Pathology

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A histomorphological pattern of gallbladder lesions in a tertiary hospital in Southwestern Nigeria: a retrospective descriptive study
(Rwanda Biomedical Centre (RBC), 2021) Ajani, M. A.; Onakpoma, F. A.; Fatunla, E. O.; Adegoke, O. O.; Salami, A. A.
BACKGROUND: The gallbladder is one of the most common specimens encountered in the surgical pathology laboratory, and gallstone related diseases are among the most common medical problems requiring surgical intervention. This study's objective was to determine the histomorphological patterns and frequency of gall bladder lesions from cholecystectomy specimens received in our institution for over twenty years. METHODS: We carried out a retrospective review of all cholecystectomy specimens received at the pathology department for 20 years from January 1999 to December 2018. The specimens were obtained from within and outside the hospital facility. The demographic data, clinical details, and histological diagnosis were retrieved from the departmental records and were analyzed with SPSS version 23. RESULTS: A total of 211 cholecystectomy specimens were received during the study period. Patients’ age ranged from 14 to 84 years, with a mean age of 47.6 ± 0.899 years. There was a female preponderance with male to female ratio of 43:168 (1:3.9). Surgery for gallbladder disease was most commonly performed in the age range of 41-50 years. Out of the 211 specimens, 153 (72.5%) had calculi and 58 (27.5%) were acalculous. Chronic calculous cholecystitis was the most common histopathological diagnosis (65.4%). Others were chronic acalculous cholecystitis (18.0%), acute on chronic acalculous cholecystitis (2.4%), adenocarcinoma (3.3%), metastatic adenocarcinoma (0.1%), adenocarcinoma with chronic calculous cholecystitis (0.5%), klatskin tumour (0.5%), and normal gallbladders (1.9%). CONCLUSION: This study revealed that the commonest indication for cholecystectomy in our hospital was gall stone disease. Malignancy of the gallbladder is uncommon in our center.
Ameliorative effects of Musa sapientum peel extract on acetic acid-induced colitis in rats
(The Egyptian German Society for Zoology, 2016) Adegoke, G. A.; Onasanwo, S. A.; Eyarefe, O. D.; Olaleye, S. B.
Ameliorative effects of Musa sapientum peel extract (MSPE) were studied on Acetic Acid (AA)-induced colitis in rats. From a dose response study, the effective and yet, safe for the treatment of AA-induced colitis in rats was determined, and also, a further study was carried out to determine the effective fraction(s) of MSPE that will be useful in the treatment of AA induced colitis in rats. Colitis was induced with 0.2 ml of 6% acetic acid through a lower abdominal laparotomy. Treatment with graded doses of methanolic extract of dried peel of Musa sapientum (MS) (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) for 7 days in AA induced colitis in rats showed 50 mg/kg as an optimal effective dose for the healing of AA induced colitis in rats. This dose (50 mg/kg) was further studied with fractions of MSPE in comparison to a standard drug (sulfasalazine) of the same dose (50 mg/kg) on AA induced colitis in rats for 18 days. Colitis was assessed using stool consistency, macroscopic gross score and histological studies. Normal stool consistency was seen early in treated animals as compared with control; MS peel (crude extracts and fractions) significantly reduced macroscopic and histologic colon tissue damage in a manner similar to that of sulfasalazine. The results from these findings suggests that MSPE fractions of ethyl acetate and methanol may be effective in reducing both macroscopic and histological damage in a manner similar to sulfasalazine, and that it may be helpful in the treatment of colitis
Ano-rectal malformations in pigs: a report of a striking case in an eight-week-old piglet (a case report)
(2011) Eyarefe, O. D.; Abiola, J. O.; Oguntoye, C. O.; Ayoade, G. O.
Anorectal malformations are rare congenital disorders in animals. In swine, atresia ani occurs with an incidence of 0.1—1.0 % and it is the most important cause of intestinal obstruction in that species. This paper reports a striking case of atresia ani et recti in an eightweek- old piglet. The surgical management and preventive measures are discussed
Calcified bilateral ovarian fibroma in a 15 year old female: case report and literature review
(Sciencedomain International, 2019) Adesina, A. M.; Imaralu, J. O.; Yusuf, A. O.; Ajani, M. A.
