FACULTY OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
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Item Environmental factors and population at risk of malaria in Nkomazi municipality, South Africa(2016-05) Adeola, A. M.; Botai, O. J.; Olwoch, J. M.; Rautenbach, C. J. de W.; Adisa, O. M.; Taiwo, O. J.; Kalumba, A. M.Objective: Nkomazi local municipality of South Africa is a high-risk malaria region with an incidence rate of about 500 cases per 100 000. We examined the influence of environmental factors on population (age group) at risk of malaria. Methods: R software was used to statistically analyse data. Using remote sensing technology, a Landsat 8 image of 4th October 2015 was classified using object-based classification and a 5-m resolution. Spot height data were used to generate a digital elevation model of the area. Results: A total of 60 718 malaria cases were notified across 48 health facilities in Nkomazi municipality between January 1997 and August 2015. Malaria incidence was highly associated with irrigated land (P = 0.001), water body (P = 0.011) and altitude ≤400 m (P = 0.001). The multivariate model showed that with 10% increase in the extent of irrigated areas, malaria risk increased by almost 39% in the entire study area and by almost 44% in the 2-km buffer zone of selected villages. Malaria incidence is more pronounced in the economically active population aged 15–64 and in males. Both incidence and case fatality rate drastically declined over the study period. Conclusion: A predictive model based on environmental factors would be useful in the effort towards malaria elimination by fostering appropriate targeting of control measures and allocating of resources.Item Cost burden of malaria: evidence from Nigeria(2016-08) Osakede, U. A.; Lawanson, A. O.This paper provides findings on cost burden of malaria in Nigeria. Cost computations were extrapolated to monthly income fraction and GDP lost to the illness. Results of the study are shown across different employment groups. Computations for indirect and direct costs were conducted using the Human capital and Bottom up approach respectively. The results show that one in two persons employed in the labour force will experience loss in labour contribution as a result of malaria with indirect cost of about N5,532.59($37.16) and N4,828.73 ($32.43) per person per day for the patient and care giver, respectively. Individuals spend approximately N2,730.46($18.34) on the average for treatment of one bout of the illness which translates to approximately 3% of monthly income. Overall, indirect and direct costs related to one episode of malaria in Nigeria sum up to approximately N1, 906.08 billion ($12,801.07 million) implying about 8% of GDP. GDP fraction lost to malaria is higher for the informal sector particularly self-employment in agriculture. Strategies to enhance welfare, labour contributions and economic output in Nigeria should focus on adequate measures to reduce malaria prevalence or complete eradication.Item Rational choice theory and the choice of healthcare services in the treatment of malaria in Nigeria(Macrothink Institute, 2013) Owumi, B. E.This paper is on the rational choice theory and the choice of healthcare services for the treatment of malaria in Nigeria. It focuses on the factors that influence or determine the choice malaria treatment using the rational choice theory as the basis. It was discovered that there were many determinants of what informs the maximum utility but it is all wrapped up in the organization of the health care system. Hence, in choosing treatment for malaria, factors like; perceived and actual quality of care, proximity of the services, accessibility, cost of treatment, socio-economic status of the patients, availability of services, etc., are important. These factors in many occasions constitute constraints which in turn makes choices explicit and then patients makes trade-offs between alternatives.