FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE
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Item Nutritional composition and label evaluation of some commercial dry dog foods in Ibadan, Nigeria(ARC Publication Services LLC, 2011) Akinrinmade, F.; Akinrinde, A. S.The nutrient and energy content of commercial dry dog feeds most commonly patronized in the city of Ibadan were analyzed. Most of the feeds carry no specific values of nutrient composition on their labels. The results of proximate analysis of the feeds were compared with mean values of nutrients in the National brand of dry dog food of the USA. Although, the dog feeds were found to be adequate in protein and energy content, they, however, showed appreciably lower values for fat and fiber contents, as well as the levels of most of the micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Se). Extensive variations were observed in the concentrations of several nutrients among the dog food brands analyzed. While tighter regulations are being advocated for the pet food industry, it will be necessary to perform digestibility and growth studies of these foods in order to establish baseline data on nutritional composition of dog foods marketed in the countryItem Preliminary studies on the haematological parameters of cockerels fed raw and processed guinea corn (Sorghum bicolor)(Nigerian Society for Animal Production, 2013) Soetan, K. G.; Akinrinde, A. S.; Ajibade, T. O.The effect of feeding raw and ground guinea com [Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) on the haematological parameters of chicken was investigated in this study. Ten (10) 6-week old cockerels were randomly divided into two groups, A and B, and were fed raw and processed (dried and ground) guinea corn, respectively, for two weeks. Packed cell volume (PCV), Haemoglobin (Hb), Red blood cell count (RBC), White blood cell, count (WBC), neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocyte and monocyte counts were determined before and after the duration of feeding the cockerels with guinea corn. Although significant changes were not observed in most of the haematological parameters, birds fed with processed guinea corn however had a significantly higher red blood cell (RBC) count than birds fed with the raw guinea corn. These findings suggest that feeding of processed guinea corn to cockerels may be more advantageous than feeding of raw guinea corn.Item Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome: Phytotherapeutic evidences from intestinal ischemia-reperfusion models(Apple Academic Press, 2023) Akinrinde, A. S.; Akinrinmade, J. F.The gastrointestinal mucosa serves important barrier and defensive function against pathogenic bacteria, aggressive factors, and other inflammatory stimuli present within the lumen of the intestines. A variety of pathological and/or surgical conditions, known to produce intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury (HRI) (e.g., hemorrhagic shock, strangulated bowel, intussusception, and volvulus) has been associated with breaches in gut barrier integrity, increased barrier permeability, and translocation of viable enteric bacteria and their toxins into the portal and systemic circulation. The result of this trans-epithelial movement of enteric microbes and/or toxins is the generalized activation of various inflammatory mediators (e.g., cytokines, reactive oxygen species, leucocytes, and the complement system) in what is often described as the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). One devastating consequence of IIRI and SIRS is widespread injury to remote organs, a condition often referred to as multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), which is the leading cause of mortality in critically ill patients, especially those in intensive care units. From the foregoing, it has been suggested that compounds that combine multiple activities such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune-modulatory roles, may provide new approaches to the prevention and/or treatment of MODS. In this regard, medicinal herbs with their composite nature of bioactivities due to several inherent phytochemicals are being investigated at different levels for their benefits in modulating the pathophysiological mechanisms that give rise to MODS. With particular reference to animal models of IIRL this chapter explores available experimental evidence of the potential prophylactic and/or therapeutic benefits of medicinal herbs in limiting remote organ dysfunction arising from gastrointestinal injury.Item Gallic acid ameliorates Cyclophosphamide-Induced neurotoxicity in Wistar rats Through Free radical scavenging activity and improvement in antioxidant defense system(Taylor & Francis, 2016) Oyagbemi, A. A.; Omobowale, T. O.; Saba, A. B.; Olowu, E. R.; Dada, R. O.; Akinrinde, A. S.Cyclophosphamide (CPA) is a widely used anticancer chemotherapeutic agent and its toxicity has been associated with its toxic metabolites phosphormide mustard. Therefore, the ameliorative effect of Gallic acid against