Aim: To highlight the potential for misdiagnosis of ovarian fibromas and need for careful evaluation especially when fertility altering decisions need to be taken in the young adolescent. Presentation of Case: The authors here review literature and present the case of a 15 year old pre menarchal patient with bilateral, solid hard ovarian tumors with marked ascites, who had bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, in whom the tumors turned out to be bilateral calcific ovarian fibromas. Discussion: Ovarian neoplasia are often misdiagnosed because of their non-specific symptoms and similarities to other pathologies on radiological imaging. The management of adolescents with ovarian tumors poses peculiar challenges as there is need for a balance between the risk of malignancy and the need to preserve fertility. About 1/3 of pelvic masses in pre-pubertal girls are malignant. This fact in addition to the non-specific features of malignancy in this patient such as weight loss, ascites, necessitated further evaluation which included laparotomy. Conclusion: Ovarian fibromas occur in adolescents and can pose a diagnostic dilemma; a high index of suspicion is required to plan fertility-sparing and cancer-limiting management.
Can Vascularity Determine Degenerative Behavior of Uterine Fibroids? Huge Parasitic Uterine Fibroid Mass Mimicking an Ovarian Tumor
(Annex Publishers, 2017) Imaralu, J.O.; Mustapha, A.; Yusuf, A.; Aramide, K.
Uterine fibroids have been misdiagnosed for a range of conditions from ovarian to colonic or even retroperitoneal tumors. Apart from the effects of a known and diagnosed fibroid, misdiagnosed fibroids have their own implications for the patient which may include iatrogenic impaired reproductive capability and quality of life. An understanding of fibroid degenerations, especially atypical variants produced by associations between fibroid tumors and bowel or mesentery may help overcome this diagnostic dilemma and aid optimal care. Case Report: The authors report the case of a 30 year old nullipara, who had a huge cystic abdominal tumor with rich vascularity from a broad mesentery, causing complex degenerations and consequently an unusual anatomy. This fibroid tumor was misdiagnosed clinically and at radio-diagnosis for an ovarian malignancy, because of the nature of degenerations that had taken place. Conclusion: An understanding of such atypical degenerations may help to overcome diagnostic dilemma and aid optimal care.
Cervical Lymphadenopathy in Ibadan, Nigeria.
(Association of Resident Doctors, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria, 2017) Aramide, K. O.; Ajani, M. A.; Okolo, C. A.
Aim: To determine the pattern and causes of lymph node enlargement of cervical region in Ibadan, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A 10-year (2003-2012) retrospective study was conducted on all head and neck lymph node biopsies received at the Department of Pathology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. Results: A total of 101 lymph node biopsies of cervical region were received within this period of study. 59.4% cases were seen in Males. Second decade of life has the highest number of cases (22.8%) followed by 3rd decade (17.8%). The common cause of cervical lymphadenopathy include non - specific hyperplasia, tumour metastasis and Non Hodgkin’s lymphoma seen in 27 (26.7%), 22 (21.8%) and 20 (19.8%) respectively. Granulomatous and Hodgkin’s Lymphoma constitute 17 (16.8%) and 11 (10.9%) respectively. The granulomatous causes were all due to tuberculosis. A single case of Rosai-Dorfman disease was seen in a male in the 3rd decade of life. Conclusion: This study shows that metastatic tumours, Hodgkins lymphoma and Non Hodgkins lymphoma constituting 52.4% of all cases of cervical lymphadenopathy are common in this environment therefore highlighting the need for early and proper evaluation of patients.
CHARACTERISATION, PATHOGENICITY AND ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE OF MYCOPLASMAS INVOLVED IN VULVOVAGINITIS IN GOATS.
