Addie, O.; Taiwo, O.; Seun-Addie, K.The impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been felt globally. However, against the backdrop of the uncertainties surrounding the pandemic, and the pronouncement of the World Health Organization that the virus may never go away, it has become pertinent for nations to identify and protect the most vulnerable of their citizens. This study determined the states with the highest vulnerability to the pandemic in Nigeria. The 2006 population data for each state of the federation was obtained from the National Population Commission (NPC) Nigeria, and was projected to the year 2020. Data on: Nigerians aged 60 years and older, the percentage population in the lowest and second wealth quantiles, percentage population without fixed handwashing and moderate handwashing facilities, and percentage population of male and female without exposure to mass media, were obtained from the 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey report. Prevalence rates of High Blood Pressure, Diabetes Mellitus, Cardiovascular Disease, and Asthma were extracted from literature. These were used to estimate a vulnerability score for each state of the federation and the Federal Capital Territory. Kebbi had the highest score (39.82), followed by Zamfara (39.27) and Sokoto (39.24), respectively. Osun (11.45), Abia (12.53), and Lagos (15.47), have the least scores, respectively. The most vulnerable geo-political zone was the Northwest, while the least vulnerable was the Southwest. Regression analysis was carried out to model the data. Appropriate steps should be taken to reduce likely mortalities due to high vulnerability to COVID-19 in the identified States.Item Examining spatial proximity to health care facilities in an informal urban setting(2020-07) Yeboah, G.; Albuquerque, J. P.; Taiwo, O. J.Item Attitude and decisions regarding personal healthcare: the case of women under microfinancein Edo state, Nigeria(Department of Sociology, Faculty of the Social Sciences, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, 2020-12) Taiwo, P. A.The paper examined women’s attitude towards their personal health using the Health Belief Model as theoretical framework. Questionnaire was administered to 750 purposively selected respondents consisting of 400 from 3 branches of a microfinance banks (MBs) with integrated health services (IHS), and 350 from 3 other MBs without IHS in Edo state Nigeria. Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) were conducted with 20 microfinance officials. Questionnaire was administered to 750 purposively selected respondents consisting of 400 from 3 branches of a microfinance banks (MBs) with integrated health services (IHS), and 350 from 3 other MBs without IHS in Edo state Nigeria. Twenty Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) were conducted with microfinance officials. Women displayed positive attitude towards their personal health with mean score for clients in both MBs with IHS and without IHS being 63.9±8.2 and 47.9±5.6 respectively (where mean score for positive attitude is ≥ 40). Furthermore, although 62.0% agreed “they cannot take their health for granted no matter what”, those who agreed and were undecided that “they won’t make decisions about their health without their spouses” were 47.8% and 32.8% respectively. Women’s roles as caregivers and dependants on their spouses make them prioritize their household needs and spouses’ decision over their personal health. Enlightening women on the relevance of prioritizing their personal healthcare is recommended to reduce poor health conditions among women.Item Perceived health implications of female genital mutilation on women in Ibadan, Oyo state(Department of Social Work University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 2020-06) Taiwo, P. A.; Kingsley, I.Female genital mutilation (FGM) is still practised in Nigeria despite its adverse effects on the emotional, psychological and reproductive wellbeing of women. Studies have focused on prevalence and attitude towards FGM, with negligible attention on its implications on women’s health. The study, therefore, examined the perceived health implications of FGM on women in Ibadan. A cross-sectional survey of 400 randomly selected respondents was conducted to elicit information on reasons for practising FGM, procedures for sterilizing instruments for circumcision and the health implications. Qualitative data were elicited from 8 ln-Depth Interviews (IDIs) with 4 married and unmarried circumcised females and 6 Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) with 2 doctors, nurses and traditional circumcisers each. Quantitative data were analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) and presented using descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) and bar charts, while qualitative data were content analyzed. Findings revealed that FGM was practiced mainly for cultural reasons (82.6%), to keep women's virginity (33.1%), control promiscuity (44.9%) among others. The procedure for sterilizing instruments for circumcision in order to prevent infection, included use of methylated spirit (4.3%>), washing with hot water (11.8%) and treating with anti-bacterial substance (1.5%). The poor hygiene practice and sterilization in the procedures of FGM negatively affected the health of circumcised females who sometimes came down with infection and other reproductive health problems. Thus, the practice of FGM has adverse implications for women’s health and, therefore, requires that women be more informed, enlightened and empowered to resist FGM and avert the consequences.Item Stakeholders and institutional analysis social research(Ibadan University Press, Publishing House, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, 2020) Kabiru, S. K.; Taiwo, P. A.