FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE
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Item Acute and Sub-chronic Toxicity Assessment of Methanol Leaf Extract of Persea americana (avocado) in Wistar Rats(Science Publishing Group, 2025) Adejumobi, O. A.; Gbadegoye, J.; Omotosho, O. O.; Akinniyi, O. O.; Banwo, O. G.; Olawuwo, O. S.; Ajani, T. F.; Abiola, J. O.; Oyagbemi, A. A.; Adedapo, A. A.; Yakubu, M. A.; Nottidge, H. O.; OmóbòwáléPersea americana (Avocado) leaves are widely used in traditional medicine, yet scientific data on their toxicological safety remains limited. This study evaluated the acute and sub-chronic toxicity profiles of the methanolic leaf extract of P. americana in Wistar rats. Acute toxicity was assessed using 28 rats (7 groups; n = 4 per group) administered single oral doses ranging from 500–5000 mg/kg. Sub-chronic toxicity involved 24 rats (4 groups; n = 6 per group) treated daily with doses of 400–1600 mg/kg for 28 days. Cardiovascular, haematological, biochemical, and histopathological parameters were measured. Data was statistically analysed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) for post hoc comparisons, with significance set at p<0.05. The estimated median lethal dose (LD₅₀) was 3162.27 mg/kg, with signs of toxicity observed at 4000 mg/kg and 50% mortality at 5000 mg/kg. No significant changes in blood pressure were detected across dose groups. Sub-chronic administration resulted in dose-dependent alterations in weight gain and mild reductions in PCV, Hb, and RBC counts at the highest dose. Histopathological analysis revealed progressive cardiac, hepatic, and renal damage with increasing dosage, despite largely unaltered serum biochemical markers. These findings suggest that P. americana methanol leaf extract is relatively safe at lower doses but may pose organ-specific risks at higher concentrations and prolonged exposure. Further research is warranted to elucidate underlying mechanisms, particularly oxidative stress, and to guide the development of safe and standardized therapeutic applications.Item Ethanol extract of Ficus exasperata leaf and gallic acid ameliorate cisplatin-induced toxicity in Wistar rats(Science Publishing Group, 2025) Adejumobi, O. A.; Oloko, M. D.; Omotosho, O. A.; Abiola, J. O.; Banwo, O. G.; Akinniyi, O. O.; Ajani, T. F.; Oyagbemi, A. A.; Adedapo, A. A.; Yakubu, M. A.; Omóbòwálé, T. O.Cisplatin (CP), a widely used platinum-based chemotherapeutic, is effective in cancer treatment but it is associated with significant multiple organ toxicity, particularly the liver, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, and cardiovascular system. Oxidative stress is a major contributor to this toxicity. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of Ficus exasperata (FE) extract and gallic acid (GA), both known for their antioxidant properties, against cisplatin-induced toxicity, oxidative stress, and organ damage in Wistar rats. Fifty male Wistar rats (162–266 g) were randomly assigned to five groups (A–E; n=10). Group A received distilled water only (control). Group B was administered cisplatin (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) on day 8. Groups C and D received 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg of Ficus exasperata extract orally for 8 days, respectively, followed by cisplatin administration on day 8. Group E received gallic acid (100 mg/kg orally) for 8 days and cisplatin on day 8. Blood pressure and ECG measurements were taken before sacrifice. Blood, liver, kidney, and heart samples were analyzed for oxidative stress markers, antioxidant enzyme activities, hematological, liver, and renal function indices. Cisplatin administration significantly elevated systolic blood pressure and markers of oxidative stress, while reducing antioxidant enzyme levels in cardiac and renal tissues. Treatment with FE and GA significantly reduced oxidative stress and restored antioxidant enzyme levels. The 200 mg/kg dose of Ficus exasperata showed the most pronounced protective effect. FE and GA exert protective effects against cisplatin-induced cardio-renal toxicity in rats, likely through antioxidant activity. The protective effect of Ficus exasperata appears dose-dependent.Item Persea americana leaf extracts demonstrate enviable in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antihypertensive properties(International Organization of Scientific Research, 2025) Adejumobi, O. A.; Ekundayo, S.; Omotosho, O. O.; Gbadegoye, J. O.; Ajani, T. F.; Balogun, O. F.; Oyagbemi, A. A.; Adedapo, A. A.; Yakubu, M. A.; Ashafa, A. O. T.; Nottidge, H. O.; Omobowale, T. O.Scientific validation is crucial to substantiate therapeutic claims associated with natural products. This study examined the in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antihypertensive activities of Persea americana (PA) leaf extract which is an ethnomedicinal plant used in disease management in Africa. Following defatting with n-hexane, plant material was extracted using methanol and evaporated using rotary evaporator. The extract was then partitioned into n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and aqueousmethanol fractions. Antioxidant assays included DPPH, nitric oxide, ABTS radical scavenging, metal chelation, reducing power, and hydroxyl radical inhibition. