FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE
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Item Differential diagnosis of a swine epizootic of unknown etiology in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria(2003) Babalobi, O. O.; Ayoade, G. O.; Olugasa, B. O.; Oluwayelu, D. O.; Oyedele, O.Outbreaks of unconfirmed infections associated with high mortalities in pig herds were reported at the University of Ibadan Teaching and Research Farm, and in other parts of Ibadan, Nigeria between June and October 2001. Based on a tentative diagnosis of African Swine Fever and differential diagnosis of classical swine lever, encephalomyocarditis virus and anthrax, research was initiated between July and November 2001 to confirm the cause of the outbreak. This included farm visit, to observe clinical signs, collect samples and do necropsies, electronic mail communication of presenting signs. Internet web searches. laboratory tests and serological (immunoblotting assay) tests A confirmatory diagnosis of the infection as African Swine Fever (ASF) was reached. This diagnosis is important to enable researchers and appropriate authorities to introduce monitoring and control measures.Item Clinic and laboratory manual: veterinary public health-preventive medicine-wildlife and fish diseases(2008) Adeyemi, I. G.; Alonge, D. O.; Agbede, S. A.; Ogundipe, G. A. T.; Ishola, O. O; Babalobi, O. O.; Ijagbone, I. F.; Cadmus, S. I. B.; Adedeji, O. B.; Adeyemo, O. K.; Olugasa, B. O.; Adetunji, V. O.; Olatoye, I. O.; Awosanya, A. E. J.; Ojomo, B.; Agboola, B. B.Item Isolation of influenza A viruses from pigs in Ibadan,Nigeria(2009) Adeola, O. A.; Adeniji, J. A.; Olugasa, B. O.The authors investigated influenza virus types in pigs in Ibadan, a city in Oyo State, southwestern Nigeria. From April to June 2008, nasal swabs were collected from pigs at three locations in Ibadan. Influenza A viruses (four A [H1N1], two A [H3N2] and one A [H1N1]‐ A [H3N2] double reactant) were isolated from 7 of the 50 apparently healthy Landrace pigs tested. This study is the first documented isolation of swine influenza viruses in Nigeria and it reveals that different strains of influenza viruses co‐circulate in pigs in Ibadan. These pigs serve as reservoirs of different subtypes of influenza viruses and potential ‘mixing vessels’ in which genetic reassortment and the generation of future human pandemic strains could occur. These findings support the need for adequate and periodic surveillance among swine populations and pig handlers in Nigeria to detect circulating strains of influenza viruses. This would serve as an effective early warning system.Item African swine fever control in Ibadan, Nigeria: problems, needs and veterinary extension opportunities(2008) Olugasa, B. O.African swine fever (ASF) is a widely discussed disease in Ibadan, Nigeria, where high mortality losses occurred in outbreaks in the city between 2001-2006. To study the level to which ASF containment technologies were adopted and factors associated with adoption behavior, a sample of 60 pig farmers was selected from six local government areas in and near Ibadan. Essential data were collected using a questionnaire. Assessment criteria in forms of frequency, percentage, mean and product moment correlation coefficient were calculated. Results showed that the majority of pig farmers did not adopt ASF biocontainment technologies, since 86.7% (52/60) were at a low level of adoption behavior, 10% (6/60) at a medium level, and 3.3% (2/60) at a high level. A farmer’s income from piggery, knowledge of biocontainment technologies, and frequency of extension contact had positive and highly significant relationships (r 0.787) on levels of adoption. Specific needs and emerging opportunities for farmer participatory learning were indicated. It was recommended that Pig Farmers Association should constitute Farmer Field Schools, where the State Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources (MANR) would be involved in production of ASF virus-free pigs, and the current services by University-based officers to the early detection of pigs infected with the ASF virus will be optimizedItem Serological evidence of African swine fever virus infection in commercial pig herds in Southwest Nigeria(2007-07) Olugasa, B. O.Sera from pigs were assayed for African swine fever virus (ASFV) antibodies to determine the presence and prevalence of ASFV infection in 28 pig herds in southwest Nigeria during 2006 - 2007. A total of 374 pigs were screened in Lagos, Ogun, Ondo, Osun and Oyo States using the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay method. Out of the 28 farms, 2 were negative (7.1%) for ASFV antibodies. Thirteen out of 15 small herds (86.7%) and 13 out of 13 (100%) medium and large farms were positive for ASFV antibodies. Seroprevalence ranged from 50% (Ondo), 52.5% (Oyo), 59.8% (Lagos), and 60.7% (Ogun) to 70% (Osun). Seroprevalence was higher within the older stocks - finishers, gilts, sows and boars (77.3%- 96.8%) than in the younger stocks - piglets, weaners, and growers (13.8%-39.7%). In essence, almost all breeder stocks became infected. The overall prevalence rate of 65.2% (244/374) and average prevalence rate of 56.8% per farm were indicative of widespread ASFV infection in pig population in southwest Nigeria. This study shows the