FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE
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Item Environmental fluorosis and the neurotoxic effects of fluoride in Nigeria.(College of Medicine, Ekiti State University; Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, and the Medical and Dental Consultants Association of Nigeria (MDCAN) EKSUTH Branch, 2021) Femi-Akinlosotu, O. M.; Jubril, J. A.; Igado, O. O.A number of seemingly harmless substances can become poisons, depending on the dose. This is essentially true of fluoride and the exposure of the biological system to it. Fluoride has been known and used as an anti-cariogenic agent over the decades in dental practice. Many communities and municipal authorities had advocated for fluoride supplements in water sources to boost the health of the teeth especially in children. However, fluoride is now known to be toxic at specific concentrations, hence the dose and poison phenomenon. The ecosystem is exposed to fluoride in diverse sources, naturally from volcanic eruptions, marine aerosols, minerals and artificially from combination of other elements. High environmental levels of fluoride have been reported geographically from different parts of the world and have been associated with elevated levels of fluoride in the biological host. Both naturally and anthropogenic sources has been found to be toxic, at high and prolonged exposure, to humans, through food, water and air pollution, especially during early development and growth. These toxic levels have been associated with clinical manifestations in different body parts such as bones, teeth, kidney, liver, endocrine, including the brain. We hereby highlighted some local sources (natural and artificial) of fluoride in the ecosystem and then bring to fore its neurotoxic effects. We hope to increase fluoride neurotoxicity awareness as a public health concern especially in developing countries like Nigeria. There is a need for more advocacy and research on prevailing environmental levels, associated pathophysiology and risk-benefit of fluoride toxicity, especially on developmental fluoride toxicity by ecotoxicologists in collaboration with neuroscientists.Item Hematological and biochemical profile of apparently healthy Horses in Ibadan, Nigeria(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 2023) Adedokun, R. A. M.; Olaogun, S. C.; Alaba, B. K.We evaluated the hematological and biochemical parameters of apparently healthy horses in Ibadan polo Ibadan, Nigeria. A total of 20 apparently healthy Polo horses were used for this study. Breeds were established by their morphological features; Age was grouped based on the birth record and sexes morphologically established. Hematological and Biochemical analysis were established by adopting standard procedures and the use of specific kits respectively. Breed demography showed 14 (70%) Sudanese breed and 6 (30%) Cross breeds. Sex demography represents 18 (90%) female and 2 (10%) males. Age group demography reveals as follows; young horses (4-6yrs) were 4 (20%), middle-aged horses (7-9yrs) were 8 (40%) and older horses (10-13yrs) category were 8 (40%). All hematological and biochemical indices were within the normal ref range. Except for total bilirubin and Cholesterol with relatively higher Mean ± SD values of 0.58 ± 0.23 and 146.20 ± 12.98 respectively. Statistical significance (P<0.05) was observed in the values of High-density lipoprotein (HDL) among breeds. HDL was significantly higher in Sudanese breed with higher Mean ± SD values of (45.43±4.65) compared to Cross bred with Mean ± SD values of (39.67±6.62). Hematological and biochemical parameters of male (Stallion) appeared better to female (Mare) when compared to normal reference range. Statistical difference of (P<0.05) existed in the value of Mean ± SD values of glucose (mg/dL) within age groups with significant lower value of 79.38±2.92b in 7-9yrs age group compared to the value of 84.5±2.56ain 10-13yrs age group. We observed no significant variation in hematology and most biochemical parameters among breeds, sexes and age groups. There may be need for further investigation to unravel the cause of higher HDL in Sudanese breed and hypoglyceamia observed in 7-9yrs age group of horses as seen in this present study.Item Polymorphism of Prion Protein Gene (PRNP) in Nigerian sheep(Talor&Fracs, 2023) Adeola, A. C.; Bello, S. F.; Abdussamad, A. M.; Mark, A. I.; Olaogun, S. C.; Rogo, L. D.; Mangbon, G.F.Polymorphism of the prion protein gene (PRNP) gene determines an animal’s susceptibility to scrapie. Three polymorphisms at codons 136, 154, and 171 have been linked to classical scrapie susceptibility, although many variants of PRNP have been reported. However, no study has investigated scrapie susceptibility in Nigerian sheep from the drier agro-climate zones. In this study, we aimed to identify PRNP polymorphism in nucleotide sequences of 126 Nigerian sheep by comparing them with public available studies on scrapie-affected sheep. Further, we deployed Polyphen-2, PROVEAN, and AMYCO analyses to determine the structure changes produced by the non-synonymous SNPs. Nineteen (19) SNPs were found in Nigerian sheep with 14 being