(2013-04) OHIOMAH, JOHN IZEBERE
Vulvovaginitis is an inflammation of the vulva and vagina caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites and allergy. The condition results in reduction in mating ability, infertility, abortion and death of the affected animals with resultant economic loss to the livestock industry. Although mycoplasmas have been isolated from cases of vulvovaginitis, their role as sole causative agents and in the pathogenicity of the disease have not been investigated in goats in Nigeria. The aim of this study was to characterise mycoplasma isolates from cases of vulvovaginitis and also and determine the pathogenicity of mycoplasma-induced vulvovaginitis in goats. Two hundred and twenty-one vaginal swabs were obtained from identified cases of vulvovaginitis in goats aged 8- 11 months from markets in and around Lagos metropolis. Samples were analyzed bacteriologically and mycoplasmotologically. Mycoplasmas were identified biochemically using standard procedures and conventional polymerase chain reaction with specific primers. Antisera raised in rabbits using 0.5ml of 4.0 x107 CFU/ml of selected Mycoplasma species including M. bovis, M. capri, M. capricolum and M. arginini were used to group the mycoplasmas serologically by growth inhibition method. Sensitivity of the isolated Mycoplasmas and other bacteria to aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins and nitrofurans was carried out. Pathogenicity of the isolated M. bovis, M. capri, M. capricolum and M. arginini was evaluated using 2ml inoculum containing 4.0 x 10 7 CFU/ml of each isolate per vulva to reproduce vulvovaginitis over a six week experimental period. Four goats were used for each experimental group and the control group. Animals were observed for symptoms of vulvovaginitis such as hyperemia, vulva swelling and vaginal mucus discharges. Post-mortem gross and histopathological examination was carried out and findings reported. Other data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Two hundred and fifty-seven bacterial isolates were recovered from the 221 field samples as follows: Mycoplasma capricolum (1.6%), Mycoplasma arginini (1.6%), Mycoplasma capri (1.2%), Mycoplasma bovis (0.78%), Ureaplasma species (1.2%), Acholeoplasma species (0.8%). Other bacteria were Escherichia coli (35.4%), Streptococcus species (29.2%) and Staphylococcus species (28.4%). Mycoplasma isolates were confirmed with the production of specific 280bp bands. Isolated Mycoplasma species and other bacteria were sensitive to ciprofloxacin and nitrofurantoin. Six different combinations of antibiotic resistant patterns were observed with amoxicillin, norfloxacin and ampicillin having the highest level of resistance (100.0%) and nitrofurantoin the least (33.0%). Clinical symptoms, which included hyperemia, swollen vulva, vaginal mucus discharges with pyrexia (38.9 – 39.60 C), were first observed in the M. bovis- infected group on day three, ten and thirteen. Mortality was recorded on days 30, 33, 38 and 41 post- inoculation in the M. bovis, M. capricolum, M. arginini and M. capri- infected groups, respectively. M. bovis produced the most severe lesions marked by lymphoid necrosis of the vulva tissue, diffuse hyperaemia in the lung alveolar septa and massive alveolar infiltration with neutrophils while the mildest lesions were observed in the M. arginine-infected group. Vulvovaginitis was reproduced in goats with all the Mycoplasma species as the major infective agent and Mycoplasma bovis as the most pathogenic. Ciprofloxacin and nitrofurantoin were the most effective antibiotics against Mycoplasmas and other bacteria isolated.
CHARACTERIZATION AND COMPARATIVE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF HIGHLY PATHOGENIC AVIAN INFLUENZA H5N1 VIRUS INFECTIONS IN CHICKENS AND DUCKS
(2014-02) AKANBI, B. O.
