Pathology
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Item Surgical asepsis(Ibadan University Press, 2014) Eyarefe, O. D.Item Splenic lymphoma in an adult local bitch: a case report(2002) Oni, S. O.; Akinrinmade, J. F.; Ajadi, R. A.; Eyarefe, O. D.; Olaifa, A. K.A four-year old local dog weighing 12kg was presented four days after signs of persistent anorexia and dullness were observed. Physical examination of the bitch revealed a circumscribed distension of the left lateral abdomen about 5cm caudal to the rib cage, which on palpation appeared firm, discrete and nodular but painless. X-rays views confirmed that the mass was intrasplenic and had a fat density. Blood and urine samples were analysed, the result of which showed proteinuria, bilirubinuria and neutrophilic leucocyosis. Exploratory laparotomy and spleenectomy were carried out. The extirpated spleen had pendunculated projection. The biopsy of the spleen revealed that the tumour is a lymphomaItem Small bowel responses to enteral honey and glutamine administration following massive small bowel resection in rabbit(2008) Evarefe, O.D.; Emikpe, B.O.; Arowolo, R. O. A.The trophic effects of honey and glutamine in the healing and adaptation of the small bowel following intestinal resection were studied in some Nigerian non-descript breeds of rabbits. Nine rabbits of mixed sexes with mean body weight of 1.45 ±0.55kg were used. They were randomised into three treatment groups following 50% small bowel resection. Group A rabbits were placed on oral honey treatment. Group B on oral glutamine and group C on normal saline (control). All groups exhibited signs of small bowel adaptation (glutamine(B) honey (A) control (C) at the end of the experiment (4 weeks) with oral glutamine showing the best overall effects on intestinal mucosal growth and adaptation evidenced by significant increase (P<0.05) in residual bow'el length (37.3%), villi width (20.0%), crypt depth (113.3%) and a non significant increase in villus height (33.3%) and cellular mass (10.2%). Honey showed a better effect than control with a significant increase (P<0.05) in villi width (18.2%), crypts depth (66.7%) and cellular mass (33.9%) and a non significant increase in gross residual bow'el length (24.6%), and villus height (30.5%). Our result shows that honey and glutamine have trophic effects on bowel mucosa healing and hyperplasia and have potential therapeutic effects on massive bowel resection in humansItem Small bowel wall response to enterotomy closure with polypropylene and polyglactin 910 using simple interrupted suture pattern in rats(Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2010-07) Eyarefe, O.D.; Amid, S.A.Effects of polypropylene and polyglactin 910 on enterotomy wound healing were investigated. Sixteen adult W istar albino rats (155.44±30.4 g) w ere randomized into two study groups, A with polypropylene (n = 8) and B with polyglactin 910 (n = 8) following 1 cm mid-jejunal enterotomy incisions performed under ketamine/xylazine anaesthesia. Body weights changes were evaluated daily for eleven days and two rats from each group were euthanized at postoperative days 3, 5, 7 and 11. Following euthanasia, the enterotomy sites were examined for dehiscence and adhesion. Evidence of inflammatory reactions and fibroblast proliferation were also evaluated and scored. Leaks from enterotomy site were not observed. Adhesion scores in-group A(3.5) was statistically significant (p<0.05) when compared with group B (1.875). A non-statistically significant (p>0.05) but higher fibroblasts count was recorded in Group A (2.625) compared with group B (1.375). Inflammatory responses in both groups were not statistically significant, although that of Group B was higher in response than group A. Enterotomy closure with polypropylene produced significant adhesion that may be linked with the texture of the suture, and the several knots characteristic of the simple interrupted suture patternItem Effects of tahitian noni juice on ketamine anaesthesia in some local rabbits(Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2010) Bayo, N.O.; Eyarefe, O.D.; Arowolo, R.O.A.Tahitian Noni Juices (TNJ) from Morinda citrifolia is known with some therapeutic