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed via 15-lipoxygenase inhibition, while antihypertensive potential was measured through angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition. Absorbance was measured using Elisa microplate reader and IC determined by using IC calibration curve. Statistical analysis was done by ANOVA The n-butanol fraction showed the most potent ABTS scavenging activity (IC = 12.93 ± 1.10 μg/mL), outperforming both the crude extract and standard, gallic acid. This fraction also exhibited the strongest DPPH inhibition (IC = 24.67 ± 5.13 μg/mL). The aqueous-methanol fraction was most effective against hydroxyl radicals, while metal chelating and nitric oxide inhibitory activities were highest in the chloroform and nhexane fractions, respectively. All fractions demonstrated maximal reducing power at 250 μg/mL, except for the n-butanol fraction at 125 μg/mL. Notably, the n-butanol fraction inhibited 15-lipoxygenase more effectively than indomethacin, though less than quercetin. However, the crude extract’s ACE inhibition was significantly lower than that of captopril. These findings suggest that Persea americana leaf fractions exhibit diverse in vitro bioactivities and may offer therapeutic benefits in managing hypertension and inflammation-related disorders. However, the precise mechanisms underlying these effects remain unclear. Future studies are needed to elucidate the specific phytochemicals and molecular pathways involved, alongside in vivo and clinical investigations to fully validate these therapeutic potentials.Item Persea americana bark extract modulates Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME)-induced hypertension through NF-κB/Nrf2/KIM-1/cTnI signaling pathways in Wistar rats.(Physiological Society of Nigeria, 2025) Adejumobi, O. A.; Oriaku, V.; Gbadegoye, J. O.; Afolabi, J. M.; Ogunpolu, B. S.; Ajani, T. F.; Omotosho, O. O.; Ohore, O. G.; Oyagbemi, A. A.; Adedapo, A. A.; Yakubu, M. A.; Ashafa, A. O. T.; Nottidge, H. O.; Omobowale, T. O.Hypertension is one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. It has become a significant public health concern in both developed and developing countries. In this study we evaluated the ameliorative effect of methanol bark extract of Persea americana (PA) on L-NAME-induced hypertension and its attendant cardiac and renal complications. Sixty rats were divided into six groups. Group A was the negative control and received distilled water throughout the sturdy. Group B received a daily repetitive dose of L-NAME alone at 40 mg/kg for 21 days. Groups C, D, and E received a daily repetitive dose of L-NAME at 40 mg/kg and extract at 100 mg/kg. 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, respectively, for 21 days. Group F received a daily repetitive dose of L-NAME at 40 mg/kg and lisinopril at 10 mg/kg for 21 days. The results showed that L-NAME significantly elevated blood pressure, markers of renal damage, oxidative stress, and expression of KIM-1, NRF2, NF-KB and CTnl, while it decreased both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant parameters. The extract and lisinopril, however, ameliorated these effects in the rat model. These findings showed that the bark extract of PA may play a role in reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, cardio-renal organ damage and blood pressure levels in hypertension, possibly through free radical scavenging, antioxidant system potentiation, NF-kB/NRF2/KIM-1/CTnI signaling pathways.Item Antioxidant and antihypertensive effects of methanol leaf extract of Ficus exasperata on Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME)-induced hypertension and oxidative stress in rats(International Organization of Scientific Research, 2024) Adejumobi, O. A.; Akinbobe, E. S.; Omotosho, O. O.; Olakojo, T. A.; Ajani, T. F.; Oyagbemi, A. A.; Adedapo, A. A.; Yakubu, M.; Ashafa, A. O. T.; Nottidge, H. O.; Omobowale, T. O.Item Review on pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of hypertension and associated cardiovascular diseases(International Organization of Scientific Research, 2024) Adejumobi O. A.The objective of this review article is to summarise the current knowledge on the significance of laboratory tests, biomarkers of cardiac injury and studies of proteomics and the microbiome in cardiovascular diseases in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Point-of-care analysers are capable of detecting elevated cardiac troponin 1 levels, which have been shown in patients with congestive heart failure. In order to achieve significant improvements in the treatment of cardiovascular illness, better understanding of the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases in man and animals is required. It has been shown that effective experimental animal