Nigeria experienced outbreaks of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus in poultry between 2006 and 2008. Mixed poultry rearing have been postulated as factors responsible for easy spread, while inadequate diagnostic specimens and procedures have militated against prompt diagnosis of the disease. This study was designed to elucidate the comparative susceptibility and diagnosis of H5N1 virus infection in chickens and ducks. Clinical and pathological examinations, agar gel immunodiffusion and viral isolation were used to confirm 468 suspected chickens, ducks, turkey and geese from six (6) geopolitical zones submitted to the reference laboratory at National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom. Spatial data were mapped with Arc-view GIS. Fifty-six of the 80 confirmed H5N1-positive backyard poultry cases were compared for proportions (single and mixed species); the association was calculated by odds ratio using MedCalc Software. Immunohistochemistry (IHC), Real-time Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RRT-PCR), sequencing and alignment using the haemagglutinin cleavage site were used to detect and characterize H5N1 in Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) chicken tissues from ten of the outbreak cases. Comparative pathology; tissue virus predilection and titre were carried out using IHC and RRT-PCR in 10 Muscovy, 10 Pekin and eight Mallard 3-weeks old specific pathogen-free ducks each separately experimentally infected with clade 1 or 2.2 H5N1 virus genotypes. Twelve age-matched chickens served as in-contact sentinels. Clinical signs, lesions and mortalities were severe in older birds, while younger and free-range chickens showed minimal clinical signs and lesions. Lesions were multi-systemic and characterized by severe haemorrhages and necrosis. Mortalities in birds were: 20.6% (north-central), 16.5% (north-east), 15.9% (north-west) and 6.0% (south-west). Wetland areas in north-west and north-east had more positive cases. There were higher risks (OR=3.02) of infection and mortalities in mixed than in single species farms. H5N1 RNA virus detection in FFPE tissues was successful in 7 of 10 while gene sequencing was possible only in four. All the viral RNA characterized belonged to the sub-clade 2.2 with >96% homology to similar virus of European origin. Along the 154 nucleotides sequenced, amino acid exchange (mutation; Ala →Thr) occurred at position 544. Clade 1-infected Muscovy ducks shed more viruses, showed more severe nervous signs and mortality than Pekin and Mallard. Pekin ducks were moderately susceptible to clade 1 but insusceptible to clade 2.2. Mallard ducks were resistant to clinical disease from both viruses. Chickens exposed to infected ducks had 100% mortality four days post-exposure. Eyelids, combs, wattles, thymus, spinal cord, pancreas, cerebrum and bursa of Fabricius had higher RRT-PCR detection than the heart, lung, trachea, liver, spleen and intestine traditionally harvested for HPAI- H5N1 antigen detection. Co-rearing of Muscovy ducks with chicken posed greater risk of transmission of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza to the latter. Detection of H5N1 virus in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded chicken tissues was an important finding useful in retrospective diagnosis of HPAI.
"Characterization of Nigerian breast cancer reveals prevalent homologous recombination deficiency and aggressive molecular features"
(Nature Research, 2018) Pitt, J. J.; Riester, M.; Zheng, Y.; Yoshimatsu, T. F.; Sanni, A.; Oluwasola, O.; Veloso, A.; Labrot, E.; Wang, S.; Odetunde, A.; Ademola, A.; Okedere, B.; Mahan, S.; Leary, R.; Macomber, M.; Ajani, M.; Johnson, R. S.; Fitzgerald, D.; Grundstad, A. J.; Tuteja, J. H.; Khramtsova, G.; Zhang, J.; Sveen, E.; Hwang, B.; Clayton, W.; Nkwodimmah, C.; Famooto, B.; Obasi, E.; Aderoju, V.; Oludara, M.; Omodele, F.; Akinyele, O.; Adeoye, A.||; Ogundiran, T.; Babalola, C.; MacIsaac, K.; Popoola, A.; Morrissey, M. P.; Chen, L. S.; Wang, J.; Olopade, C. O.; Falusi, A. G.; Winckler, W.; Haase, K.; Van Loo, P.; Obafunwa, J.; Papoutsakis, D.; Ojengbede, O.; Weber, B.; Ibrahim, N.; White, K. P.; Huo, D.; Olopade, O. I.; Barretina, J
Racial/ethnic disparities in breast cancer mortality continue to widen but genomic studies rarely interrogate breast cancer in diverse populations. Through genome, exome, and RNA sequencing, we examined the molecular features of breast cancers using 194 patients from Nigeria and 1037 patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Relative to Black and White cohorts in TCGA, Nigerian HR + /HER2 − tumors are characterized by increased homologous recombination deficiency signature, pervasive TP53 mutations, and greater structural variation—indicating aggressive biology. GATA3 mutations are also more frequent in Nigerians regardless of subtype. Higher proportions of APOBEC-mediated substitutions strongly associate with PIK3CA and CDH1 mutations, which are underrepresented in Nigerians and Blacks. PLK2, KDM6A, and B2M are also identified as previously unreported significantly mutated genes in breast cancer. This dataset provides novel insights into potential molecular mechanisms underlying outcome disparities and lay a foundation for deployment of precision therapeutics in underserved populations.
