FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE
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Item Bovine dermatophilosis: Awareness, knowledge, Attitude and Antibiotics usage practices among cattle herders in Oyo state, Nigeria(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 2020) Olaogun, S. C.; Ifarajimi, R. O.; Muhammad, H. A.Background: Economic and zoonotic importance of bovine dermatophilosis in tropical countries and Nigeria in particular cannot be underestimated. We therefore conducted a cross-sectional study to assess cattle breeders’ awareness, perceptions and practices with regard to bovine dermatophilosis in Oyo State. Methods: The survey was conducted from June to December 2017 across the four geopolitical zones, which includes; Ibarapa, Oyo/Ogbomosho, Oke ogun and Ibadan. A total of 400 cattle breeders were interviewed using well-structured questionnaires. The data obtained were analysed on SPSS for frequency and percentages. Results: The results revealed high awareness of dermatophilosis among the breeders. However, 388/400 (97%) were not aware of its’ zoonotic importance. Nearly 49% engaged in self-treatment, while only 44/400 (11%) sought for veterinary intervention. Majority (97%) of the respondents disclosed to have used drugs for treatment. However, 94% did not adhere to manufacturer’s instruction while 8/400 (2%) were unaware of manufacturer’s instruction. More than 90% were unaware of withdrawal period in administering drugs, 16/400 (4%) observed it and 16/400 (4%) did not always observe withdrawal period when administering drugs. About 96% agreed that the drugs were effective while 8/400 (2%) were not sure about drugs effectiveness. Conclusions: Despite the high awareness of dermatophilosis by cattle rearers in Oyo state, the knowledge, practices and perception of farmers about the disease are still generally very low. Therefore, further education for the cattle breeders and the general public on zoonotic importance of bovine dermatophilosis is required.Item Lameness and its associated hematological features among Nigerian breeds of goats in Ibadan, Nigeria(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 2020) Olaogun S. C.; Oyetoyinbo T. E.Clinical lameness manifesting in various form is one of the commonest condition often encountered in Nigeria with its adverse socio-economic consequences. A total of 96 lame goats were sampled at the livestock markets, Ibadan, Nigeria. Blood samples were aseptically collected into well labeled heparinized bottles from lame goats with signalment such as breed, age, sex and level of severity classified and recorded appropriately. Blood samples were analyzed by adopting standard hematological procedure (manual counts). Lameness was highest in Red Sokoto goats 79.2% and lowest 8.3% in Crossed bred goats. Majority 66.6% were males and 33.3% were females. Lameness was more in young than adult goats, 2-2½year 41.66% and >4year 20.83%. Significant difference (P≤0.05) observed in the values of lymphocytes between breeds with higher values in crossed breed compared to others. There were significant differences (P<0.05) in the values of RBC and platelet counts between age groups, with lower values of (7.13±0.39 and 3.82±0.2) respectively in adult goats. We therefore conclude that lame cross bred goats appeared more resilient with improved hematological features, significant reduction in RBC and platelet counts should be taken into consideration during management of lameness in adult goats in particular.Item Evaluation of amoxicillin content in commonly used multisource Injectable brands in veterinary practice(Egypt’s Presidential Specialized Council for Education and Scientific Research, 2019) Gberindyer, A .F.; Olaogun, S. C.; Omotosho, O. O.; Adedokun, R. A. M.; Shima, F. K.THE AIM Is To Evaluate Amount Of Amoxicillin In The Array Of Its Injectable Formulations From Multisource Marketed And Commonly Used In Veterinary Practice In Nigeria. The Amount Of Amoxicillin In Each Of The 10 Brands Sampled Was Analysed Using A High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Thereafter, Percentages Of The Labelled Amount Of Amoxicillin Were Determined And Compared With 90-120% Specified In USP And IP. Samples G, H, And J Contained 93%, 98%, And 108%, Respectively Of The Labeled Amount Of Amoxicillin, While B, C, And A Contained Only 39%, 56%, And 58%, Respectively. Again, Samples I, F, D, And E Contained 124%, 135%, 147%, And 413%, Respectively Of The Labelled Amount. Thus, Only Brands G, H, And J Passed Assay Quality Test (AQT) Since The Amount Of Amoxicillin They Contained Was Within The Specified USP And IP Range, And Are Considered Pharmaceutically Equivalent, Consequently, Interchangeable For Intravenous Administrations. Whereas, Brands A, B, And C Failed AQT Because