models may be used in this context. The best animal model of cardiovascular disease should be able to mirror human cardiovascular diseases, their pathophysiology and clinical manifestations. With the use of genetically engineered animal models, researchers have been able to alter the expression of a particular target (a gene or protein) in order to better understand its function in pathogenesis. Cardiovascular diseases that mostly result from hypertension include myocardial infarction, heart failure, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and vascular damage. Diagnostic approaches for detection of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases include measurement of blood pressure, electrocardiography, echocardiography, radiography and computerized tomography (CT) scan. Therefore, excellent knowledge of hypertension, pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases, and effective use of diagnostic procedures will help in prompt detection of the diseases and in their proper management to prevent organs damage and mortality in man and animal.Item Effect of Moringa oleifera feed inclusion on Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME)-induced hypertension in a rat model(Physiological Society of Nigeria, 2024) Ake, A. S.; Aderoju, A. A.; Adejumobi, O. A.; Ajibade, T. O.; Igado, O. O.; Alaka, O. O.; Ohore, O. G.; Oyagbemi, A. A.; Adedapo, A. A.; Yakubu, M. A.; Omobowale, T. O.Moringa oleifera (MO) has been recognized for its numerous beneficial properties. This study aimed to evaluate the potential antihypertensive effects of MO seeds in rats subjected to Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) exposure. Fifty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups of 10 rats each for the experiment. Group A served as the control, received normal saline only, Group B received L-NAME (40 mg/kg) only, Group C received L-NAME (40 mg/kg) + 10% MO feed, Group D received L-NAME (40 mg/kg) + 20% MO feed, and Group E received L-NAME (40 mg/kg) + Lisinopril (10 mg/kg). Treatment was daily and covered a period of 5 weeks. Blood pressure and electrocardiographic measurements were obtained using a non-invasive tail cuff blood pressure device and a 6/7 lead computer ECG equipment, respectively. Heart and kidney tissues were analyzed for oxidative stress parameters, and immunohistochemistry and histopathology of the heart and kidney were conducted using standard methods. L-NAME treatment led to a significant increase in diastolic and systolic values compared to the control group. Serum nitric oxide concentration significantly decreased in rats that received L-NAME alone, while co-treatment with MO and Lisinopril showed a significant increase in nitric oxide levels. Co-treatment with MO and Lisinopril significantly reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations in the cardiac and renal tissues, whereas L-NAME alone caused a significant increase in MDA concentration. The expressions of cardiac and renal caspase-3 significantly increased in L-NAME alone treated rats, while co-treatments with MO and Lisinopril significantly reduced the expressions of caspase-3. In conclusion, co-treatment with MO effectively reduced arterial pressure and indices of hypertension in rats, mitigated the oxidative stress and apoptosis induced by L-NAME. Therefore, the inclusion of MO seeds in hypertension management may serve as an effective remedy.Item Modulatory effect of ethanol root extract of Sarcocephalus latifolius on fertility of hypertensive Wistar rats induced by Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester.(Physiological Society of Nigeria, 2024) Adejumobi, O. A.; Ajani, O. S.; Faturoti, J. F.; Adewoying, A. G.; Ajani, T. F.; Esan, O. O.; Oyagbemi, A. A.; Omobowale, T. O.; Adedapo, A. A.; Ohore, O. G.; Oyeyemi, M. O.; Ashafa, T. O. A.; Yakubu, M. A.This study was designed to investigate the modulatory effect of ethanol root extract of Sarcocephalus latifolius (SL) on the fertility of hypertensive Wistar rats induced by Nw-Nitro-L-Arginine Methyl Ester. Fifty adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups A-E. The rats in group A (Control) were administered with distilled water while Groups B-E received L-NAME at 40 mg/kg. Groups C, D, were co-administered SL at dosage of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight. respectively, and group E was co-administered with Captopril 20 mg/kg once daily for 28 days. L-NAME caused a significant increase in blood pressure (mmHg) with Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) (159.08±2.89), Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) (114.67±3.83) and Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) (120.90±4.65) values when compared with their respective control of (115.00±2.81. 