Colonic polyps in Nigerians, a change in trends: A retrospective single‑center clinicopathological study
(Wolters Kluwer - Medknow, 2022) Adegoke, O. O.; Ajani, M. A.; Nwanji, I. D.
Background: Adenomatous polyps in the colon are recognized precursors of colorectal carcinoma; however, the low incidence of these polyps in sub Saharan Africans has led many to believe that the pathway of colorectal cancer may differ in this region. The objective of this study was aimed to determine the change in trends of colonic polyps in Nigeria. Methods: This was a 10 year retrospective review of all colonic polyp specimens received at the Department of Pathology in our hospital utilizing the histopathology request cards and hematoxylin and eosin stained slides. The data were analyzed using the IBM SPSS Statistics (version 23; IBM Corporation, Armonk, New York, USA). Results: A total of 131 cases were reviewed. The age of patients ranged from 5 to 86 years with a mean age of 55 years. The male to female ratio was 1.6:1. The mean age was 59.4 years. Of the 131 cases reviewed, 62 patients had adenomatous polyps, 49 had inflammatory polyps while 20 others included juvenile polyps, hyperplastic polyps, and hamartomatous polyps. Conclusion: Adenomatous polyps are increasingly being seen among Africans in the sub Sahara region and perhaps they are not as rare as it was once thought provided the facilities for the diagnosis are available. They may yet play a more important role than has been ascribed to them in the pathogenesis of colorectal carcinomas in Africans.
Comparative efficacy of visual inspection with acetic acid versus cytology for cervical cancer screening in Ogbomoso, Nigeria
(Medip Academy, 2017) Abiodun, A. B.; Durodola, A. O.; Ajani, M . A.; Amole, I. O.; Abiodun, A. D.; Oluwasola, A. O.
Screening test for cervical cancer using visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) has been advocated by World Health Organization as a suitable, low cost and feasible alternative modality for control of cervical cancer in resource-poor settings as compared to cytological and colposcopic screening. The need for reproducibility, accuracy and comparable efficacy will influence the acceptability of VIA as primary screening modalities for cervical cancer. Methods: A cross–sectional comparative study conducted at BUTH. Data were obtained from 318 consenting women aged 30–65 years using a systematic random sampling method and an interviewer–administered structured questionnaire. Pap smear samples were taken followed by visual inspection with acetic acid. Using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0, Frequencies were obtained and Chi-square test (X2 ) was used to compare rates and proportions with the level of statistical significance set at less than 0.05. Results: Positive results for premalignant cervical lesion was 1.3% and 4.1% for VIA and Pap smear respectively (X2=4.52; p=0.034). The sensitivity of VIA was 7.7% with positive predictive value of 25% while specificity was 99.0% with a negative predictive value of 96.2%. The prevalence of abnormal cervical lesion in the population studied was 4.1% (95% CI 2.2% – 6.9%). Conclusions: The detection rate for pre-cancerous lesions of the cervix using VIA was significantly lower than that of Pap smear in this study. There may be needed to exercise caution in adopting VIA as primary screening modality for cervical cancer.
Comparison of total intravenous ketamine and propofol anaesthesia in acepromazine- dexmedetomidine sedated cats
(2019-01) Afolabi, O.O.; Oguntoye, O.C.; Eyarefe, O.D.; Adetunji, A.
Total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) refers to the induction and maintenance of general anaesthesia with drugs administered solely by the intravenous (IV) route. Presently, ketamine and propofol are popular and in use for TIVA in small animals. This study compared ketamine and propofol anaesthesia in cats premedicated with acepromazine-dexmedetomidine combination. Six indigenous Nigerian local cats were premedicated with intramuscular injection of acepromazine (0.2mg/kg) and dexmedetomidine (40μg/kg) mixture, followed by induction of anesthesia with either bolus propofol (1mg/kg) or ketamine (0.5mg/kg) IV 20 min later. Maintenance of anesthesia for 2h was achieved with continous fl uid administration using dose of 0.5ml/8ml and 0.05ml/8ml in lactated Ringers solution for propofol and ketamine respectively. One week space was allowed between protocols in the crossover experiment. Anesthetic indices, cardiopulmonary parameters, and rectal temperature were recorded at 5 min intervals for 2 h. Duration of anti-nociception with ketamine protocol was not signifi cantly (p<.05) different from the corresponding propofol protocol value while recovery time and standing time were signifi cantly (p<.05) different between either protocol. Systolic arterial pressure, Diastolic arterial pressure and mean arterial pressure were significantly (p<0.05) lower for propofol protocol than ketamine protocol, while SpO2 responses were significantly (p<0.05) higher for propofol protocol than ketamine protocol. There was no statistically significant difference between other physiological variable means recorded for both protocols. It was concluded that ketamine and propofol protocols produced satisfactory anaesthetic induction and maintenance in healthy cats premedicated with acepromazine-dexmedetomidine. Used in the same manner however, Ketamine produces better anaesthetic quality than propofol
Cosmetic tail docking: an overview of abuse and report of an interesting case
(Cross Mark, 2016) Eyarefe, O. D.; Oguntoye, C. O.