They Contained Less Than The Amount Of Amoxicillin Required, So Even When Used Prudently There Could Be Therapeutic Failure, Bacterial Resistance, And Public Health Implications. Similarly, Brands D, E, F, And I Could Cause Toxicity And High Tissue Residues Because They Contained Higher Than The Required And Labelled Amount Of Amoxicillin. About 30% And 40% Of The Analysed Amoxicillin Brands Contained Less And More Than The Required Amount Of Amoxicillin, Respectively. However, 30% Contained The Amount Within The Specified Range. Consequently, There Is High Rate Of Substandard Amoxicillin Injectable Brands For Veterinary Use In Nigeria Hence The Need For Regular Monitoring.Item Clinico- haematological and biochemical features of natural Babesiosis in Nigerian breeds of Cattle(Animal Health and Production in Africa, 2018) Olaogun, S. C.; Adedeji, P. A.This study evaluated the haematological and biochemical changes associated with bovine Babesiosis. A total of 50 samples confirmed positive for Babesia spp from305 sera collected from clinically suspected cases of Babesiosis within a period of 9 months from some cattle farms in Oyo state, southwest Nigeria. Breeds were established by their morphological features, Age was estimated using rostral dentition and sexes morphologically determined. Haematological and Biochemical analysis were established by adopting standard procedures and the use of specific kits respectively. Results showed 32 (64%) was White Fulani breed, 8 (16%) was Sokoto Gudali breed, 8 (16%) was Red Bororo breed and 2 (4%) was Kuri breed. Female with 43 (86%), while the male had 7 (14%) susceptibility. Older cattle (≥4yrs) with 27 (54%) susceptibility, (3-3½yrs) with 17 (34%) susceptibility, while (2-2½yrs) had the least susceptibility of 6 (12%). Hematological analysis revealed best parameters in White Fulani breed with Mean ± SD of PCV 28.6 ±8.76, HB 9.3±2.98, RBC 7.5±2.44, while the least values were seen in Sokoto gudali breed with then following parameters; PCV 24.6±6.89, HB 8.1±2.29, RBC7.8±1.59. Biochemical analysis revealed White Fulani with the best values as follows; Total protein 5.5±1.87, Albumin 1.3±0.20, Globulin 4.2±1.73, Glucose 58.1±18.0, AST 60.3±15.68, ALT 50.7±14.80. For age group, the best parameters were observed in (3-3½yrs) group with the following; PCV 29.2±7.76, HB 9.4±2.72, RBC 7.6±2.52, Total protein 5.5±2.11, Glucose 56.9±20.31, AST 61.1±17.15 compared to age group 2-2½yrs with the following values; PCV 26.6±9.81, HB 8.3±3.28, RBC 7.1±2.27, Total protein 4.5±1.64, Glucose 49.3±20.85, AST 54±11.01. No significance difference in their indices except in blood urea nitrogen value which was significant among the breeds sampled. This investigation reveals variation in the susceptibility to natural Babesiosis among Nigerian cattle breeds, ages and sexes with generalise anaemia, lymphocytopaenia, neutrophilia, hypoproteineimia, hypoalbuminaemia and extremely low blood urea nitrogen.Item Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiling and detection of Cefotaxime- Resistant Escherichia coli from Commercial Laying Hens, Indigenous Ducks and Chickens in Ibadan, Nigeria(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, 2024) Amosun, E. A.; Kolapo, A. M.; Ojja, C. V.Cefotaxime is a critically important antimicrobial agent for thè treatment of infections in humans and animals. The upsurge in thè incidence of cefotaxime-resistant Escherichia coti from animai sources is of global public health importance. Avian pathogenic Escherichia coti is a Gram negative zoonotic bacterial pathogen. Infections by Escherichia coti usually occur following consumption of foods and water contaminated with faeces. The development of antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coti is a concem worldwide. This study evaluated thè prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility and cefotaxime resistant Escherichia coti in commercial laying hens, indigenous ducks and chickens in Ibadan, Nigeria. Cefotaxime resistant Escherichia coti isolates from thè cloacae of these poultry sources were tested for antimicrobial agents. The overall isolation rate of cefotaxime resistant Escherichia coti was 6.5% (6/93), 3.2% (3/93) and 10.0% (20/200) from indigenous ducks, indigenous chickens and commercial laying hens respectively. Cefotaxime resistant Escherichia coti isolates were 89.7%, 86.2%, 65.5%, 55.2%, 37.9%, 27.6%, 20.7% and 20.7% resistant to sulphamethoxazole, tetracycline, ceftazidime, amoxicillin -clavulanic acid, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and ceftriaxone respectively. Whereas, 75.9%, 68.9%, 62.1%, 51.7%, 41.4%, 27.6%,10.3% and 10.3% susceptible to ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ceftazidime, sulphamethoxazone and tetracycline respectively. Multidrug resistant (MDR) was observed in 89.7% (26/29) of thè isolates which exhibited 2 (in indigenous ducks), 3 (in indigenous chickens) and 13 (in commercial laying hens) different MDR pattems to 7 antimicrobial classes of drug. Higher isolation rate of cefotaxime resistant Escherichia coti and remarkable numbers of thè isolates from commercial laying hens showed multidrug resistant than that of indigenous ducks and chickens. Misused of drugs was predicted in commercial laying hens. This study showed that thè indigenous ducks and chickens harbour multidrug resistant Escherichia coti and may contribute to environmental contamination through faecal shedding.Item Clinico-haematological features of dermatophilosis in indigenous breeds of cattle in Ibadan, Nigeria(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 2018) Olaogun, S. C.; Jeremiah, O. T.This study evaluated the clinical-hematological profiles in bovine dermatophilosis. A total of 50 dermatophilosis infected cattle were studied clinically and 50 blood samples taken from two different locations of Akinyele cattle market and Bodija Abattoir Ibadan. Hematological parameters such as PCV, Hb, RBC,WBC,Platelets, MCV, MCH, MCHC, Lymphocyte and Neutrophils were evaluated using standard procedures .The level of severity was classified based on the extent of the surface lesions and the chronicity as observed on the animals vis a viz body condition scoring system, hematological parameters under different breeds, sexes, ages and severity of disease condition were subjected to a one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with no level of significance established at p < 0.05. White Fulani was the breed with the highest cases of dematophilosis (66%), females (86%) were more infected than males. Cattle within age bracket of 2-2½ years (38%) showed clinical signs of dermatophilosis more than other age groups. Sokoto Gudali breed had the highest values for most hematological parameters, while Kuri breed had the least values for most of the hematological parameters. Females showed better values than males. Age range 3-3½ years had most of the highest values. Mild infestation showed the highest values. Therefore, this study has been able to revealed variation to dermatophilosis susceptibility, Kuri breed, adult cattle and bulls appeared to be more resistance. The hematology in generalized dermatophilosis have been elucidated by this present study and have been found to vary with age, sex, severity of infection and breed of cattle.Item Evaluation of bacteria and antibiotic resistance profiling of Wara (White soft cheese) in Oyo- State, South West, Nigeria(Nigerian Veterinary Medical Association, 2017) Amosun, E. A.; Agbato, A. O.; Daodu, O. B.; Ojo, O. E.Fresh milk from healthy cows contains few bacteria but contamination during handling and processing can rapidly increase bacterial population and subsequently depreciate it quality. This study evaluated thè presence of bacteria and their antibiotic resistance profiles in white soft cheese (Wara) in three major producing locai Government areas in Oyo-State, Nigeria. The cheese samples were collected in sterile universal bottles immediately after production. Samples were immediately transported to thè laboratory for bacteria isolation, identification and antibiotic susceptibility test of thè isolates. A total of one hundred and sixty-five (165) bacterial isolates of ten different bacterial genera were identified from 102 cheese samples. The isolation rates of different species/genera were Lactobacillus spp (39.8%), E. coli (32.5%), Klebsiella spp (9%), Citrobacter spp (2.4%), Acinetobacter spp (3.6%), Pseudomonas spp (6.6%), Bordetella spp (0.6%), Proteus spp (1.2%), Staphylococcus spp (3.6%) and Strepiococcus agalactiae (0.6%). Results demonstrated substantial differences in their resistance pattems to various antibiotics. The isolates were tested against ten different antibiotics. The Gram negative isolates showed twenty-five resistance pattems while Gram positive isolates revealed fifty-four distinct resistance groups. In all, Gram positive isolates showed resistance to ceftriaxone (61.1%), gentamicin (51.4%), chloramphenicol (51.1%), amoxicillin (48.6%), ciprofloxacin (44.4%), cotrimoxazole (43.1%), perfloxacin (40.3%), streptomycin (40.3%) Erythromycin (31.9) and ofloxacin (30.6%) while Gram positive showed resistance to chloramphenicol (22.6%), trimethoprim /sulfamethoxazole (20.4%), amoxillin/clavulanic acid. (10.8%), streptomycin (9.7%), gentamicin (8.6%), sparfloxacin (6.5%), amoxicilin (5.4%), Perfloxacin (5.4%), ofloxacin (4.3%) and ciprofloxacin (3.2%). Multi-drug resistance to three or more antibiotics was observed in 69 isolates, 56 Gram positive and 13 Gram negative bacteria. This study confirmed that white soft cheese “wara” can be a source of