FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE
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Item Detection of Haemagglutination–Inhibiting antibodies against human h1 and h3 Strains of influenza A Viruses in pigs in Ibadan, Nigeria(2010) Adeola, O.A; Adeniji, J. A.; Olugasa, B. O.Agricultural and commercial activities have continued to bring people and pigs into regular, close contact in Ibadan, Nigeria. This study was therefore designed to investigate the transmission of human influenza viruses to pigs in Ibadan, using serological surveillance. Serum specimens were collected from ninety-one (91/199) apparently healthy, unvaccinated Landrace pigs at three locations within Ibadan from April to June, 2008. Two strains of human influenza virus A: A/Brisbane/59/2007 (H1N1) and A/Brisbane/10/2007 (H3N2) were used in Haemagglutination-Inhibition Assay for antibody detection. Prevalence of HI antibodies to the two subtypes was 90.1%. Antibodies to influenza A/Brisbane/ 59/2007 (H1N1) were significantly (P < 0.05) more prevalent (80.2%) than those of influenza A/Brisbane/10/2007 (H3N2) (51.6%). Titres of HI antibodies to influenza A/Brisbane/59/2007 [mean = 3331.5] were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of influenza A/Brisbane/10/2007 [mean = 2212.3]. This study shows that these pigs were exposed to human strains of influenza A(H1N1) and A(H3N2) either prior to or during this study. The implications of these high prevalence and antibody titres are discussed in relation to influenza virus infection among pig handlers in Ibadan, Nigeria. We recommend that periodic investigation of circulating strains of influenza viruses in pigs and humans who handle pigs regularly in Nigeria and molecular characterization of such isolates be carried out to ensure early detection of interspecies transmission and potential future pandemic strains.Item Antibody levels against rabies among occupationally exposed individuals in a Nigerian University(2010) Olugasa, B. O.; Odeniyi, A. O.; Adeogun, A. O.|; Adeola, O.AThe authors investigated the levels of antiglycoprotein antibodies against rabies virus in the sera of occupationally exposed humans at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. A quantitative indirect enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect rabies virus anti‐glycoprotein antibodies in sera from 20 zoological garden workers, 20 veterinarians and 30 clinical veterinary students at the University of Ibadan. The sera were obtained between September 2008 and February 2009. Of these 70 healthy individuals, 29 (41.4%) consisting of 15 zoological garden workers (75.0%), 13 veterinarians (65.0%) and 1 veterinary student (3.3%) were immune to rabies virus (antibody titre >0.5 equivalent units per ml), while 41 (58.6%) were not immune. The prevalence of rabies anti‐glycoprotein antibody was higher within the older segment of the study population than among the younger veterinary students. Almost all those who had spent at least 10 years on the job had higher levels of rabies vaccination compliance and were immune. Our results indicated that there is low anti‐rabies immunity among occupationally exposed individuals at the University of Ibadan. There is a need for a complete course of primary and booster vaccinations of professionals exposed to the rabies virus. The impact of these results on rabies control in Nigeria is discussed.Item Isolation of influenza A viruses from pigs in Ibadan,Nigeria(2009) Adeola, O. A.; Adeniji, J. A.; Olugasa, B. O.The authors investigated influenza virus types in pigs in Ibadan, a city in Oyo State, southwestern Nigeria. From April to June 2008, nasal swabs were collected from pigs at three locations in Ibadan. Influenza A viruses (four A [H1N1], two A [H3N2] and one A [H1N1]‐ A [H3N2] double reactant) were isolated from 7 of the 50 apparently healthy Landrace pigs tested. This study is the first documented isolation of swine influenza viruses in Nigeria and it reveals that different strains of influenza viruses co‐circulate in pigs in Ibadan. These pigs serve as reservoirs of different subtypes of influenza viruses and potential ‘mixing vessels’ in which genetic reassortment and the generation of future human pandemic strains could occur. These findings support the need for adequate and periodic surveillance among swine populations and pig handlers in Nigeria to detect circulating strains of influenza viruses. This would serve as an effective early warning system.Item Evaluation of canine dental health problems in Ibadan, Nigeria(2014-09) Eyarefe, O. D.; Oni, A.F.; Emikpe, B.O.Clinical evaluation for Dental Disease Conditions (DDC) in companion animals is an integral aspect of routine dental health care procedure in veterinary practice which often is less practice in Nigeria. This study evaluated the occurrence of DDC and possible inciting causes with a focus of providing a meaningful basis for canine dental health care in Nigeria. Fifty-seven dogs (30 males and 27 females) made up of 10 different breeds and presented at 3 major Veterinary Hospitals in Ibadan, Nigeria were assessed for periodontal disease (PD), dental calculus (DC), dental abrasion (DA) and their association with other systemic diseases using Dental probe, Glucometer, Urinalysis strip and PD survey questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and correlation at > 0.05 level of significance. The prevalence of PD was the highest (82.46%) while DC was 80.70% and DA, 57.89%. PD was observed to be more common in male (83.33%) dogs, while calculus formation and dental attrition were more common in female dogs. The incidence and severity of dental disease conditions increased with age. There was a positive correlation (p=0.04) between PD and DC and between DC and DA (p=0.00). The order of nutritional inciting cause of PD, DC and DA is compounded food > home food > waste from eateries. This investigation showed a high incidence of DDC in dogs with no dental health care and nutrition could be an inciting cause. This showed that there is need for patients’ dental health care in veterinary practice in NigeriaItem Seasonal limnological variation and nutrient load of the river system in Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria(EuroJournal publishing inc., 2008) Adedokun, O. A.; Adeyemo, O. K.; Adeleye, E.; Yusuf, R. K.Ibadan is a highly populated city, characterized by environmental problems arising from improper disposal of solid and liquid wastes, poor wastes collection and handling. We therefore investigated the seasonal limnology and nutrient load of the river system in Ibadan metropolis, Nigeria during the dry season (October 2003-March 2004) and rainy season (August-September 2004). The results revealed that colour, Total suspended solid (TSS), total solids (TS) and total nitrogen were generally higher during the dry season. This suggests that the run-offs have only a diluting effect on these parameters. All the other physical parameters (pH, BOD, DO, COD, TDS, Total hardness) and Nutrient load based parameters (phosphate, sulphate, nitrate and nitrite) were generally higher during the rainy season. Also, in most of the sample points, BOD, TDS, TSS, colour and phosphate levels were relatively higher than the WHO standards for surface water during the two seasons. The poor water quality and nutrient loading observed in the study area has severe consequences on the in-dwelling aquatic flora and fauna. Proper treatment of effluent from industrial processes to acceptable levels, discouraging stagnation of domestic waste and sewage, availability of sewage treatment plants is necessary to curtail the health risk associated with the present level of pollution observed during this study.