Background: This paper presents an overview of the global controversies surrounding cosmetic tail docking in puppies, some observed inconsistent practices among dog breeders and Veterinarians in West Africa, and the need for the African Veterinary Profession to take a decisive position on the cosmetic docking procedure. Case presentation: An interesting report of observed complications associated with cosmetic tail docking in a 3 week old male Boerboel is reported alongside the management of the ensuing complications. Conclusion: This paper highlights the still prevalent practice of cosmetic tail docking and seeks to enlighten clinicians towards stemming its abuse in Africa
Dog breeds acquisition and owners’ awareness of associated surgical conditions in Nigeria
(Academic Journals, 2018-07) Eyarefe, O. D.; Adetunji, A. G.
The study evaluated dog owners’ awareness of breed-associated surgical conditions in Nigeria as indices for breed choice with structured pre-tested questionnaires administered to dog owners in 17 states of Nigeria. Alsatians (36.8%) and Rottweiler (13%) breeds were mostly possessed by owners. The majority of the respondents were females (60.4%) owners. Lagos (53.4%) and Oyo (52.1%) states had the highest number of respondents while Kaduna (1.25%), Enugu (1.25%), Ekiti (1.25%), and Plateau (1.25%) states had the lowest. Most of the respondents (84.8%) are within the age bracket of 16 to 30 years, while 46.6% were University graduates and 90.8% had kept dogs previously. Factors that influenced dogs’ breed choices included: Body size (66.6%), coat colour (78.6%), natural intelligence (96.4%), information on the internet about the breed (54.6%), breed type possession by a close relative (53.4%), information regarding animal care from the Veterinarian (39. 2%), and recommendation by friends (42.6%). Respondents routinely visited the veterinary health centre for a general check-up and disease prevention (79.6%), vaccination and routine worming (79.2%), and treatment of diseases (79.8%). Respondents had varying knowledge of common surgical diseases: Cruciate ligament rupture (13.6%), gastric dilation/volvulus (13.6%), portosystemic shunt (15.0%), entropion (17.7%), ectropion (17.7%), osteochondrosis dessicans (17.7%), tracheal collapse (17.7%) etc. Only 10.9% of the respondents were aware of persistent health challenges in their dogs, while 84.4% of the respondents were uninformed of their dog breed predisposition to certain health challenges, and 82.3% of respondents were not aware of their dogs’ predisposition to any surgical disease. These findings imply a need for veterinarians’ input in dog choices, for recommendation of legislation mandating potential owners to seek out information about health care conditions of prospective dog breeds from authorized sources before possession to forestall frustrations, and avoidance of ultimate pet abandonment associated with management cost and social adjustment following surgical diseases
Effects of honey, glutamine and their combination on canine small bowel epithelial cell proliferation following massive resection
(Physiological Society of Nigeria, 2012-12) Eyarefe, O.D,; Emikpe, B.O.; Akinloye, S.O.; Alonge, T.O.; Fayemi, O.E.