80.91+2.76 and 91.9±2.68) in Group B. The high blood pressure was however lowered im groups co- administered with SL and Captopril. Higher morphological alterations of sperm cells were observed in hypertensive rats and hypertensive rats medicated with captopril in this study. It was noticed that the right testicular weight and right testicular length in group C were affected significantly when compared to the left testicular parameter in groups A and B. Semen characteristics showed a decrease in sperm motility and liveability in hypertensive rats group compared to the control and extract treated groups. This decrease fell below acceptable 60% minimum sperm motility recommended for breeding animals and percentage of the abnormal sperm cell in group B is higher than 20% maximum acceptable limit in normal breeding animals. Hypertension altered the reproductive indices in rats used for this study and could result in infertility but ethanol extract of S. latifolius ameliorated the reproductive organ damage in hypertensive rats.Item Electrocardiographic study of rescued white-bellied pangolins (Phataginus tricuspis) immobilized with xylazine combination.(African Association of Biomedical Scientists / Ibadan Biomedical Communications Group, 2024) Adejumobi, O. A.; Fawole, O.; Omotosho, O. O.; Hamzat, A. A.; Olakojo, T. A.; Ofua, M.; Wirtu, G.; Oyagbemi, A. A.; Omobowale, T. O.; Morenikeji, O.Optimal health is required in endangered species and one of the vital organs to assess the overall health of an animal is the heart. The Electrocardiograph (ECG) provides information on the health status of the heart. There is dearth of information on the electrocardiographic parameters of white bellied pangolins. In this study, we obtained cardiac parameters from clinically healthy white-bellied pangolins (n=26) rescued from trade in Southwestern Nigeria. The Pangolins were sedated with Ketamine hydrochloride (10mg/kg) and Xylazine (3mg/kg). Electrocardiography was recorded with the animal on dorsal recumbence using a 6/7 lead computer ECG machine. Standard bipolar (I, II, III) and augmented unipolar (aVR, aVL and aVF) leads readings were recorded. Measurements are presented as mean±standard deviation. Electrocardiogram (ECG) readings were analysed using Descriptive statistics, Student t-test at 5% level of significance. Electrocardiographic parameters such as heart rate (HR), P-wave duration, PR-interval, QRS duration, QT interval, QTc interval and Ra were recorded for each of the leads. The HR ranged from 54 to 109 beats/min with a mean ± standard deviation of 82.85±13.50 beats/min. Lead II recordings showed a P-wave duration of 61.19±16.73 ms, PR interval 94.88±18.88 ms, QRS duration 50.77±16.05 ms, QT interval 299.88±31.23 ms, QTc interval 347.88±37.07 ms and Ra 1.28±0.38 mV. There were no significant differences in the ECG parameters between male and female white-bellied pangolins in all the leads measured. The findings of this study should provide clinical reference for healthy management of African pangolins. It would also serve as a reference values for further research.Item Alleviation of oxidized lipid-induced oxidative stress and hypertension by estrogen and selected antihyperlipidemic drugs in postmenopausal Wistar rats(INNOSC (Innovative Space of Scientific Research), 2024) Folahan, J. T.; Oyewopo, A. O.; Adejumobi, O. A.; Ajayi, A. M.; Afolabi, S. O.; Atolani, O. O.; Ologe, M. O.; Omobowale, T. O.; Olorundare, O. E.Lipid peroxidation is implicated in the development of hypertension and coronary artery disease, and its deleterious impact is exacerbated by estrogen (ETD) depletion in post-menopausal women. We hypothesize that treatment with ETD and antihyperlipidemic drugs, either alone or in combination, can alleviate the development of cardiovascular disease. In this study, female Wistar rats were divided into 10 groups (n = 6): Group 1 (control) underwent a Sham operation and was fed standard rat chow, whereas the other nine groups were ovariectomized (OVX) and received a diet containing either thermoxidized palm oil (TPO) or thermoxidized soya oil (TSO) for 12 weeks. ETD at 0.2 mg/kg/day, atorvastatin (ATV) at 10 mg/kg/day, and a combination of ezetimibe (EZE) and ATV (EZE at 3 mg/kg/day + ATV at 10 mg/kg/day) were administered for 12 weeks in both TSO and TPO diet groups. Blood pressure and electrocardiogram (ECG) parameters were assessed, along with serum lipid profile, atherogenic indices, and markers of oxidative stress. Both TPO and TSO diets significantly altered blood pressure and ECG parameters in OVX rats. Treatment with ATV, EZE+ATV, and ETD significantly reduced blood pressure parameters compared to the OVX+TPO group. Antihyperlipidemic drugs significantly decreased heart rate, QT interval, QRS duration, and QT corrected (QTc), whereas ETD similarly shortened the QRS and QTc duration. ATV and ETD also reduced total cholesterol, triglycerides, and very low-density lipoprotein levels, while boosting high-density lipoprotein concentrations compared to untreated OVX+TSO rats. This study demonstrates that thermoxidized oil has a deleterious effect on OVX rats by altering blood pressure, ECG parameters, and atherogenic indices. Treatment with antihyperlipidemic drugs and ETD normalized blood pressure and ECG parameters, reversed hyperlipidemia, and restored antioxidant system balance.