non- synonymous. Interestingly, one novel SNP (T718C) was identified. There was a significant differ-ence (P < 0.05) in the allele frequencies of PRNP codon 154 between sheep in Italy and Nigeria. Based on the prediction by Polyphen-2, R154H was probably damaging while H171Q was benign. Contrarily, all SNPs were neutral via PROVEAN analysis while two haplotypes (HYKK and HDKK) had similar amyloid propensity of PRNP with resistance haplotype in Nigerian sheep. Our study provides valuable information that could be possibly adopted in programs targeted at breeding for scrapie resistance in sheep from tropical regions.Item Scrapie-associated polymorphisms of the prion protein gene (PRNP) in Nigerian native goats(Elsevier B.V., 2022) Adeniyi, C.; Abdussamad, M.; Olaogun, S. C.; Lawal, D.Scrapie is a fatal prion protein disease stiffly associated with single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) of the prion protein gene (PRNP). The prevalence of this deadly disease has been reported in small ruminants, including goats. The Nigerian goats are hardy, trypano-tolerant, and contribute to the protein intake of the increasing population. Although scrapie has been reported in Nigerian goats, there is no study on the polymorphism of the PRNP gene. Herein, we evaluated the genetic and allele distributions of PRNP polymorphism in 132 Nigerian goats and compared them with publicly available studies on scrapie-affected goats. We utilized Polyphen-2, PROVEAN and AMYCO programs to examine structural variations produced by the non-synonymous SNPs. Our study revealed 29 SNPs in Nigerian goats, of which 14 were non-synonymous, and 23 were novel. There were significant differences (P < 0.001) in the allele frequencies of PRNP codons 139, 146, 154 and 193 in Nigerian goats compared with scrapie-affected goats, except for Northern Italian goats at codon 154. Based on the prediction by Polyphen-2, R139S and N146S were ‘benign’, R154H was ‘probably damaging’, and T193I was ‘possibly damaging’. In contrast, PROVEAN predicted ‘neutral’ for all non-synonymous SNPs, while AMYCOItem Distribution and histological features of sebaceous and sweat glands in different regions of the skin of Tree Squirrels in Ibadan, Nigeria(SJIF Impact Factor, 2022) Akpan, M. O.; Olaogun, S. C.; Rahmon, M. OThis study establishes distribution of sebaceous and sweat glands in different body regions of squirrels. A total number 10 apparently healthy squirrels were used for this study. Skin samples that were taken from selected regions of the body samples were histologically processed for microscopic examination. The slides were examined using the light microscope and histophotomicrography. Results reveal only two squirrels found to have sebaceous glands on their mouth parts with an average of approximately 1.88 ± 3.48 glands. Five having sebaceous glands on their head with an average of approximately 8.13 ± 9.82 glands. Four having sebaceous glands on their neck with an average of approximately 7.13 ± 9.03 glands. Four having sebaceous glands on their dorsum with an average of approximately 6.38 ± 5.93 glands. Seven having sebaceous glands on their ventral part with an average of approximately 7.13 ± 9.03 glands. Four having sebaceous glands at their tail with an average of approximately 4.75 ± 6.11 glands. One having sebaceous glands at their hind limb extremities with an average of approximately 1.88 ± 5.30 glands per 42.46 mm² field area per squirrel respectively. We concluded that the distribution of the sebaceous gland on the body of the squirrel is widely generalised with seven out of ten squirrels having the glands at their ventral region compared with just one squirrel having the gland on their hind limb. Further investigation required to determine reasons for more glands on the head region compared to other regions of the Tree squirrel body.Item A case report of clinico-pathological findings and management of Peste des Petis Ruminants in goats’ flock after vaccination at Teaching and Research Farm, University of Ibadan, Ibadan Oyo State, Nigeria(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 2022) Olaogun, S. C.; Abiola, J .O.; Adah, O.; Adedokun, R.A.M.; Ososanya, T.OAn outbreak of Peste des Petits ruminants (PPR) among recently vaccinated West African Dwarf male goats (buck) was investigated and managed at the Teaching and Research Farm University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. The average age of the animals was ranged between 1½- 2years old. The morbidity rate of 87% and mortality rate of 28% was recorded on the flock, giving a case fatality rate of 32%. Sneezing, coughing, anorexia, mucopurulent nasal discharges, dyspnea, and diarrhea with pungent characteristic odor were observed clinically. Clinical examination of clinically infected animals on the average revealed the followings: Temperature: 40.5°C, Heart rate: 76 beats per min, Respiratory rate: 44 breathes per min. 13 mortalities were recorded within a week post vaccination. Postmortem findings revealed mucopurulent oculonasal discharges, crust on the lips, erosive lesions on the gums, fecal soiled perineum, frothy mucoid tracheal fluid, copious hydroperitoneum, hyperemia, congestion, and