properties that include; anxiety and stress relief, production of calm and relax state, improvement of mood and sense of well being, and sleep restoration. This study attempt to evaluate TNJ effects in some ketamine sedated local rabbits. Six adult rabbits (1.5-1.7 kg) were given intramuscular injection of 5% ketamine hydrochloride (40 mg/kg), following which the quality of sedation w as evaluated using: muscle relaxation/rigidity, presence or loss of pain sensation, quality of amnesia as well as heart rate, respiratory rate and temperature as control values. TNJ was administered orally at 2 mL/kg twice daily for 28 days during which period ketamine injection was repeated at 7 days interval. Presence of muscle relaxation or rigidity, presence or absence of pain sensation, quality of amnesia as well as heart rate, respiratory rate and temperature were evaluated. Duration of sleep before and after noni administration was 40.7±9.6 and 46.8±13.7 min, respectively. There was improved quality of amnesia and behavioral responses. Rough induction and recovery gave way to smooth induction and recovery, and spontaneous movement during anesthesia was minimized. Salivation w as abolished in all except one rabbit. Mean basal heart rate before and after administration of noni were 204.8±48.4 and 264.4±35.6 beats per min, respectively. Basal respiratory rate also increased from 192±46.3 to 317.6±66.4 breaths per min. TNJ produced appreciable level of calmness, muscle relaxation, and loss of anxiety, and could be useful for premedication prior to aneasthesiaItem The incidence of intestinal obstructive diseases in selected veterinary clinics and hospitals in South Western Nigeria(2011) Eyarefe, O.D.; Alonge, T.O.; Fayemi, E.O.Intestinal obstructive diseases are medical and surgical emergencies which require precise diagnosis and rapid surgical intervention. They are characterized by severe hypovolemia and septic shock secondary to devitalization of the intestinal wall. The consequent surgical complications such as ileus, adhesions and short bowel syndrome with resultant death of the patients also pose management challenges to the clinician. This study investigated the incidence of intestinal obstructive diseases in some animals presented at selected Veterinary Hospitals and Clinics in southwestern Nigeria between 1998 and 2008. Records of surgical cases were grouped into 11 categories and further grouping of intestinal obstructive conditions in small and large animals were presented using descriptive statistics. Intestinal obstructive conditions ranked 8th among the 11 categorized surgical conditions, and 7.0 % of the surgical cases which were presented between 1998 and 2008. Most of the intestinal conditions such as intussusception, volvulus and torsion were strangulating obstructive conditions and occurred more in small than large animals. Hernia ranked highest among the surgical conditions, followed by intussusception, volvulus and rectal prolapse in that order. The intestinal conditions were more prevalent in post mortem records and in small animals than in large animals. The findings in this study showed that intestinal surgical conditions are not uncommon in Veterinary hospital and clinics in the study area. It further showed that the management of intestinal surgical conditions is still a major challenge in some Veterinary hospital and clinics in NigeriaItem Ano-rectal malformations in pigs: a report of a striking case in an eight-week-old piglet (a case report)(2011) Eyarefe, O. D.; Abiola, J. O.; Oguntoye, C. O.; Ayoade, G. O.Anorectal malformations are rare congenital disorders in animals. In swine, atresia ani occurs with an incidence of 0.1—1.0 % and it is the most important cause of intestinal obstruction in that species. This paper reports a striking case of atresia ani et recti in an eightweek- old piglet. The surgical management and preventive measures are discussedItem Rectal prolapse in an emu (dromaius novaehollandiae): a case report(2011) Akinrinmade, J.F; Eyarefe, O.D.Rectal prolapsed is the protrusion of all layers of the rectum through the anal orifice as an elongated cylindrical mass (Aronson 2003). It usually occurs in patients secondary to tenesmus from urogenital