neurotoxicity was examined in this study. Sixty rats were grouped into 10 rats per group. Group 1 received saline orally.Group 2 received CPA at 100 mg/kg single dose intraperitoneally on day 1. Groups 3 and 4were treated with Gallic acid (GA) at 60 and 120 mg/kg body weight only for 10 days and also received a single dose of CPA (100 mg/kg) intraperitoneally on day 1, respectively. Rats in groups 5 and 6 receivedGAat 60 and 120 mg/kg body weight only for 10 days. Groups 3, 4, 5, and 6 received GA orally. The cerebellar and cerebral malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and hydrogen peroxide generation were significantly (p < .05) elevated. The cerebellar and cerebral catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities were significantly (p < .05) reduced in CPA treated group. The activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) was significantly increased in rats that were treatment with CPA. Also, nitrite content was significantly elevated in the brain of rats that received the toxic dose of CPA. All these findings suggest that treatment with GA (60 and 120 mg/kg) ameliorated the neurotoxicity induced by CPA via reduction of oxidative stress and increase in antioxidant defense system. Combining all, chemotherapeutic agents with structure/function similar to GA could be of potential benefit to the pharmaceutical industries as an adjuvant in chemotherapy with little or no side effects.Item Gallic acid protects against cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity in testis and epididymis of rats(Blackwell Verlag GmbH, 2015) Oyagbemi, A. A.; Omobowale, T. O.; Saba, A. B.; Adedara, I. A.; Olowu, E. R.; Akinrinde, A. S.; Dada, R. O.The protective role of gallic acid (GA) on reproductive toxicity induced by cyclophosphamide (CPA), an antineoplastic drug, was investigated in male Wistar rats. Sixty rats were grouped into 10 rats per group. Group 1 (control) received distilled water. Rats in groups 2 and 3 received GA alone at 60 and 120 mg kg _1 for 14 consecutive days, respectively. Group 4 received a single intraperitoneal dose of CPA at 200 mg kg _1 on day 1. Groups 5 and 6 received a single dose of CPA (200 mg kg _1) intraperitoneally on day 1 followed by treatment with GA at 60 and 120 mg kg _1 for 14 consecutive days, respectively. In testes and epididymis of the treated rats, CPA administration resulted in significant elevation (P < 0.05) in malondialdehyde (MDA), nitrite and hydrogen peroxide levels. There was a significant decrease in the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione-S-transferase. Furthermore, there were significant reductions in plasma luteinising hormone (LH), follicle stimulation hormone (FSH) and testosterone levels, which were accompanied by significant decrease in sperm motility and viability in CPA-treated rats. Histological examination revealed marked testicular and epididymal atrophy in CPA alone treated rats and these aberrations were reversed by GA. In conclusion, GA has capacity to protect against reproductive toxicity induced by cyclophosphamide.Item Lack of reversal of oxidative damage in renal tissues of lead Acetate-treated rats(Wiley, 2014) Oyagbemi, A. A.; Omobowale, T. O.; Akinrinde, A. S.; Saba, A. B.; Ogunpolu, B. S.; Daramola, O.Removal of lead from the environment of man or otherwise, the movement of man from lead-contaminated areas has been employed as a means of abatement of the toxic effects of lead. Whether toxic effects in already-exposed individuals subside after lead withdrawal remains unanswered. To understand the reversibility of nephrotoxicity induced by lead acetate, male Wistar rats were orally exposed to 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/mL of lead acetate for 6 weeks. Activities of glutathione-s-transferase, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and malondialdehyde increased significantly (p<0.05) in a dosedependent manner, whereas reduced glutathione (GSH) level and glutathione peroxidase activity were significantly reduced. The pattern of alterations in most of the oxidative stress and antioxidant parameters remained similar in rats from the withdrawal period, although CAT and SOD activities reduced, in contrast to their elevation during the exposure period. Serum creatinine levels were significantly elevated in both exposure and withdrawal experiments whereas serum blood urea nitrogen levels were not significantly different from the control in both exposure and withdrawal periods. The histological damage observed include multifocal areas of inflammation, disseminated tubular necrosis, and fatty infiltration of the kidney tubules both at exposure and withdrawal periods. The results suggest that lead acetate-induced nephrotoxicity by induction of oxidative stress and disruption of antioxidant. The aforementioned alterations were not reversed in the rats left to recover within the time course of study.Item Gastrointestinal protective efficacy of Kolaviron (a bi‑flavonoid from Garcinia kola) following a single administration of sodium arsenite in rats: Biochemical