lungs hepatization with large intestine seemed congested. A rapid diagnostic kit for goat Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus Antibody was used to detect the positivity and correlated antibody titer in four of the goats; two from the apparently healthy group and two from the group still manifesting the clinical symptoms. Results of the two apparently healthy revealed some positivity which correlated to 1:160 antibody titer while the two animals from the group showing clinical signs revealed complete invalidation. Clinically infected animals were isolated and treated symptomatically for five consecutive days with Tylosin, Sulphadimidine and Multivitamins at recommended dosages To the best of the authors knowledge, this case will be the first confirmed PPR outbreak among West African Dwarf goats linked with vaccination using PPR rapid diagnostic kit outcome combined with clinico-pathological findings in the South-Western Nigeria.Item Craniofacial morphometrics and macro-neurometrics of the fruit bat (Eidolon helvum)(Sociedad Anatómica Española, 2012) Igado, O. O.; Omobowale, T. O.; Ajadi, R. A.; Nottidge, H. O.This study involved the measurement of craniofacial indices and linear neurometrics in the fruit bat, Eidolon helvum, which are found abundantly in Nigeria. The mean head weight was 38.7±2.74g, while the rimaoris length, distance between medial canthi, and the height of the philtrum were 48.9±7.59 mm, 14.1±0.49 mm, 8.67±0.48 mm respectively. The brain weight and length of brain were 3.22±0.50 g and 2.79±0.18 cm respectively. The males had consistently higher values for most craniofacial and all neurometric parameters measured, while the female values were higher only in the width of the left external nares (5.08±0.55 mm in the females, and 5.0±0.39 mm in the males). Correlation studies revealed negative correlation between the weight of the animal and the weight of the brain. Data obtained from this study will serve as baseline data for craniofacial anatomy and neuro-anatomy research for the fruit bat, Eidolon helvum, and also in comparative anatomy with other breeds of bats.Item Morphometric studies of the eyeball and orbital region of the Nigerian local pig (Sus scrofa)(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University, 2011) Olopade, J. O.; Igado, O. O.; Azeez, I. A.; Okandeji, M. E.The ocular and orbital morphometries of the Nigerian local pig (Sus scofa) were investigated on the fresh specimen and macerated skull on twenty-six pigs (12 males and 14 females). The average weight of the animals studied was 19 ± 1.3 kg, while the eyeball weights were 5.12g and 5.16g for right and left eyeballs respectively. The vertical diameter was greater than the horizontal diameter thus the animals had an orbital index above 100. No statistically significant differences (P>0.05) were observed between the male and female values. Of the eighteen parameters measured, only five parameters recorded values that were slightly higher in the males. The correlation coefficient of the horizontal height (of the orbit in the dry skull) to the right and left eyes although positive, were negligible (r = 0.021 and 0.036 respectively). A positive correlation was observed between the horizontal diameter of the orbit and the intercanthi distance (r = 0.573), however, the correlation between the intercanthi distance and the weight of the eyeballs was negative. Data generated from this study will prove useful in comparative, regional and clinical anatomy, ophthalmic manipulations, and could also help in identifying archaeological remains of the Nigerian local pig.Item Some Aspects of the Neurometrics and Oculometrics of the Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) in Nigeria(Brazilian Society of Anatomy (SBA), 2010) Igado, O. O.; Aina, O. O.A study of the neurometrics and oculometrics of the Nigerian Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) was done using twenty (20) male and fifteen (15) female adult quails. The mean brain weight, relative eyeball weight, relative brain weight were 0.71 ± 0.07 g, 0.56%, 0.5% respectively. The values obtained for the mean brain weight, length and depth of the cerebrum, weights of right and left eyes were slightly higher in the females (0.75 ± 0.04 g, 0.94 ± 0.21 cm, 0.74 ± 0.08 cm, 0.42 ± 0.02 g, 0.43 ± 0.02 g respectively) relative to the males (0.70 ± 0.08 g, 0.81 ± 0.12 cm, 0.65 ± 0.08 cm, 0.40 ± 0.02 g, 0.39 ± 0.03 g respectively). This showed that the heavier head weights in the males (6.69 ± 0.56 g, females-6.4 ± 0.53 g) did not necessarily imply heavier brains or eyeballs. Results obtained provide added information to avian neuroanatomy and oculometrics, and can serve as baseline data in applied and comparative research.Item Mokola Virus Antibodies in Humans, Dogs, Cats, Cattle, Sheep and Goats in Nigeria(AkiNik Publications, 2007) Nottidge, H. O.; Omobowale, T. O.; Oladiran, O. O.Using the ELISA method, a survey of Mokola virus antibodies was carried out in human and selected animal population in Nigeria. A total of 10 sheep (2%), 15 goats (3%), and 59 dogs (10.54%) tested positive for Mokola virus antibodies. However, none of the humans, cats, or cattle tested was positive.