The effects of honey, glutamine and honey/glutamine combination on the healing and adaptive process of the bowel following massive small bowel resection were studied in some Nigerian non-descript breeds of dogs. 24 dogs (3-4months old) of mixed sexes with mean body weight of 4.42±0.70 kg were studied. They were randomized into four treatment groups following 70% small bowel resection. Group A dogs were placed on glutamine treatment, Group B on oral glutamine/honey and group C on honey and group D normal saline (control). Their body weights were evaluated for 15 days and the pre- and post-treatment gut biopsy samples were obtained and processed for morphometric evaluation. All groups exhibited signs of small bowel adaptation (Glutamine/honey>glutamine > honey > control) at the end of the experiment (4 weeks). Glutamine/honey combination, glutamine and honey had gradual increase in body weight from days 3-15 of weight evaluation. The control group, however, had a remarkable drop in body weight compared with other groups. Oral glutamine/honey combination showed the best overall effect based on body weight gain, intestinal mucosal growth and adaptation, evidenced by increased in residual bowel Villi height (27.71μm), Villi weight (14.51μm), Crypt depth (11.25μm), and Villi density (3.40μm). Glutamine showed a better result than honey with a significant increase in villi height (38.08μm), width (8.48μm) and crypt depth (40μm). Histologically, an improved villi branching was observed with glutamine/honey combination. Our results showed that honey/glutamine combination had comparative therapeutic advantage over glutamine or honey and may be a preferred treatment for short bowel syndrome patients
Effects of tahitian noni juice on ketamine anaesthesia in some local rabbits
(Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2010) Bayo, N.O.; Eyarefe, O.D.; Arowolo, R.O.A.
Tahitian Noni Juices (TNJ) from Morinda citrifolia is known with some therapeutic properties that include; anxiety and stress relief, production of calm and relax state, improvement of mood and sense of well being, and sleep restoration. This study attempt to evaluate TNJ effects in some ketamine sedated local rabbits. Six adult rabbits (1.5-1.7 kg) were given intramuscular injection of 5% ketamine hydrochloride (40 mg/kg), following which the quality of sedation w as evaluated using: muscle relaxation/rigidity, presence or loss of pain sensation, quality of amnesia as well as heart rate, respiratory rate and temperature as control values. TNJ was administered orally at 2 mL/kg twice daily for 28 days during which period ketamine injection was repeated at 7 days interval. Presence of muscle relaxation or rigidity, presence or absence of pain sensation, quality of amnesia as well as heart rate, respiratory rate and temperature were evaluated. Duration of sleep before and after noni administration was 40.7±9.6 and 46.8±13.7 min, respectively. There was improved quality of amnesia and behavioral responses. Rough induction and recovery gave way to smooth induction and recovery, and spontaneous movement during anesthesia was minimized. Salivation w as abolished in all except one rabbit. Mean basal heart rate before and after administration of noni were 204.8±48.4 and 264.4±35.6 beats per min, respectively. Basal respiratory rate also increased from 192±46.3 to 317.6±66.4 breaths per min. TNJ produced appreciable level of calmness, muscle relaxation, and loss of anxiety, and could be useful for premedication prior to aneasthesia
Effects of varying doses of tramadol on ketamine anaesthesia for laparocaecectomy in layer chickens
(Academic Journals, 2015-12) Eyarefe, O. D.; Oguntoye, C. O.
The effects of a high ketamine dose (15 mg/kg) and a low ketamine dose (10 mg/kg) combined with two separate doses of tramadol (10 and 5 mg/kg) were studied in chickens. Seventeen layer chickens (Isa brown breed) presented for laparo-cecectomy associated with feed trials were randomized into Ketamine-Lignocaine (KL) group (15 mg/kg ketamine)- 5 chickens, Tramadol-Ketamine-Lignocaine (TKL) group (10 mg ketamine plus 5 mg/kg tramadol)- 5 chickens and Tramadol-2-Ketamine-Lignocaine (TTKL) group (10 mg ketamine plus 10 mg/kg tramadol)- 7 chickens. All chickens had 2% lignocaine incision site infiltration to provide additional analgesia. Onset of drug action (OAN), Duration of recumbency (DR), heart rates (HR), respiratory rates (RR) and cloacal temperature (CT) were evaluated as anaesthetic monitoring indices. The trend for OAN was KL (3.3±0.4 min) >TKL group (4.0±3.0 min) > TTKL group (8.2±2.5 min). DR was KL group (110.3±20.8 min) > TTKL group (81.2±5.5 min) > TKL group (62.6±4.7 min). The mean variation of pre-anaesthetic and anaesthetic values of HR was not significant, although the KL group had the lowest HR. Observed fall in RR with TTKL < TKL< KL was not significant (P>0.05) among the groups. A statistically none significant (P>0.05), none life threatening fall in temperature was also observed among the groups. In the absence of inhalatory anaesthesia, 10 mg/kg ketamine combined with tramadol (5-10 mg/kg) and lignocaine infiltration may be a preferred anaesthetic protocol for non-protracted surgical procedures in chickens
Endometrial cancer in Ibadan: epidemiological and clinico-pathological features -10 year review
(Marsland Press, 2016) Adekanbi, A. O.; Jimoh, M. A.; Ajani, M. A.; Fawole, A. O.