and histopathological studies(Pharmacognosy Network Worldwide, 2015) Akinrinde, A. S.; Olowu, E.; Oyagbemi, A. A.; Omobowale, O. T.Background: Arsenic intoxication is known to produce symptoms including diarrhea and vomiting, which are indications of gastrointestinal dysfunction. Objective: We investigated whether Kolaviron (KV) administration protected against sodium arsenite (NaAsO2)‑induced damage to gastric and intestinal epithelium in rats. Materials and Methods: Control rats (Group I) were given a daily oral dose of corn oil. Rats in other groups were given a single dose of NaAsO2 (100 mg/kg; intraperitoneal) alone (Group II) or after pretreatment for 7 days with KV at 100 mg/kg (Group III) and 200 mg/kg (Group IV). Rats were sacrificed afterward and portions of the stomach, small intestine and colon were processed for histopathological examination. Hydrogen peroxide, reduced glutathione, malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations as well as activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione S‑transferase (GST) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were measured in the remaining portions of the different gastrointestinal tract (GIT) segments. Results: NaAsO2 caused significant increases (P < 0.05) in MDA levels and MPO activity, with significant reductions (P < 0.05) in GST, GPX, CAT and SOD activities in the stomach and intestines. KV significantly reversed the changes (P < 0.05) in a largely dose‑dependent manner. The different segments had marked inflammatory cellular infiltration, with hyperplasia of the crypts, which occurred to much lesser degrees with KV administration. Conclusion: The present findings showed that KV might be a potent product for mitigating NaAsO2 toxicity in the GIT.Item Saponins; a ubiquitous phytochemical: A review of its biochemical, physiological and pharmacological effects.(Studium Press, 2014) Soetan, K. O.; Ajibade, T. O.; Akinrinde, A. S.Saponins are ubiquitous phytochemicals widely reported to be present in many species of plants and animals. Some saponin containing plants, mainly legumes, have been used as animal feed, but others are toxic. In this review, the biochemical, physiological and pharmacological effects of saponins in humans and animals have been highlighted. Physiological and biochemical effects examined include the effects on biological membranes, gastrointestinal absorption, blood and liver cholesterol, enzymes and general body metabolism, reproductive, antioxidant and free-radical scavenging effect, smooth muscle activity and effects on ruminant digestion. Pharmacological effects of saponins such as anti-inflammatory, diuretic, hypoglycaemic, antidiabetic, antiulcer and anti-ageing effects are also examined. From the literature reviewed, it can be concluded that saponins, in general, are toxic when administered intravenously but possess a lot of therapeutic potentials especially as cytotoxic agents.Item Clinical Biochemistry as a prognostic tool on the management of the critically-ill patient(Nigerian Veterinary Medical Association, 2014) Akinrinmade, J. F.; Akinrinde, A. S.Item Comparative studies on the proximate composition, mineral and anti-nutritional factors in the seeds and leaves of African Locust Bean (Parkia biglobosa)(Valahia University Press, 2014) Soetan, K. O.; Akinrinde, A. S.; Adisa, S. B.The seeds and leaves of African Locust Bean (Parkia biglobosa) were evaluated for their proximate analysis, minerals and anti-nutritional factors. Atomic absorption spectrometry was used in the determination of the levels of Ca, Mg,K, Na, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn. Anti-nutritional Factors (ANFs), including Trypsin inhibitor, oxalates, phytates, tannins, saponins, hydrocyanic acid were also determined using appropriate techniques. The result showed that the seeds of P.biglobosa had significantly higher (p<0.05)crude protein (33.50%), crude fat (49.20%) and %dry matter (95.20%) contents compared to the leaves having crude protein(18.40%), crude fat (8.11%) and %dry matter (88.80%), while the leaves had significantly higher (p<0.05) contents of ash (13.60%), crude fibre(18.90%) and moisture (11.20%) as against the seeds havingash (4.81%), crude fibre(4.66%)and moisture (4.89%). The mineral content of the analyzed samples showed that the seeds were richer in Ca (0.703%), Mg (0.356%), K (0.211%), Na (86.729ppm), Mn (54.811ppm), Fe (69.828ppm), Cu (9.766ppm) and Zn (12.156ppm), while the leaves recorded higher Phosphorus level (79.833ppm) than the seeds. For the ANFs, the seeds recorded higher levels of trypsin inhibitor (0.059+0.01), haemagglutinating units (46.00+0.07) and tannins (0.51+0.00) than the leaves, while the leaves recorded higher levels of oxalates (0.97+0.00), phytates (2.16+0.03), saponins (1.24+0.00) and hydrogen cyanide (87.9+0.56)than the seeds. The overall results are suggestive of higher nutritional quality of the seeds than the leaves due to higher mineral contents and lower presence of some anti-nutritional factors.
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