bacteria with multidrug resistant phenotypes.Item Occurrence of Skin Abscess and Sensitivity Pattern of Associated Bacterial Organisms in Pigs on Ifelodun Farm Settlement, Ogun State, Nigeria(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt, 2016) Omotosho, O. O.; Olaogun, S. C.; Odukaye, A. O.Pigs are relatively prone to abscess formation especially in the skin. This study was designed to assess the occurrence of skin abscess in pigs on the Ifelodun farm settlement in Ogun state, South-West Nigeria and evaluate the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of bacterial organisms isolated from pus samples from the abscesses. A total of 2,909 pigs from 104 randomly selected farms on the Ifelodun farm settlement were physically examined. The anatomic locations of gross swellings on the skin were noted. Diagnosis of skin abscess was arrived at after palpation and aspiration of content. Pus samples from 14 intact abscesses were collected aseptically for isolation and sensitivity using standard cultural and disc diffusion method respectively. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. 26 (0.89%) of the 2,909 pigs examined across 22 (21.2%) farms out of 104 farms surveyed were affected. The anatomic distribution of the abscesses includes 43.3%, 6.67%, 16.67% and 33.33% on the neck, forelimbs, trunk, and hind limbs respectively. None was observed on the head. 10 bacterial species were isolated from the 14 tested isolates with Arcanobacterium pyogenes (57.1%), Staphylococcus aureus (42.8%) and Escherichia coli (35.7%) being most frequently isolated. Antibiotic sensitivity profile varied with more isolates being sensitive to Erythromycin, Tetracycline, Gentamicin, and Chloraphenicol for gram positive bacterial species and Ceftazidine, Cefuroxime, Gentamicin and Augmentin for gram negative species. Swine skin abscess affects various body regions in pigs on Ifelodun pig farm settlement. The neck and hind limbs were mostly affected likely due to poor injection practices. Based on availability of veterinary preparation readily available in the Nigerian market, Gentamicin, Tetracycline and Erythromycin remain viable options for post-surgical management of the abscesses while Chloramphenicol should be avoided due to its deleterious effect on humans. Antibiotic sensitivity is recommended in cases of recurring skin abscesses in a pig or herd.Item Rumen impaction with foreign indigestible materials in domestic ruminants in Nigeria: A Review(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, 2012) Akinrinmade, J. F.Rumen impaction due to foreign, indigestible materials has become one of the major gastro-intestinal disorders in ruminant livestock causing severe loss of meat and milk production and high mortality rates. Ingested foreign bodies affect the health of animals and cause economic loss to the owner. Among other factors, the current widespread use of polythene and other non-biodegradable materials with improper waste disposal is a major predisposing factor to the development of rumen impaction. In this paper, the Nigerian situation with regard to the prevalence, reported fatalities, composition of recovered foreign materials, risk factors and clinical signs of foreign body rumen impaction are reviewed, including the clinical management approaches to the condition, the hemato-biochemical, trace element profile and pathology of the rumen in affected animals. The review also provides information on the waste disposal situation in Nigeria as it relates to the development of this condition with emphasis on its economic implications and the preventive strategies to counteract the problem of rumen impaction.Item Aflatoxin status of some commercial dry dog foods in Ibadan, Nigeria(Academic Journals, 2012) Akinrinmade, J. F.; Akinrinde, A. S.The occurrence of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 in commercial dry dog foods in the city of Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria, was investigated. Dry dog food samples from 6 producers were purchased on five different occasions from retail outlets in Ibadan, Nigeria. High performance liquid chromatography was used for separation and quantification of aflatoxin fractions, after consideration of the limits of detection and quantification of the method. Results indicate that aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 were detected in all the samples investigated, with B1 being the most abundant. The range of concentration of total aflatoxins was 7.76 to 11.93 µg/kg (mean: 9.61 µg/kg). The results show that dry dog foods marketed in Ibadan are frequently contaminated with aflatoxins, exposing dogs to adverse effects of aflatoxicosis. Scientifically based regulations for the acceptable limit of mycotoxins in pet foods in the country would be beneficial.