Endometrial cancer is the commonest cancer of the female genital tract, it accounted for about 6 percent of all female cancers in United States. It is not as common in Africa; it was the third commonest gynaecological malignancy in an African study. The aim was to enumerate the characteristics of endometrial cancer patients: socio demographic characteristic of the endometrial cancer patients, and the association of the patients’ profile with endometrial cancer. This was a retrospective, cross sectional study of histologically diagnosed endometrial cancers at the University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan. The data obtained were analyzed using SPSS. Endometrial cancer accounted for 3.1% of the female genital cancers; Obesity was a factor in most the patients; Poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma was the commonest observed pattern. Majority of the patients were elderly obese, they never engaged in contraception.
Endometriosis misdiagnosed as a metastatic ovarian tumour
(Scientific Research Publishing, 2019) Imaralu, J. O.; Ajani, M. A.; Adesina, M. A.; Ojo, N. K.
Endometriosis is a debilitating problem with pain in the short term and high risk of infertility later. It is an oestrogen-dependent condition found in about 10% of women of reproductive age, about 1/3 of infertile women and as high as 80% of women with chronic pelvic pain. The condition is not well understood and thus associated with misdiagnosis and delayed diagnosis. Higher rates of misdiagnosis occur in blacks and this is especially for pelvic tumors-fibroids and ovarian tumors. We present here the case of a 30-year-old nullipara, who had an umbilical nodule (Sister Mary Joseph’s) and was found on imaging to have a pelvic tumor which was suspected to be an ovarian cancer. Diagnostic laparoscopy during the menstrual phase however revealed endometriosis in early stage. Misdiagnosis of endometriosis has potential to distort the course of the disease and endanger fertility prospects; early laparoscopic evaluation of patients with unclear pelvic pathologies would help to prevent this occurrence.
Enhanced electroscalpel incisional wound healing potential of honey in Wistar rats
(Elsevier, 2017) Eyarefe, D. O.; Kuforiji, D. I.; Jarikre, T. A.; Emikpe, B. O.
Electrosurgery reduces surgical bleeding, and delays wound healing. This study evaluates incisional wound healing potential of honey in wounds created with electroscalpel and cold scalpel. The study used twelve (12) adult male albino rats (130 ± 20 g), randomly grouped into Electro-cautery (n = 6) and Cold scalpel (n = 6). Each rat had three full thickness (6 mm diameter) skin wounds (a, b and c) created on its dorsum with either Electroscalpel (ES) or Cold blade scalpel (CS), and treated topically with Silver sulphadiazine (SSD, wound a), untreated (control, wound b) and Bee honey (H, wound c). The wounds were evaluated for gross (exudation, edema, hyperemia, contraction), histologic (granulation, angiogenesis, fibroplasia, epithelialization) and immunologic healing indices using standard techniques. Data were analyzed with Chi-square, Two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Duncan Multiple Range tests (DMRT) at a = 0.05. Wound hyperemia and edge edema were prominent in the ES group from day 4 to 6 (P = .000). Percentage wound contraction was higher in the CS than ES group from days 5 to 7 (P = .006) and in the CS treated with honey than ES treated with honey from days 7 to 14 (P = .000). Granulation tissue reduced in ES group treated with SSD than in honey and control wounds. Fibroelastic tissue increased in SSD and honey treated wounds of ES group, and higher in honey treated wounds of CS group (P < .05). Fibroplasia was sustained in honey and SSD treated wounds than control. Honey can be applied to electroscalpel surgical wound to facilitate rapid healing during surgical management of tumours having vascular network