persistence of ASFV since its re-introduction into southwest Nigeria in 1997. This highlights the need for improved hygiene and biosecurity measures on pig farms. In conclusion, the need for renewed collaboration between livestock and veterinary extension services providers to implement strategies for ASFV control in southwest Nigeria is stressed.Item Analysis and evaluation of mortality losses of the 2001 African swine fever outbreak, Ibadan, Nigeria(2007-08) Babalobi, O. O; Olugasa, B. O.; Oluwayelu, D.O.; Ijagbone, I. F.; Ayoade, G. O.; Agbede, S. A.The mortality losses of pigs of various age groups affected by the 2001 African swine fever outbreak in Ibadan Nigeria were analyzed and evaluated. Thirty one thousand nine hundred and sixteen (31,916) pigs on three hundred and six (306) farms reported by the Pig Farmers Association of Nigeria and the State Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources were involved. Gross mortality was ninety one percent (91%), while age group mortality ranged from 75.9% (growers), 83.1% (weaners), 91.2% (finishers) and 99.8% (piglets); to 100.0% in gilts, sow and boars. Losses were estimated to worth nine hundred and forty one thousand, four hundred and ninety one dollars, sixty seven cents (US $941,491.67). Highest financial loss was from sows (29.5% of total loss), followed by gilts (16.6%), finishers (15.2%), weaners (10.7%), boars (10.6%), growers (10.6%) and piglets (8.2%). Average mortality loss per farm of $3076.77 was of great financial and socioeconomic consequences for a developing country like Nigeria with a low Gross Domestic Product figures. In conclusion, the need to immediately revisit and take recommended actions on the 1998 Report of the FAO Consultancy Mission to Nigeria on Control and Eradication of an Outbreak of African swine fever in Western Nigeria is stressedItem Pattern of spread of African swine fever in south-western Nigeria, 1997-2005(2007) Olugasa, B. O.; Ijagbone, I. F.Geographic coordinates of selected pig farms with confirmed African swine fever (ASF) outbreaks in Ekiti, Lagos, Ogun, Ondo and Oyo States were used to create spatial models of pig farms and ASF outbreaks in southwestern Nigeria between 1997 and 2005. The probability of ASF virus-free pigs remaining in a non-infected state when located at various distances from ASF virus infected pigs was estimated. Movement of infected stock was the most important means of spreading the virus. The estimated mean duration of clinical signs prior to death was 3.4 ± 1.1 days (mean ± standard deviation); the mean convalescent period was 16.3 ± 2.3 days and the mean period of survival after full recovery was 1 084 ± 145.1 days. The continuous presence of recovered pigs in the population enables virus spread through trade and breeding. There is an urgent need for the implementation of an ASF eradication programme in Nigeria.Item An outbreak of animal trypanosomosis in a fulani herd at Idofian in Kwara State Nigeria(2005) Ijagbone, I. F.; Esuruoso, G. O.; Adeyemi, I. G; Olugasa, B. O.An epizootiological investigation was conducted to establish the cause of an outbreak of a disease which reportedly resulted in fifty cases of abortions and thirty deaths out of a population of 1,200-cattle within one month after its onset. The incident occurred in a Fulani.farm settlement located on the outskirt of Idofian via-Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. Using parasitological methods, 9 out of the 34 animals sampled from the herd; were positive for trypanosoniosis, indicating 26.47% prevalence of the disease in the farm; Trypanosoma vivax was detected in seven of the samples while T. congolense was present in two. This finding coupled with other epizootiological parameters examined established trypanosoniosis outbreak in the herd which might have resulted in the reported cases of abortion and death among the cattle. The finding underscores how the disease can still be a major impediment to the growth of cattle enterprise in some parts of Nigeria.Item Differential diagnosis of a swine epizootic of unknown etiology in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria(2003) Babalobi, O. O; Ayoade, G. O.; Olugasa, B. O.; Oluwayelu, D.O.; Oyedele, O.Outbreaks of unconfirmed infections associated with high mortalities in pig herds were reported at the University of Ibadan Teaching and Research Farm, and in other parts of Ibadan, Nigeria between June and October 2001. Based on a tentative diagnosis of African Swine Fever and differential diagnosis of classical swine fever, encephalomyocarditis virus and anthrax, research was initiated between July and November 2001 to confirm the cause of the outbreak. This included farm visits to observe clinical signs, collect samples and do necropsies, electronic mail communication of presenting signs, Internet web searches, laboratory tests and serological (immunoblotting assay) tests. A confirmatory diagnosis of the infection as African Swine Fever (ASF) was reached. This diagnosis is important to enable researchers and appropriate authorities to introduce monitoring and control measures.Item Relevance of value and integrity to the ideals of the varf organization and in relation to the mandate of the veterinary council of Nigeria(Animal care services Konsult NIG. LTD, 2000) Olugasa, B. O.; Esuruoso, G. O.; Oghre-Ikanone, E.