or anorectal disease. It has been reported in small animals with no record of breed or sex predisposition, although an observation of a higher incidence in younger animals has been made (Burrows and Ellison, 1991). In small animals the condition is associated with gastrointestinal parasitism, typhlitis, colitis, proctitis, tumors, rectal foreign bodies, and urolithiasis (Burrows and Ellison, 1990; Aronson 2003). In birds, especially emus and ostriches, the condition has been associated with cryptosporidiosis (Bezuidenhout et al., 1993; Penrith and Burger, 1993; Penrith et al., 1994; Behzadi et al., 2009), Aspergillus flavus and Candida albicans induced enteritis (Saez et al., 1979, Huchzermeyer, 1999) and immunosuppression due to the quality of feed, water and hygiene (Behzadi et al., 2009). Cloacal prolapse has also been linked with impaction due to poor nutrition or eating habits of the ratites (Gulbahar et al., 2000). Impaction is one of the most common problems seen in ratites, especially in farmed ostrich (Gulbahar et al., 2000). Impactions may occur at any age, but are most common in 3 to 6 months juveniles (Gulbahar et al., 2000). Birds with partial impaction may present with a chronic history of lethargy, anorexia with evidence of weight loss, with pelletized feces, and at presentation are weak with persistent tenesmus leading to cloacal prolapse (Gulbahar et al., 2000). Ostrich and emu farming are still relatively new in Nigeria. Farmers keep ratio of two to twelve young or adult ostriches and emus in farms. This paper reports a case of rectal prolapse in a young emu which to the authors' knowledge is the first in this environmentItem Morbidity in Nigerian local cats after ileocolic valve or ileocolic valve and ileal resection(2011) Eyarefe, O. D.; Akinrinmade, J. F; Wojuoia, O. A.The morbidity of excision of the ileocolic valve (Group A), and the ileocolic valve with thirty percent (30%) distal ileal segments (Group B) were evaluated and compared in six adult local cats anaesthesized with xylazine (0.4 mg/kg) and ketamine hydrochloride (22 mg/kg). A non-significant fall (P>0.05) in the haemogram (PCV, Hb, RBC, and WBC), total serum proteins (albumin and globulin) and body weights were recorded among cats in groups A and B, following six weeks of post-operative monitoring. Samples of feces from both groups were non-bloody, non-mucoid and have normal to soft consistency with evidence of improvement over time. The improvement in fecal consistency, body weight and haematological picture over the period of post-operative management was adjudged to be consistent with adaptive changes in the residual intestinal segments. The observed clinical features are discussed in relation with those of massive intestinal resection in cats, dogs and humans. It was concluded that ileocolic valve resection produced little or no detrimental effects on bowel functions of local cats, and local cats could tolerate ileocolic valve with thirty percent (30%) distal ileal resection provided the proximal intestinal segments are intactItem A randomized trial of low-dose ketamine and lignocaine infiltration for laparo-caecectomy in layer chickens(Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2012) Eyarefe, O.D.; Oguntoye, C.O.This study compared the anaesthetic effects of intramuscular injection of Ketamine (K) (15 mg/kg) with intramuscular injection of Ketamine (K) (15 mg/kg) and Lignocaine (L) (4 mg/kg) infiltration for laparocaecectomy in 12 layer chickens (1.1±0.06 Kg) randomized into two groups (K, 5 chickens and K- L, 7 chickens). The duration of recumbency of the K-L group (100.3±16.4 min) was significantly longer (p<0.05) than that of K group (33.8±6.0 min). Time to stand for the K-L group (20.8±4.0 min) was also significantly longer (p<0.05) than those of K group (10±1.4 min). The mean heart rates, respiratory rates and cloacal temperatures were lower in the K-L group than the K group. All the birds recovered smoothly and no mortality was recorded following the procedure. In the absence of inhalatory anaesthesia, low dose ketamine and lignocaine infiltration may be a preferred anaesthetic protocol for non-protracted abdominal procedures such as laparo-caecectomy in birds